剑桥雅思真题6Test2完整版

LISTENING

SECTION 1 Questions 1-10 Question 1-5

Complete the notes below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

CHILDREN’S ART AND CRAFT WORKSHOPS

Example Answer Saturday

Workshops organised every: ? ? ? ? ? ? Adults must accompany children under 1 Cost: ?2.50

Workshops held in: Winter House, 2 Street Security device: must push the 3 to open door Should leave car behind the 4 Book workshops by phoning the 5 (on 200765)

Question 6-10

Complete the table below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Next two workshops Date Workshop title Children advised to wear: 16/11 ‘Building 6 7 ’ Please bring(if possible) 8 10 23/11 9‘ (Nothing special) ’

SECTION 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-14

Complete the sentences below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

TRAIN INFORMATION

11 Local services depart from railway station. 12 National services depart from the railway station.

13 Trains for London depart every each day during the week. 14 The price of a first class ticket includes .

Questions 15-17

Complete the table below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Type of ticket Standard open Supersave Special 16 Details no restrictions travel after 8.45 ravel after 15 buy at least six days ahead limited numbers 17 essential

Question 18-20

Choose THREE letters, A-G

Which THREE attractions can you visit at present by train from Trebirch?

A a science museum B a theme park

C a climbing wall D a mining museum E an aquarium F a castle G a zoo

SECTION 3 Questions 21-30 Complete the tables below.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Dissertation Tutorial Record (Education)

Name: Sandy Gibbons Targets previously agreed Investigate suitable data analysis software Work completed Further action suggested -Read It 21 Sign up for some -Spoken to Jane software practice Prince,Head of the 22 sessions. Prepare a 23 -Completed and sent For survey for review Add questions in section three on 24 Further reading about discipline -Read Banerjee -N.B. couldn’t find Ericsson’s essays on managing the 25 Obtain from library through special loans service

New Targets Do further work on Chapter 1 (Give the Specific suggestions Timing -Add statistics on the By the 29 27 title Context 26 In various zones ) -Include more references to works dated after 28 Prepare list of main sections for Chapter 2

-Use index cards to help in organisation Before starting the 30 SECTION 4 Question 31-40 Question 31 -37

Choose the correct letter A,B or C

The history of moving pictures

31 Some photographs of a horse running showed

A all feet off the ground

B at least one foot on the ground C two feet off the ground

32 The Scotsman employed by Edison

A designed a system to use the technology Edison had invented B used available technology to make a new system C was already an expert in motion picture technology 33 One major problem with the first system was that

A only one person could be filmed

B people could only see very short films C the camera was very heavy

34 Rival systems started to appear in Europe after people had

A been told about the American system

B seen the American system C used the American system

35 In 1895, a famous new system was developed by

A a French team working alone

B a French and German team working together C a German team who invented the word ‘cinema’

36 Longer films were not made at the time because of problem involving A the subject matter B the camera

C the film projector 37 The ‘Lantham Loop’ invention relied on

A removing tension between the film reels B adding three more film reels to the system C making one of the film reels more effective

Question 38-40

Complete the sentences below.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. 38 The first motion picture was called The 39 were used for the first time on film in 1926. 40 Subtitles were added to The Lights of New York because of its .

READING

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage ? on the following pages. Question 1-5

Reading Passage ? has five marked paragraphs, A-E.

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i Avoiding an overcrowded centre ii A successful exercise in people power iii The benefits of working together in cities iv Higher incomes need not mean more cars

v Economic arguments fail to persuade vi The impact of telecommunications on population distribution vii Increases in traveling time viii Responding to arguments against public transport

1 Paragraph A 2 Paragraph B 3 Paragraph C 4 Paragraph D 5 Paragraph E

Advantages of public transport

A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University’s Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.

The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.

According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: ‘A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one’. Melbourne’s large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people’s preferences as to where they live.

Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that ‘the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms’.

Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most ‘bicycle friendly’ cities considered - Amsterdam and

Copenhagen - were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were ‘reasonable but not special’.

It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and ,in fact, he has checked the use of cars against climate and found ‘zero correlation’.

When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zurich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few citied in the world as hilly.

A In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: ‘The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.’ He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing the nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time. B In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour traveling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.

C There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city

has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars-creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.

D Newman believes one of the best studies on how cites built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations.

E It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team’s research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. ‘The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.’

Questions 6-10

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading passage 1?

