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Passage 1 Science

Science is a comprehensive and academic sphere. It touches almost every aspect of our life and educated people need some acquaintance with its structure and operation. Accordingly, they should also have a glimpse into and sympathize with how scientists live and to penetrate their genius temper, outlook, faculty, standpoint and what motivates them in their pursuits. Similarly, an understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific abstract scientific concepts is easier to attain if one has an indication about the breadth of which excite and bore the scientist, even what makes them bristle, embarrass, sin, be ashamed, repent and feel stupid. This will be utilized by the intelligent pupil or lay person whose definition about science is unusually sophisticated; for the person who sees the objective of science as an undertaking to deepen the understanding of our world. The book can be used to supplement or accompany a course in any science, or simply to investigate and simplify our world. This book will sketch a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more specialized view of what science is with the utmost precision and satisfy one's curiosity about who scientists are, and what they do. It will explore an understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and how science can clarify how we perceive our culture. Readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some philosophies that prevail in our culture and learn an alternative view or refute previous ideas. We have presented in this book an accurate picture of the scientific community and index the scientific framework. More women increasingly comprise the scientific community and this is not a unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident and increasingly measurable in all aspects of society as more women enter conventionally by majority male fields and contribute to the society greatly. (These fields include fishermen, butchers, police lieutenant, priests, carpenters,, captains, porters, surgeons, clerks, colonels, amongst others. They are no longer just a bunch of landladies, librarians, hostesses and mistresses who wear perfume, necklaces and get shampoos and haircuts.) The presence of competent and learned women in this previously manly field is similarly proportional in all fields, some exceptions excluded.

In discussing these changes, we are faced with a completely sexist (男性至上主义者) language, one that uses male nouns and adjectives and adverbs in referring to unspecified individuals. Though scarcely acceptable and sometimes faulty, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever feasible and absolutely necessary. Needless to say, while still insufficient and may dissatisfy, it is an attempt to treat half of the human race with equality from a considerate, neutral standpoint.

Our approach is that we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. We see science as a pleasant pastime rather than as a burden or tedious way to earn a living.

科学是一个综合性的学术领域。它几乎涉及到我们生活的方方面面，受教育者需要了解其结构和作用。

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相应地，受教育者也应该了解科学家们的生活及感受他们的思想性情、观点见解、才能本领以及刺激他们追求的动机。同样地，如果有人能够找到使科学家们激动、烦恼，甚至是使他们感到生气、不安、罪过、羞愧、后悔、愚蠢等种种迹象的话，那么理解科学的共性及其特殊的抽象概念就比较容易了。

这将会被那些对科学概念有着异常深刻理解的聪明学生或外行所利用；这些人认为科学的目标是加深我们对世界的认识。对于聪明的学生或外行，这会大有帮助，因为他们认为科学是异常复杂的；而对于那些认为科学的目的是加深我们对世界认识的人而言，这也是大有用处的。这本书可以用作任何科学教程的教辅，或者只是用来探询并简化我们的世界。这本书会以一个更广阔的角度描述科学态度，并以更专业的观点极其准确地解释什么是科学，并满足人们对科学家及其所作所为的好奇心。该书将会探讨科学与文化之间的关系，并探寻科学是如何使我们对文化的认识越来越清晰的。读者可认识到科学观点与我们文化中普遍存在的哲学思想之间的关系，并学习到新的观念或反驳先前的观点。

我们在这本书中准确地描述了科学界并对科学框架进行了索引。越来越多的女性进入科学界，这已不是什么稀罕的事情。随着越来越多的妇女进入到传统上男性主导的领域并为社会做出了巨大贡献，这已经变成了一种趋势，体现在社会的方方面面，并日益重要起来。（这些领域包括渔民、屠夫、警官、牧师、木匠，船长，搬运工，外科医生，职员，上校。她们不再仅仅是一群女房东，图书馆管理员，女招待或喷着香水、戴着项链、有着悉心打理发型的情妇。）除去某些特殊的领域，博学多才的女性出现在曾经男性主导的各个领域，并和男性构成了几乎相当的比例。

在讨论这些变化的过程中，我们遇到一种完全带有性别歧视的语言。这种语言使用男性名词、形容词和副词来指代未加详细说明的人。这种语言是很难被接受的，有时甚至是错误的，在行得通且又必不可少的情况下，我们都会采用复数名词和代词来取而代之。虽然仍有不足，但不用说，这是从体贴和中立的角度出发，平等地对待人类半边天的一种尝试。

我们的方法是，不要太把自己当回事。我们认为科学是让人快乐的消遣，而不是一种负担或单调乏味的谋生方式。

Passage 2 A Different Idea of Knowledge

His knowledge was extraordinary. He was well read in contemporary literature, philosophy and politics, the Bible, Socialism, Marxism, even prepositions and pronunciation and other grammatical points.

Upon my quoting Thomas Carlyle, he inquired, in the most innocent way, who he might be and what he had done. My pulse quickened when I found occasionally that he was ignorant of the composition of the Solar system.

