法律英语 公司法翻译

法律英语 翻译

、Introduction to Corporation Law公司法简介
Part one Basic Norms第一部分基本规范
In the United States, business organizations may be classified into three main classes: individual proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. The laws that effect these forms of business enterprise are diverse. There is no single code or statute that governs the U.S. law of business enterprise. Each state prescribes different laws for corporations. The corporate laws of each state are similar but not identical. A listing of some the categories of laws applicable to U.S. business enterprises are as follow:
在美国，企业组织可分为三大类：个人独资企业，合伙企业和公司。法律对这些企业的影响是各不相同的。美国没有单一法典或法规规制商务企业法。每个州规定了企业不同的法律。各州的公司法相似但不相同。一个关于对美国商业企业所适用的法律的列表如下：

Close Corporation Laws 内部持股公司法（条例）
Several states have adopted Close Corporation Acts that authorize corporations to designate themselves as close corporations, and when so designated such corporations are required to restrict the number and the identity of their shareholders.
一些州已经采用了内部持股公司法，授权公司指定自身为内部持股公司，而在这样的公司需要限定其股东的人数和身份。

Partnerships 合伙
In nearly all states, the formation and structure of partnerships is regulated for general partnerships by the Uniform Partnership Act of 1916 (“UPA”) and the Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act of 1976 ( for limited partnerships ) adopted by these states with minor deviations.
在几乎所有的州中，把合伙关系的建立和结构调整为普通合伙关系的是通过1916年统一合伙法（“统一合伙条例”）以及这些州份采用的差距较小的1976年统一有限合伙修订条例（有限合伙）。

Corporation Codes公司法
Corporations have no uniform law. Laws governing corporations are to be found in individual state’s business corporation acts. Such acts provide the procedures for formation and decision making for any enterprise that is incorporated under them. There does exist, however, a Model Business Corporation Act of 1984 (“Model Corporation Act”). The Model Corporation Act is followed by only half of the states.
公司没有统一的法律。规管公司的法律大都是建立在各个州的单行公司法上。这种法律规定了在他们之下所组成的公司的形成和决策的程序。这种法律是确实存在的，然而，比如1984年标准商务公司条例（“标准公司法“）。而标准公司法仅仅被一半的州所采用。

An enterprise does nor have to incorporate under the corporation c
ode of the state in which it operates. For example, it is common to find corporations incorporated under Delaware law but having offices and doi

法律英语 翻译

ng business in California. Under the prevailing U.S. rule of conflict of laws, the internal law of the corporation is governed by the statutes and case law of the state of incorporation. Internal matter of a corporation are governed by its own Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws.
企业不一定按其从事经营的州的法律组建。例如，虽然它是根据特拉华州法律所合并组成的公司，但是却在加州拥有办事处和从事业务。根据美国现行法的冲突规则，该公司内部法由组建州的制定法和成文法管制。公司内部事务由其组织章程和内部规章管制。

Federal Securities Acts 联邦证券条例
The U.S. has federal laws regulating securities activities in the United States. The Federal Securities Acts are: the Securities Acts of 1933 (the “1933 Securities Acts ”) and the Securities Exchange Acts of 1934 (the “1934 Securities Acts”) and the various regulations issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the securities regulating body of the U.S. government), which are a component of American business law. The 1933 Securities Act regulates principally the issuance of new securities to raise capital for the issuing enterprise while the 1934 Securities Acts regulates the mechanisms by which investors buy and sell existing securities.
美国有规范美国证券活动的联邦法律。联邦证券法是：1933年（以下简称“1933年证券法”）证券法和1934年证券交易行为（以下简称“1934年证券法”）以及美国证券交易委员会颁发的各项规章制度（美国政府的证券监管机构），这些是美国商业法的组成部分。1933年证券法原则上主要管制的是发行证券的企业为取得资本而发行新证券，而1934年证券交易法管制的是投资者买卖上市证券的机制。

Blue Sky Laws 蓝天法
Blue Sky Laws are state securities laws. The federal securities laws preempt the State Blue Sky Laws. The Blue Sky Laws were created to regulate securities industry before the development of federal securities laws. Today they remain in force to suppress violations of securities regulations that are not regulated by the federal securities laws and that are intrastate in nature.
蓝天法是州的证券法律法规。联邦证券法优先于州蓝天法。蓝天法的建立是为了调节在联邦证券法发展起来之前的证券业。今天，在州的范围内，他们仍然有效地抑制违反证券法规却不受联邦证券法规范的行为。

Federal Antitrust Laws 联邦反托拉斯法
Antitrust Laws are chiefly to regulate market behavior and to encourage competition through the prevention of monopolization and the limitation of restraint of trade.
反垄断法
主要是规范市场行为，鼓励竞争来防止垄断和制止贸易限制。

Part Two Forms of Business 第二部分 企业类型
A 、Proprietorships 一、个体业主
Any individual may set up a business alone by ob