In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agree with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6 The ISTP study examined public and private systems in every city of the world. 7 Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for their inhabitants. 8 An inner-city tram network is dangerous for car drivers. 9 In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the outer suburbs.

10 Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only averagely good.

Questions 11-13

Look at the following cities (Questions 11-13) and the list of descriptions below. Match each city with the correct description, A-F.

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

11 Perth 12 Auckland 13 Portland

List of Descriptions A successfully uses a light rail transport system in hilly environment B successful public transport system despite cold winters C profitably moved from road to light rail transport system D hilly and inappropriate for rail transport system E heavily dependent on cars despite widespread poverty F inefficient due to a limited public transport system

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINK

Elderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the disease associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.

In the last 14 years, the National Long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health and lifestyle of more than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers, now analysing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems - the major medical complaints in this age group - are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining countries to accelerate. Other diseases of old age - dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema - are also troubling fewer and fewer people.

‘It really raises the question of what should be considered normal ageing ,’says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70or 75.

Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in

childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today’s elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors.

On the downside, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some illness. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality, say the researchers. ‘These may be subtle influences,’ says Manton, ‘but our subjects have been exposed to worse and worse pollution for over 60 years. It’s not surprising we see some effect.’

One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. For example, 65-year-old women with fewer than eight years of schooling are expected, on average, to live to 82. Those who continued their education live an extra seven years. Although some of this can be attributed to a higher income, Manton believes it is mainly because educated people seek more medical attention.

The survey also assessed how independent people over 65 were, and again found a striking trend. Almost 80% of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activities ranging from eating and dressing unaided to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their finances. That represents a significant drop in the number of disable old people in the population. If the trends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued, researchers calculate there would be an additional one million disabled elderly people in today’s population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States government’s Medicare system more than $200 billion, suggesting that the greying of America’s population may prove less of a financial burden than expected.

The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably linked to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids. For instance, the use of raised toilet seats has more than doubled since the start of the study, and the use of bath seats has grown by more than 50%. These developments also bring some health benefits, according to a report from the MacArthur Foundation’s research group on successful ageing. The group found that those elderly people who were able to retain a sense of independence were more likely to stay healthy in old age.

Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help mental functioning, says Carl Cotman, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. He found that rats that experience on a treadmill have raised levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor coursing through their

brains. Cotman believes this hormone, which keeps neurons functioning, may prevent the brains of active humans from deteriorating.

As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at the University of Southern California in Los Angels, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70. In laboratory simulations of challenging activities such as driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. Chronically high levels of these hormones have been linked to heart disease.

But independence can have drawbacks. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. The research suggests that older people fare best when they feel independent but know they can get help when they need it.

‘Like much research into ageing, these results support common sense,’ says Seeman They also show that we may be understanding the impact of these simple factors. ‘The sort of thing that your grandmother always told you turns out to the right on target,’ she says.

Questions 14-22

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-Q, below.

Write the correct letter, A-Q, in boxes 14-22 on your answer sheet.

Research carried out by scientists in the United States has shown that the proportion of people over 65 suffering from the most common age-related medical problem is 14 and that the speed of this change is 15 . It also seems that these diseases are affecting people 16 in life than they did in the past. This is largely due to developments in 17 , but other factors such as improved 18 may also be playing a part. Increases in some illnesses may be due to changes in personal habits and to 19 . The research establishes a link between levels of 20 and life expectancy. It also shows that there has been a considerable reduction in the number of elderly people who are 21 ,which means that the 22 involved in supporting this section of the population may be less than previously predicted.

A cost B falling C technology D undernourished E earlier F later G disabled H more

I increasing J nutrition K education L constant M medicine N pollution O environmental P health Q independent

Questions 23-26

Complete each sentence with the correct ending ,A-H, below.

Write the correct better, A-H, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet. 23 Home medical aids

24 Regular amounts of exercise 25 Feelings of control over life 26 Feelings of loneliness

A may cause heart disease. B can be helped by hormone treatment. C may cause rises in levels of stress hormones. D have cost the United States government more than $200 billion. E may help prevent mental decline. F may get stronger at night. G allow old people to be more independent. H can reduce stress in difficult situations. READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

One of the first great intellectual feats of a young child is learning how to talk ,closely followed by learning how to count.From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a feat of imagination to consider the problems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility. Careful consideration of our system of numeration leads to the conviction that, rather than being a facility that comes naturally to a person, it is one of the great and remarkable achievements of the human race.

