3D打印外文文献翻译最新译文

文献出处: Paul G. 3D printing technology and its application [J]. Anatomical sciences education, 2015, 10(3): 430-450. 原文

3D printing technology and its application

Paul G

Abstract

3D printing technology in the industrial product design, especially the application of digital product model manufacturing is becoming a trend and hot topic. Desktop level gradually mature and application of 3D printing devices began to promote the rise of the Global 3D printing market, Global industrial Analysis company (Global Industry Analysis Inc) research report predicts Global 3D printing market in 2018 will be $2.99 billion. Keywords: 3D printing; Application; Trend 1 3D printing and 3D printers

3D printing and 3D printing are two entirely different concepts.3D printing is separated into different angles the picture of the red, blue two images, then the two images according to the regulation of parallax distance overprint together, using special glasses to create the 3D visual effect, or after special treatment, the picture printed directly on the special grating plate, thus rendering 3D visual effect of printing technology. And 3D printing refers to the 3D ink-jet printing technology, stacked with hierarchical processing forms, print increase step by step a material to generate a 3D entity, meet with 3D models, such as laser forming technology of manufacturing the same real 3D object digital manufacturing technology.3D printers, depending on the technology used by its working principle can be divided into two categories: 1.1 3D printer based on 3D printing technology

Based on 3D printing technology of 3D printer, by stored barrels out a certain amount of raw material powder, powder on processing platform is roller pushed into a thin layer, then the print head in need of forming regional jet is a kind of special glue. At this time, met the adhesive will rapidly solidified powder binder, and does not meet the adhesive powder remain loose state. After each spray layer, the processing

platform will automatically fall a bit, according to the result of computer chip cycle, until the real finished. After just remove the outer layer of the loose powder can obtain required for manufacturing three-dimensional physical.

1.2 3D printers based on fused deposition manufacturing technology

Based on fused deposition manufacturing technology of the working principle of 3D printer is first in the control software of 3D printers into physical data generated by CAD and treated generated to support the movement of materials and thermal spray path. Then hot nozzle will be controlled by computer according to the physical section contour information in printed planar motion on the plane, at the same time by thermoplastic filamentous material for wire agency sent to the hot shower, and after the nozzle to add heat and melt into a liquid extrusion, and spraying in the corresponding work platform. Spray thermoplastic material on the platform after rapid cooling form the outline of a thickness of 0.1 mm wafer, forming a 3D printing section. The process cycle, load, decrease of bench height then layers of cladding forming stacked 3D printing section, ultimately achieve the desired three-dimensional object.

2 The application of 3D printing needs

The 3D printing technology support for a variety of materials, can be widely used in jewelry, footwear, industrial design, construction, automotive, aerospace, dental, medical, and even food, etc. Different areas., according to the requirements of application targets used by material with resin, nylon, gypsum, ABS, polycarbonate (PC) or food ingredients, etc.3D printers of rapid prototyping technology has a distinct advantage in the market, the huge potential in the production application, hot applications outlined below. 2.1 Industrial applications

\cycling\is located in Bristol, UK the European aeronautic defense and Space Company using 3D printers, application of 3D printing technology to create the world's first print bike. The bike to use as strong as steel and aluminum alloy material of nylon, the weight is 65% lighter than metal materials. More interestingly, \chain wheels and bearings are printed at a time, without the original manufacture parts

first, and then the parts together of assembly process, after printing, bicycles will be able to move freely. Bicycle manufacturing process like printing discontinuous in graphic print as simple lines, 3D printer can print out the object space is not connected to each other.

2.2 Medical applications

In medicine, the use of 3D printing will two-photon polymer and biological functional materials combination modified into the capillaries, not only has good flexibility and compatibility of human body, also can be used to replace the necrosis of blood vessels, combined with artificial organs, partly replacing experimental animals in drug development. Biotechnology in Germany in October 2011 show, Biotechnical Fair), using 3D printers print artificial blood capillary to attract the attention of the participants, these artificial capillary has been applied in clinical medicine.

2.3 application of daily life

\University in New York, the United States food manufacturing equipment. The \food printer%used similar routine computer printers, the working principle of ingredients and ingredients in the container (cartridge) in advance only need to enter the required recipe, by supporting the CAD software can keep the food \out\For many chefs, the new kitchen cooking means that they can create new dishes make food more individuality, higher food value. Using the \products can significantly reduce the link, so as to avoid the pollution in the links of food processing, transportation, packing and so on and preservation, etc. Because of the cooking materials and ingredients must be placed in the printer, so food raw materials must be liquid or other can \2.4 IT applications

Recently, a group of researchers in Disney's use of 3D printing in the same effect with the organic glass high pervious to light plastic, at low cost to print out the LCD screen with a variety of sensors, realize the new breakthrough in the IT applications. Using 3D printing light pipe can produce high-tech international chess; the chess

pieces can detect and display the current location. Although the monochrome screen compared with in the daily life, rich and colorful display some insignificant, but it has a 3D printing the advantages of low cost, simple manufacturing process. In addition to the display screen, the use of 3D printing will also be able to print out a variety of sensors. These sensors can be through the stimulation such as infrared light to detect touch, vibration, and the results output.3D printing will create more for life and wisdom city of IT applications.