“You appear to be astonished,” Holmes said, bursting into laughter. “You see, I consider that a man’s brain at the original stage is like a little vacant room, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose: A fool takes in all the lumber of every sort, but the room does not have elastic walls and cannot extend indefinitely. For every addition of knowledge, you forget and subtract something that you know before. There is a margin to which you can pluck and unload information, a highest dose. It is of importance, thereby, not to have worthless, superficial facts elbowing out the useful ones. Foremost, one must filter the information. You may boast that you have compiled an abundant catalog of elementary information, but most is merely nonsense and will betray you when you need to recollect, elaborate or illustrate a sensible and valid point.” “But the Solar System!” I protested in stern reproach as I reined in my surprise.

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“What the use is it to me?” he interrupted, vexed.

While my companion ate, and digested the crust from his loaf of bread, radish, cucumber and cherry salad, porridge, roast turkey, breast, and a kettle of tea and licked his pudding from his spoon and thumb. I noticed a somewhat bold heading in the newspaper. “The Book of Life.” I read the corresponding article which showed how much an observer might learn by systematic examination of all that came in his way. The reasoning was close and intense, but he deduced to me with a mixture of far-fetched and exaggerated appearance. The writer claimed by a brief expression, an abnormal movement of a muscle or a sly glance of an eye, a slight tremble of the lip, an almost invisible pattern or an emotional clue, any trifle, to determine and evaluate and spy a man’s private thoughts.

Deceit, according to him, was not feasible in the case of one trained to observation and analysis. His conclusions were to be rendered fact. There was always reliability in the detection for and little chance to deceive, conceal or disguise these movements. Until the untrained learned the mechanics of it they might well consider him as a cunning magician.

“From a splash of water,” said the writer, “a theoretical thinker could infer the possibility of an Atlantic. Like all other arts, this science can be acquired by patient study of single links in a succession of the great chain, nor is life long enough to allow any mortal to attain the highest possible perfection in it.”

他知识极其丰富。他涉猎当代文学、哲学和政治、圣经、社会主义、马克思主义、甚至是介词、发音法和其它的语法点。

当他看到我引用的托马斯·卡莱尔的作品时，却以最无知的方式问：他是谁，他又做了什么。当我偶然间发现他对太阳系的构成一无所知时，我的脉搏都加快跳动了。 “你看起来很吃惊，”福尔摩斯突然大笑着说。“你看，我认为一个人的大脑原本就像一个空的小房间，你要挑选家具去填充它：傻瓜才会把各种各样的破烂都放进去，可是房间内的墙壁没有弹性，不能无限延展。每增加一点知识，你就会忘掉并压缩一些你之前获得的知识。你可以卸载在脑中的信息量是有限的。因此重要的是，不要让那些没用的、浅薄的东西挤掉了有用的。首先，我们必须要过滤信息。你可以夸耀自己已经编制了一份含有丰富基本信息的目录，但这些信息大多数是没有价值的，当你需要回忆、阐明一个有道理的、正确的观点时，它们还会背叛你。” “但这是太阳系！”我抑制住自己的惊讶并严厉地反驳。 “它对我来说有什么用？”他非常恼火地打断了我的话。

在我的朋友吃着面包皮、小萝卜、黄瓜和樱桃做成的沙拉、粥、烤火鸡胸，喝着茶水，舔着勺子和大拇指上的布丁的时候，我注意到报纸上有一个加粗的标题。“生活之书”，我读了下面的文章。文章说明了通过系统地审视周围的一切，一个人可以学到多少有用的东西。文章的论证是细致而深入的，而他给我讲起来却是既牵强又夸张。作者通过一段简短的表述声称，一次异常的肌肉运动或某只眼睛狡猾的一瞥、嘴唇轻微的颤抖、几乎看不见的形态或情绪的线索，及任何小事都可以判定、估量和洞悉一个人的内心思想。 依他所言，对于一个接受过观察和分析训练的人来说，谎言是蒙蔽不了他们的。他的结论需要提供事实依据。观察这些小动作是很可靠的，人们通常很掩饰或隐藏这些小动作。那些没有经过训练的人在了解这些机关前，会把他当作一个狡猾的魔术师。 作者还说：“一个理论思想家从一个飞溅的水滴就可以推断出大西洋里可能发生的事。像所有其它的艺术一样，你可以通过耐心地研究一系列事物之间的联系而掌握这种科学。而生命的长度是有限的，没有

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人能对其做到无所不知。”

Passage 3 The Age of Stuff

The Stone Age, the Iron Age. Entire eras have been named for materials. This is the age of stuff. There have been advances in materials like electronics, artificial teeth, plastics, ceramics, like the inventions of nylon, gunpowder, rifles, magnets, cannons, light bulbs, and glue and pastes years ago. These new materials will shape the future just as surely as have genetic(基因的)engineering and computer science.