It is impossible to learn the sequence of events that led to our developing the concept of number. Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced, was sufficient for the tasks that they had to perform. Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers;

Numeration

instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many? when they were engaged in food gathering, for example. However, when early humans first began to reflect on the nature of things around them, they discovered that they needed an idea of number simply to keep their thoughts in order. As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system become paramount. It will never be known how and when this numeration ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi-permanent settlements.

Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one, two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on. But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion. For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean, Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of numbers that it can express, but this range will generally suffice when dealing with the simpler aspects of human existence.

The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. European languages, when traced back to their earlier version, are very poor in number words and expressions. The ancient Gothic word for ten, tachund, is used to express the number 100 as tachund tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hund teontig, or ten times ten. The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine.

Perhaps the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple attachment to a group of particular objects. It must have been within the grasp of the earliest humans to conceive that four birds are distinct from two birds; however, it is not an elementary step to associate the number 4, as connected with four birds, to the number 4, as connected with four rocks. Associating a number as one of the qualities of a specific object is a great hindrance to the development of a true number sense. When the number 4 can be

registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a national system for numbers and, from here, to arithmetic.

Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being numerated. It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. This diversity of number names can also be found in some widely used languages such as Japanese.

Intermixed with the development of a number sense is the development of an ability to count. Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter’s fingers. These aids would have been indispensable to very early people who would have found the process impossible without same form of mechanical aid. Such aids, while different, are still used even by the most educated in today’s society due to their convenience. All counting ultimately involves reference to something other than the things being counted. At first it may have been grains or pebbles but now it is a memorised sequence fo words that happen to be the names of the numbers.

Questions 27-31

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet. 27 A developed system of numbering 28 An additional hand signal

29 In seventh-century Europe, the ability to count to a certain number. 30 Thinking about numbers as concepts separate from physical objects 31 Expressing number differently according to class of item

A was necessary in order to fulfill a civic role.

B was necessary when people began farming.

C was necessary for the development of arithmetic. D persists in all societies. E was used when the range of number words was restricted F can be traced back to early European languages. G was a characteristic of early numeration systems. Questions 32-40

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxed 32-40 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agree with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

32 For the earliest tribes, the concept of sufficiency was more important than the concept of quantity.

33 Indigenous Tasmanians used only four terms to indicate

numbers of objects.

34 Some peoples with simple number systems use body language

to prevent misunderstanding of expressions of number.

35 All cultures have been able to express large numbers clearly. 36 The word ‘thousand’ has Anglo-Saxon origins.

37 In general, people in seventh-century Europe had poor counting

Ability.

38 In the Tsimshian language, the number for long objects and

canoes is expressed with the same word.

39 The Tsimshian language contains both older and newer systems

of counting.

40 Early peoples found it easier to count by using their fingers

rather than a group of pebbles.

WRITING

WRITING TASK 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The table below gives information about change in modes of travel in England between 1985 and 2000.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words.

Average distance in miles travelled per person per year, by mode of travel 1985 2000

Walking Bicycle Car Local bus Long distance bus Train Taxi Other All modes 255 51 3,199 429 54 289 13 450 4,740 237 41 4,806 274 124 366 42 585 6,475 WRITING TASK 2

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic:

Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more

money than people in other important professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words.

SPEAKING

PART 1

The examiner asks the candidate about him/herself, his/her home, work or studies and other familiar topics. EXAMPLE

Musical instruments

? Which instrument do you like listening to most?[Why?]

? Have you ever learned to play a musical instrument?[Which one?] ? Do you think children should learn to play a musical instrument at school?[Why/Why not?]

? How easy would it be to learn to play an instrument without a teacher?[Why?]

PART 2

Describe something healthy You will have to talk about the

you enjoy doing. topic for one to tow minutes. You should say: You have one minute to think What you do about what you are going to say. Where you do it You can make some notes to Who you do it with help you if you wish. and explain why you think

doing this is healthy.

PART 3

Discussion topics:

Keeping fit and healthy Example questions:

What do most people do to keep fit in your country?

How important is it for people to do some regular physical exercise? Health and modern lifestyles Example questions:

Why do some people think that modern lifestyles are not healthy? Why do some people choose to lead unhealthy lives?

Should individuals or governments be responsible for making people’s lifestyle healthy?

What could be done to encourage people to live in a healthy way?

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