3 The development trend of 3D printing technology

3D printing technology continues to develop, greatly reduce the cost of the already from research and development of niche space into the mainstream market, the momentum of development is unstoppable, has become a widespread concern and civil market rapidly emerging new areas.3D printing production model, the application of gifts, souvenirs and arts and crafts, greatly attracted social attention and investment, development speed, the market began to quantity and qualitative leap. It is predicted that in 2020, 3D printing products will account for 50% of the total production. In the next 10 years on the computer to complete the product design blueprint, gently press the \key, 3D printers can bit by bit with the designed model. Now some foundry enterprises began to develop selective laser sintering, 3D printer and its application to complex casting time reduced from 3 months to 10 days. Engine manufacturers through 3D printing, large six-cylinder diesel engine cylinder head of sand core development cycles, reduced to 1 week from the past 5 months. The biggest advantage of 3D printing is to expand the designers’ imagination space. As long as you can on the computer design into 3D graphics, whether is different styles of dress, elegant handicraft, or personalized car, as long as can solve the problem of material, can achieve 3D printing.

With 3D printing technology breakthroughs, constantly improved increasingly, the new material of 3D printing in improving speed, size, its technology is constantly optimized, expanding application fields, especially in the field of graphic art potential, producer of the concept of 3D model can better communicate ideas or solutions, a picture can be more than a few hundred or even thousands of words of description.

Professionals believe that personalized or customized 3D printing can be envisioned a real-time 3D model in the eyes, can quickly improve product, growth will be more than imagine, will shape the future of social applications.3D printing technology to eliminate traditional production line, shorten the production cycle, greatly reduce production waste, raw materials consumption will be reduced to a fraction of the original.3D printing is not only cost savings, improve production precision, also will make up for the inadequacy of traditional manufacturing, and will rise rapidly in the civilian market, thus opening a new era of manufacturing, bring new opportunities and hope for the printing industry. 译文

3D打印技术及其应用

Paul G

摘要

3D打印技术在工业产品设计，特别是数字产品模型制造领域的应用正在成为一种潮流和热门话题。桌面级3D打印设备的逐渐成熟和应用开始推动全球3D打印市场的兴起，全球工业分析公司（Global Industry Analysis Inc）的研究报告预测2018年全球3D打印市场将达到29.9亿美元。 关键词：3D打印；应用；趋势 1 3D打印技术与3D打印机

3D打印技术与3D印刷是两个完全不同的概念。3D印刷是将图片分离成不同角度的红、蓝两张图片，然后将这两张图片按照规定的视差距离套印在一起，并用特殊眼镜观看来形成3D视觉效果，或者将图片经过特殊处理后，直接印刷在特殊的光栅板上，从而呈现3D视觉效果的印刷技术。而3D打印技术是指采用三维喷墨打印技术，通过分层加工与叠加成形相结合的方法，逐层打印增加材料来生成3D实体，达到与激光成型等其他3D模型制造技术相同3D真实物体的数字制造技术。3D打印机按照所使用技术的不同，其工作原理可分为两类： 1.1基于三维打印技术的3D打印机

基于三维打印技术的3D打印机先由储存桶送出一定量的原材料粉末，粉末在加工平台上被滚筒推成薄薄一层，接着打印头在需要成形的区域喷出一种特殊

的黏合剂。此时，遇到黏合剂的粉末会迅速固化黏结，而没有遇到黏合剂的粉末则仍保持松散状态。每喷完一层，加工平台就会自动下降一点，根据电脑切片的结果不断循环，直到实物完成。完成之后只要扫除松散的外层粉末便可获得所需制造的三维实物。

1.2 基于熔融沉积制造技术的3D打印机

基于熔融沉积制造技术的3D打印机的工作原理是先在3D打印机的控制软件中导入由CAD生成的实物数据，经处理生成支撑材料和热喷头的运动路径。然后热喷头会在计算机的控制下根据实物的截面轮廓信息在打印平面上进行平面运动，同时热塑性丝状材料由供丝机构送至热喷头，并在喷头中加热和熔化成半液态后挤压出，并喷涂在相应的工作平台上。喷涂热塑性材料快速冷却后在平台上形成一层厚度约0.1 mm的轮廓薄片，形成了一个3D打印截面。将这个作业过程不断循环，承载工作台高度随之不断降低，层层熔覆3D打印截面形成多层堆叠，最终获得所需的三维实物。 2 3D打印技术的应用需求

