句子成分

语法复习：句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句

一、句子成分

句子成分：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

（一）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和从句等表示。例如： Lucy is a beautiful nurse.（名词）

We often speak English in class.（代词）

One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）

The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）

When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）

It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）

（二）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）必须是动词，谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：

（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. （2）由助动词加动词原形、现在分词或过去分词构成。如: He has caught a bad cold. （3）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. We love China.

He can speak English.

We don’t finish reading the book. We have finished reading this book. （三）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态（说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”）它跟在系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及从句表示。例如：

He is a teacher.（名词）

It is mine.（代词）

The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词）

Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式）

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His hobby is playing football.（动名词）

The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词）

The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）

（四）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般跟在谓语动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和从句等表示例如：

They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） We often help him.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） I want to go home now.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） She says（that）she is ill.（宾语从句）

（五）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征，才能使句子的意义完整。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语等充当。例如：

I consider Jim a good friend.（名词） They make her happy.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词）

The hostess asked us to sit down.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） We found the books in good order.（介词短语）

（六）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由名词、代词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句等充当：

Mother made a birthday cake for me.（名词） My brother is a teacher. （代词） Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）

Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） China is a developing country。（分词）

The teaching plan has been worked out.（动名词）

He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）

He is reading a novel which is written by a famous writer. (定语从句)

（七）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。状语可由以下形式表示：

They returned tired and hungry. （形容词）

Light travels most quickly. （副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is excited to hear the good news.（不定式短语） He sat there smoking.（分词短语）

When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.（状语从句）

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状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）

（八）同位语:位于名词或代词之后，对前者做进一步的解释或补充说明的成分，通常由名词、代词或从句充当。如：

This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster. We students should study hard.

The news that he won the first prize made us surprised.

写出划线部分的句子成分。 1. Lily is cleaning the desk now. 2. Her garden is the best in our town. 3. Liu Ming is thirteen years old. 4. I like this book very much. 5. The girl on the blue bike is Jane’s sister. 6. She didn’t come to my party because she was ill. 7. Wang Ping does his homework carefully. 8. We will go to the Children’s Palace once a week. 9. They are in the classroom. 10. It sounds good. 11. His name is Paul. 12. We always go to school early.

二、简单句五种基本句型和there be 句型

简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys.

She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. （一）基本句型-1 主语 + 连系动词 + 表语 连系动词有:

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1.表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, appear, feel, look, smell, taste, sound; 2.表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue；

3.表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;

(连系动词没有被动语态；一般没有进行时(除了feel以外)；有些动词既是系动词又是普通动词。如：keep, grow, taste, feel, get, smell等。) The report sounds interesting. He became a teacher at last. My dream will come true. Children fall asleep easily.

The weather gets warm in spring.

（二）英语基本句型-2 主语+ 谓语（不及物动词）

此句型的谓语动词是不及物动词，后面不需要宾语就能表达完整的意思，但后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等做状语。

1.不及物动词不能直接加宾语。如agree, look, work, argue, belong, come, go等。 2.不及物动词加一个介词后构成动词短语可以加宾语。如agree with, look at, work out, belong to, come across, go to等。

I don’t agree _____ you completely. I have my own opinion. The dictionary belongs _____ me.

3.有些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。如begin, sell, write, wash, answer, read等。例如：

The meeting begins at half past nine. (不及物动词) The professor began his speech directly. (及物动词) 主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。 The red sun rises in the east.

So they had to travel by air or boat.

My grandfather gets up early in the morning. Classes begin at eight every day

Great changes have taken place in my home town

（三）英语基本句型-3 主语 + 谓语（及物动词）+宾语

此句型的谓语动词是及物动词，后面需要一个宾语才能表达完整的意思。 Doing morning exercises benefits our health. I wrote a passage last night.

I doubt whether he will join us in the debate. I want to have a cup of tea He enjoys reading.

（四）英语基本句-4 主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）此句型的谓语动词是及物动词，后面通常跟双宾语。 Please tell us a story.

Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. My father bought me a car.

The teacher offered us some advice. Give her another apple. She likes it.

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但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如：My father bought a car for me.

The teacher offered some advice to us. Give another apple to her. She likes it.

用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。 用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。

（五）英语基本句型5主语+谓语（及物动词）+ 宾语+宾语补足语

此句型的谓语动词是及物动词，后面跟宾语句意不够完整，宾语后需要宾语补足语补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征等。如： The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.

He has got everything ready. The news made us happy.

I found the story very interesting.

用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family.

（六）There be 句型

There be 句型表示的是 “某处有(存在)某人或某物”，其结构为“There be (is，are，was, were ) + 主语 （名词）+ 地点状语”。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。例如：

There are fifty-two students in our class. There is a pencil in my pencil-case.

There was an old house by the river five years ago. 注意事项：

1. There be句型中be动词的形式要和其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致。

如果句子的主语是单数的可数名词，或是不可数名词，be动词用“is” “was”。例如： There is a basketball in the box. There is a little milk in the glass.

如果句子的主语是复数名词，be动词就用“are” “were”。例如： There are many birds in the tree.

There were many people in the street yesterday.

如果有两个或两个以上的名词作主语，be动词要和最靠近它的那个主语在数上保持一致，也就是我们常说的 “就近原则”。例如： There is an orange and some bananas in the basket. There are some bananas and an orange in the basket. 2. There be句型和have\\has的区别：

There be句型表示 “存在有”, have\\has表示 “拥有” “所有”,两者不能同时使用.例如： 桌子上有三本书. There are three books on the desk. 我有三本书. I have three books.

3. There与be中间可插入一些表推测的情态动词、表时态的短语和一些动词短语。如：

现在有 there is/are …

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