法律英语 翻译

taining a license to do business from the county in which he or she intends to set up the business. This form of the business is called a proprietorship. Unlike corporations and limited liability partnerships on other permission or formality is required and the state corporate division is not involved. Proprietorships are not separate legal entities are usually found in a small retail shops and in service enterprises like consulting firms and insurance agencies. In number, proprietorships are the most common form of the enterprise in the United State. They are insignificant, however, in terms of the revenue they generate.
任何个人在打算经营的县领取营业执照，单独开业。这种商业形式是所谓的个体业主。不同于企业和有限责任的合伙关系要求其他许可或手续，以及州的公司处并不涉及其中。个体业主不是独立的法律实体，通常是一个小型零售商店或者服务型企业，如咨询公司和保险机构。在数量，个体业主在美国是最常见的企业类型。它们是微不足道，然而，它们同样创造收入。

B 、Partnerships 二、合伙
Partnerships, like corporations (and unlike proprietorships) have separate legal entities. A non-U.S. corporation or individual can form a partnership with an individual, a corporation or another partnership doing business in the United States and vice versa. For a partnership to exist there is no requirement that there be a written partnership agreement. Normally, however, a written partnership agreement should be entered into. A partnership can arise simply out of the acts of the partners particularly if them hold themselves as partners to the general public. In situations where there is no partnership the relationship between the parties is determined by the terms of the Uniform Partnership Act (“UTA”) which has been adopted by all the states. The UPA set out the rules for determining whether or not a partnership exists. For example, the receipt by a person of a share of profits of a business is a prima facie evidence that the recipient of the profits is a partner in the business. (Unless, of course there is another good reason for doing so, i.e., salary.) However, the fact that two or more persons own property in common does not itself create a partnership between co-owners.
合伙关系，如公司（不像个体业主）有独立的法人实体。外国公司或个人可以与个人、公司或其他合伙企业一起建立合伙企业，在美国经营。对于存在的合伙关
系，也没有要求有书面合伙协议。通常情况下，无论如何，合伙协议应当书面订立。合伙人的行为就足以构成合伙关系，特别是当他们以行为向一般公众表明其为合伙人的话。在没有合伙协议的情况下，由统一合伙条例确定合伙人之间的关系。由统一合伙条例明确是否存在合伙的规则。例如，一个人分享企业利润，就是一个表

法律英语 翻译

明证据，证明利润的受益人是该企业的合伙人。（除非，当然还有另外一个这样做的，即工资的理由。）然而，事实是两个或两个以上的人拥有共同财产并不是两人之间建立一个共同拥有的合伙关系。
There are types of partnership: general partnerships and limited partnerships.
有伙伴关系的类型：一般合伙和有限合伙。

1. General Partnership 1、一般合伙
When two or more individuals set up a business enterprise together as co-owners of the enterprise and do not organize as a corporation they have formed a “partnership”. There are no formal requirements for the formation of a partnership and businessmen may be “partners” in the eye of the law without knowing it. Unless there is a partnership agreement which spells out the terms of the partnership, partners share equally in the assets and liabilities of the partnership upon the dissolution of the partnership.
当两个或两个以上个人作为企业的共同所有人组建成非公司的商务企业，他们就形成了有一种“合伙关系”的公司。这种合伙关系的形成并没有正式要求，那些商人也许并不知道他们在法律上已经是“合伙人”了。除非合伙协议明确了合伙的条件，否则，在合伙企业解散时，合伙人平等分享该合伙的资产和责任。

In a partnership, there is no separation between the partner’s liabilities and those of partnership. This means that, unlike a shareholder of a corporation, a partner can be personally liable for the debts of the partnership when the partnership’s assets are insufficient to meet its obligation. Partnerships are a common form of doing business for certain service enterprises such as law firms.
在合伙关系，合伙人和合伙企业之间的责任没有分离。这意味着，不像一个公司的股东，当合伙企业资产不足以抵债时，合伙人个人会承担偿还合伙企业债务的责任。窗体顶端合伙就是一种做某些服务企业的生意的共同的形式，例如律师事务所。

2. Limited Partnerships 2。有限合伙
Limited partnerships are created when the partners wish to limit their personal liability for the partnership. Such partners are called limited partners. For a limited partnership to exist, there has to be one or more “general partner” who is liable for the debts of the partnership. This general partner can be a corporation.
Unlike partners in general partnerships, or general partners in limited partnerships, limited partners must enter into a written agreement with the partnership and must not actively participate in the running of the business, it is only then that they can benefit form the special features
of a limited partnerships. Limited partners act as investors, similar to shareholders in a corporation.
当合伙人希望在合伙关系中限制他们的个人责任时，有限合伙就被创造出来了。这样的