目前3D打印技术支持多种材料，可以广泛应用在珠宝首饰、鞋类、工业设计、建筑、汽车、航天、牙科、医疗甚至美食等不同领域。根据应用目标的需求，所使用的材料有树脂、尼龙、石膏、ABS、聚碳酸酯（PC）或食材配料等。3D打印机的快速成型技术使之在市场上独具优势，在生产应用上潜力巨大，热点应用概述如下。 2.1 工业应用

“空气单车”是位于英国布里斯托尔的欧洲航空防务和航天公司采用3D打印机，应用3D打印技术制造出的世界上第一辆打印自行车。这辆自行车使用像钢铁和铝合金一样结实的尼龙材料，重量比金属材料要轻65%。更有趣的是，“空气单车”无论是车轮、链条还是轴承都是一次打印出来的，无需原来先制造零件再将零件组装在一起的总装流程，打印结束后，自行车就能够活动自如。自行车的制造过程就像在平面打印中打印不连续的线条一样简单，3D打印机能够打印出空间彼此不相连的物体。 2.2 医学应用

在医学上，采用3D打印将双光子聚合物和（完整译文请到百度文库）生物

功能材料组合修饰成毛细血管，不仅具有良好的弹性和人体相容性，还能够用于替换坏死的血管，与人造器官结合，部分取代药物研发中的实验动物。2011年10月在德国生物科技展（Biotechnical Fair）上，用3D打印机打印出来的人造毛细血管吸引了参会者的关注，这些人造毛细血管已经在临床医学上应用。 2.3日常生活应用

“3D食物打印机”是美国纽约康奈尔大学研制的食物制造设备。这部“3D食物打印机”采用了类似日常计算机打印机的工作原理，将食材和配料预先放入容器内（墨盒）中，只需输入所需食谱，通过所配套的CAD软件就能把美食“印”出来。对不少厨师而言，这种烹饪的新厨具意味着他们可以创作新菜品，制作出更多个性美食，获得更高的食物附加值。使用“3D食物打印机”制作食物，可以大幅地缩减从原材料到成品的环节，从而避免食物加工、运输、包装等环节中的污染与保存等不利影响。由于烹饪的原料和配料必须放置在打印机的容器内，因此食物原料必须是液体或其他可以“打印”的状态。 2.4 IT应用

最近，迪士尼的一组研究人员利用3D打印技术在与有机玻璃同样效果的高透光塑料上，以低廉造价打印出了LCD屏幕与多种传感器，实现了IT应用中的新突破。利用3D打印光导管可以制造出高科技的国际象棋，这些国际象棋的棋子可以侦测并显示当前位置。尽管这种单色屏与日常生活中见到丰富多彩的显示屏相比有些微不足道，但其拥有3D打印技术成本低廉、制造工艺简单的优势。除了显示屏，利用3D打印技术还能够打印出多种传感器。这些传感器可以通过红外光来侦测触摸、振动等刺激，并将结果输出。3D打印技术必将为智慧生活和智慧城市创造出更多的IT应用。 3 3D打印技术的发展趋势

3D打印技术持续发展，成本的大幅降低使其已经从研发的小众空间向主流市场进军，发展势头不可阻挡，已经成为社会广泛关注、民用市场迅速崛起的新领域。3D打印制作的模型、礼品、纪念品乃至工艺品的应用，极大吸引了社会关注和投入，发展加速，市场开始呈现量与质的双飞跃。据预测，2020年3D打印成品将占产品生产总量的50%。未来10年在电脑上完成产品设计蓝图，轻轻一按“打印”键，3D打印机就能一点一点打出所设计的模型。现在一些铸造企

业开始研发选择性激光烧结3D打印机及其应用，力图将复杂铸件的交货期由3个月缩短到10天。发动机制造商通过3D打印技术，将大型六缸柴油发动机缸盖砂芯的研制周期，由过去5个月缩短至1周。3D打印技术的最大优势在于能拓展设计人员的想象空间。只要能在计算机上设计成三维图形的东西，无论是造型各异的服装、精美的工艺品，还是个性化的车子，只要解决了材料问题，都可以实现3D打印。

随着3D打印技术的不断突破，新材料的日益改善，3D打印的速度、尺寸在不断提高，其技术在不断优化，应用领域在不断扩展，特别是在图形艺术领域的潜力，三维的概念模型能更好地传达制作者的想法或解决方案，一张图可以胜过几百甚至上千个文字的描述。专业人士坚信个性化或定制化的3D打印可以将一个所想象的三维模型即时摆在眼前，能够快速改进产品，增长幅度将超过想象，将会改变社会各种应用的未来。3D打印技术将淘汰传统生产线，缩短制作周期，大大减少生产废料，所需原材料用量将减少到原来的几分之一。3D打印不仅节约成本，提高制作精度，也将弥补传统制造的不足，并将在民用市场迅速崛起，从而开启制造业的新纪元，为印刷工业带来新的机遇和希望。

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