2018年第四军医大学基础部618英语综合之语言学教程考研冲刺五套模拟题

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目录

2018年第四军医大学基础部618英语综合之语言学教程考研冲刺五套模拟题（一） (2)

2018年第四军医大学基础部618英语综合之语言学教程考研冲刺五套模拟题（二） (11)

2018年第四军医大学基础部618英语综合之语言学教程考研冲刺五套模拟题（三） (20)

2018年第四军医大学基础部618英语综合之语言学教程考研冲刺五套模拟题（四） (27)

2018年第四军医大学基础部618英语综合之语言学教程考研冲刺五套模拟题（五） (35)

专注考研专业课13年，提供海量考研优质文档！

第 2 页，共 47 页 2018年第四军医大学基础部618英语综合之语言学教程考研冲刺五套模拟题（一） 说明：根据本校该考试科目历年考研命题规律，结合考试侧重点和难度，精心整理编写。考研冲刺模考使用。共五套冲刺预模拟预测题，均有详细答案解析，考研冲刺必备资料。

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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． Foregrounding

【答案】 This term is meant for what is unusual , attractive , unconventional , salient. In literature , foregrounding is often achieved through unconventional expressions which attract the readers9 attention. The main manifestations of foregrounding are deviation and parallelism.

2． Morpheme

【答案】 Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content , a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning , whether it is lexical or grammatical. For example , in boys ,there are two morphemes : “boy” and “-s”； in international ,there are three morphemes : “inter -” “nation” and “-al”.

3． Componential analysis

【答案】 It refers to a semantic approach which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components , or semantic features. For example , the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components : HUMAN , YOUNG and MALE.

4． phoneme

【答案】

Phoneme is a basic unit of phonological study , and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning. For example , in English ,is described as a phoneme.

5． CMC

【答案】 It is computer-mediated communication , distinguished by its focus on language and language use in computer networked environments , and by its use of methods of discourse analysis to address that focus.

6． Audiolingual method

【答案】 Audiolingual method refers to the teaching of a second language through imitation , repetition , and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed.

7． Broad and narrow transcription

【答案】 Broad and narrow transcription : In broad transcription , one letter symbol is used for one sound. In narrow transcription , there are diacritics added to the one letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.

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第 3 页，共 47 页 8． CALL

【答案】 It is the abbreviation of computer-assisted language learning , which refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. In this kind of CALL programs , the computer leads the student through a learning task step-by-step , asking question to check comprehension. Depending on the student^ response , the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material.

9． Applied linguistics

【答案】 It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example , there are studies on multilingualism , language acquisition , first and second language teaching and learning.

10．Surface structure

【答案】 It is a term used in generative grammar to refer to the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence , which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar , and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear. For instance , “John is easy to please.” and “John is eager to please.” are two sentences with the same surface structure.

二、Short-answer-questions

11．What distinguishes prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studies of language?

【答案】 The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the roles to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules , or norms , of correctness , which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.

12．What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?

【答案】 A suprasegmental feature refers to the phonemic features that occur above the level of sound segment. The major suprasegmental features in English include word stress , sentence stress , tone , and intonation. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning.

For example , a shift of stress may change the part of speech of a word from a noun to a verb although its spelling remains unchanged. Tones are pitch variations , which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. When pitch , stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation , they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language , especially in a language like English.

13．Please explain the original idea in the speech act theory.

Motorist : My car needs new exhaust system.

Mechanic : I?ll be busy with this other car all day.

【答案】 Speech act theory , originally proposed by Austin , is a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication.

Austin made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and “performatives”. Constatives were statements that either state or describe , and were thus verifiable ; performatives , on the other hand ,

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第 4 页，共 47 页 were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state , and were not verifiable.

Later on , for a variety of reasons , Austin gave up his initial distinction between constatives and performatives. He set up another model to explain the way acts were performed by means of language. According to his new model , a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking : locutionary act , illocutionary act , and perlocutionary act.

14．What makes language unique to human beings?

【答案】

The design features of language which refer to the defining properties of human language tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.Arbitrariness is a core feature of language , which means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Duality , which means the property of having two levels of structures , such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. Creativity means language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Because of duality the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic unites to form an infinite set of sentences , most of which are never heard before. Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present , real or imagined matters , in the past , present , or future , or in far-away places. So all these features make language unique to human beings.

15．Language can change through blending , metanalysis and borrowing. Give two English words to illustrate each of them.

【答案】 1） blending : smog , brunch

2）metanalysis : an apron （which was originally “a napron”）； an adder （which was originally “a nadder”）

3）borrowing : tea , encore

16．Eskimos have many different words for different types of snow , Aborigines for different types of sand , and in Arabic one must choose from a whole range of words which are subsumed under the Western category CAMEL. Can you explain these phenomena with your linguistic knowledge?

【答案】 These phenomena can be explained from the following perspectives :

（1）These phenomena show a relationship between language and society. Language changes from region to region , from one social group to another and from individual to individual. The living environment makes great impact on the changes of language. As Eskimo are always living in an environment of a snow world , they have made a good cognition to snow and classified it in different types. Human use language to describe the world they have cognized.

（2）These phenomena can be explained from the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that : our language helps mould our way of thinking and , consequently , different languages may probably express speaker?s unique ways of understanding the world. S o Eskimos^ different words for different types of snow reflect their different ways to understand snow.

三、Essay-question

17．Illustrate “Immediate Constituent Analysis ”.

【答案】

The relation between a sentence and its component elements is generally referred to as the relation between a construction and its constituents , in which a very important notion is immediate

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