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合伙人被称为有限合伙人。对于有限合伙存在，必须有一个或多个对合伙的债务承担责任的“一般合伙人”。这里的普通合伙人可以是法人。
不同于一般合伙中的合伙人，或者有限合伙中的一般合伙人，有限合伙人必须与合伙企业签定书面协议，不能参与企业的运营，只有这样，他们才可以在有限合伙关系中的特殊功能中获得利益。有限合伙人作为投资者，类似于一个公司的股东。

C. Corporations 三、公司
1. In General 1、一般情况
In contrast to a partnership, a corporation is an incorporated association. Once the corporation is formally incorporated, it becomes a separate legal entity that has existence apart from the persons who form it. A corporation may own property in its own name and can sue and be sued under its own name
Corporations come in all shapes and sizes. Some corporations have millions of shareholders and some have only one. In general, however, corporations are divided into two categories:
与合伙关系相比，公司就是一种组成的同盟。一旦该公司正式成立，它就变成了一个独立的法人实体来存在除了成立它的人。公司可以以自己的名义拥有财产，可以以自己的名义起诉和应诉。公司有各种形式和大小。有些公司的股东有百万个，有的只有一个。但一般来说，公司分为两类：
a. publicly held corporations; and公众持股公司
b. close corporations 内部持股公司
Publicly held corporations are ones whose shares are publicly trade on organized markets. Closely held corporations are corporations that restrict the number of shareholders to thirty-five or less and forbid transfers of shares without the consent of other shareholders.
公众持股公司是指在它的股票在股票市场上公开交易的公司。内部持股公司是指限制股东人数在35或以下，并且禁止在未经其他股东同意的情况下转让股份的公司。
In the U.S., there is no federal corporate legislation. States create the legal framework to govern corporations that are incorporated in its state. Each individual state has a secretary of state office whose corporate division usually handles the administrative matters for the corporations, such as: incorporation, business registration and dissolution. The ownership of a corporation resides in its stockholders who normally have the right to appoint the directors of the corporation.
在美国，是没有联邦公司法的。州制定管制在本州组建公司的法律。每个独立的州都有一个的州务部长，通常处理其公司的分布为公司的管理事项，例如：公司的成立、注册和解散。公司所有权属于其股东，一般有权任命该公司的董事。

The differences bet
ween the laws of various states relating to business corporations are greater than the differences between partnership laws. Please note that a

法律英语 翻译

corporation does not need to be organized under the law of state where it conducts business or is the principal place of business for that corporation. It is possible to incorporate under the laws of one state and have the principal place of business of the corporation under the laws of another. It will be necessary, however, for the corporation to register itself in states other than its “home” state in order to do business in that sate.
各州的法律有关企业之间的差异大于合伙法律之间的差别。请注意，公司无须在其经营商务的州或公司主要营业地所在的州组建。它可以依据某一州的法律来合并，也可以依据另一州的法律来成立主营业地。这将是必要的，但是，对于公司必须在其“母”州之外的州进行注册登记，以便在该州从事经营活动。

Such registration will typically be with the secretary of state of those states where business is to be carried out. Failure to register in those states which the corporation is doing business may mean that the corporation cannot sue in that state. It may also result in the imposition of a fine, or it may make contracts made by such a corporation void or voidable. Please note that in this context a California corporation is just a foreign in Arizona as a Chinese corporation would be. At what point does a corporation do enough business in a state to require registration depends largely upon the laws of each state, but it usually means more than one isolated contract or a sale in the state by a sales representative whose primary territory is elsewhere.
此种注册通常是与那些进行商业活动的州份的州务部长进行的。在那些没有注册的州中进行商业活动的公司，可能意味着这个公司在该州不能提起诉讼。它也可能导致被征收罚金，或者它可能导致该公司所订立的合同无效或可撤销。请注意，在此背景下，加州的公司在亚利桑那州就像一个中国的外国公司那样。一家公司什么时候在该州有足够的业务来要求注册在很大程度上取决于每个州的法律，但它通常意味着多于一项单独的合同或者由主要业务范围在其他地方的销售代表在该州做的一笔生意。

2. Different state laws governing corporation 2、不同的州法律规管公司
Different legal requirements exist for setting up a corporation depending upon the state of corporation. For example, the State of Delaware’s corporate law only requires one director, while under the law of the District of Columbia or the State of New York a minimum of three directors are required. Traditionally, the State of Delaware has had the most “liberal” corporation law and has therefore registered more corporations than any other state in the U.S.. The State of Dela
ware is particularly good when it comes to minimizing the liability of “independent” directors for certain wrongs committed by the corporation.

法律英语 翻译

各州对建立公司提出了不同的法律要求。例如，特拉华州的公司法只需要一名董事，而哥伦比亚特区或纽约州的法律则要求至少有三名董事。传统上，特拉华州有最“自由的”公司法，因而在美国比任何其他州更多的注册公司。特拉华州的突出优点表现在它把“独立”董事们对公司某些错误行为应负的责任见到最小限度。

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