The key to the new materials is researchers’ increasing ability to control substances at the atomic level. Ceramics(制陶业), for example, have long been limited by their brittle character. But by minimizing the minute defects that cause it, scientists are making far more durable ceramics that still retain such qualities as solidity, density and heat resistance according to metric weight. Ford Motor Co. now uses ceramic tools to cut steel. A firm has created a line of ceramic scissors and knives that can maintain sharpness for years and never rust and are as sharp as razor blades. These synthetic specimens are made of compressed atoms which make them more resistant comparative to its cubic volume.

A similar transformation has overtaken plastics. One new plastic that generates electricity when vibrated or pushed is used in electrical guitars, touch sensors(传感器)for robot hands and martial arts jackets that mechanically record each punch and chop, even helicopter parts.

Several manufacturers now make forms that can decompose and are not threatened to permanently remain on the Earth and can gradually lead to fairly excessive break down when there is exposure to sunlight. Researchers are developing ways to make plastics as environment-friendly as metal or glass. Scientists have been able to exploit and modify the structural composition of these plastics with a kind of soluble acid so that when we toss or dump our daily consumption of plastic outdoors in disposal heaps or other deposits, the particles will dissolve. These plastics will be used in mugs, cassettes, tennis rackets, stools, submarines, as well as other things. Besides, plastic reinforced with proteins or other compounds without the use of radium or carbon made the round-the-world flight of the voyage possible and have even been proved in battle: a helmet saved an army life by preventing two bullets in the Grenada invasion.

Some advanced materials are old standard with a new twist. The new fiber optic(光学纤维的)cable that enable telephone transmission cross-country are made of glass so transparent that a piece 100 miles thick is clearer than a standard window pane.

But new materials have no impact until they are made into products. And that change could prove difficult, for switching requirement is extensive research and investment.

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石器时代，铁器时代。所有的时代都以物质材料命名。这是物质的时代。这些年人类在物质材料方面取得了很大的进步，如电子产品、假牙、塑料、陶瓷，再如多年前发明的尼龙、火药、步枪、磁铁、大炮、灯泡、胶水和浆糊等。这些新材料一定会像基因工程和计算机科学一样塑造未来。

对于新材料，关键的是研究人员在原子水平下对物质的支配能力日益增强。举例来说，陶瓷长久以来受限于其易碎性。但通过最大限度地缩小造成脆裂的细小瑕疵，科学家正在研制更加耐用的陶瓷，根据公制重量，这种瓷器保留了坚固、高密度和耐热的特性。福特汽车公司现在使用陶瓷刀具切割钢材。一家工厂已经发明了陶瓷剪刀生产线，这种刀具可以多年保持像剃须刀一样锋利，并且永不生锈。这些合成的样本都是通过压缩原子制成的，与立方体结构相比，它们的抗压性大大增强了。

类似的转变也发生在塑料上。一种新型塑料在振动或挤压时可以发电，这种塑料被用于电吉他、机器人手部触摸传感器和可以机械记录每次冲撞的武术服，甚至还被用作直升机的零件。

几个制造商现在正在制造可以分解的塑料，这种塑料在阳光下可以被充分地分解而不会永远留在地球上威胁环境。研究人员正在研发能够使塑料像金属或玻璃一样环保的方法。科学家已能利用一种可溶性酸来改变这些塑料制品的组成结构，这样当我们把日常塑料消费品丢至室外的垃圾堆时，它们便可以降解。这些塑料将被用来做杯子、磁带、网球拍、凳子、潜艇以及其它物品。

此外，无需使用镭或碳，塑料与蛋白质或其它化合物作用就可使环球飞行成为可能。这种塑料还在战斗中发挥作用：由其制成的头盔在格林纳达入侵中阻挡了两枚子弹，挽救了士兵的生命。

一些先进的材料则是老瓶装新酒。由玻璃制成的新型光缆使跨国的电话信号传输成为可能。这种玻璃光纤透明度非常高，在100英里厚的情况下仍比普通的窗户玻璃要透亮。

但新材料只有在被制成产品的情况下才能发挥作用。由于条件的转换需要大量的研究与资金投入，这种转变可能会很困难。

Passage 4 \

A hero swings from vertical rope hung downward from a jet or airplane some 200 feet above. He climbs like a squirrel in shear daring as he whirls like a whip, bounce like a hare, a close shave to death. Suddenly, a top needle of a building is pressing toward him. He fails to move sideways and gets crushed against the concrete needle in a collision.

This stimulating adventure is impressive to numerous Jackie Chan fans. He has finally conquered Hollywood. Only three days after it was released in theatres it made the highest weekend gross ever (before tax) on its opening weekend and not just in specialty video stores. Now Jackie Chan is a household name the way \Dragon\

The film begins in Hong Kong on the eve of the hand-over as Han, a mainland Chinese diplomat, is sent to Los Angeles. At the outset, a wicked gang is prompt to take Han’s darling daughter captive. They dread that she has been taken possession of at the hand of a criminal’s pistol and with violent force.

Though the Federal Bureau of Investigation gets called in, Han subsequently sends for Lee (Chan) from, a Hong Kong agent with special ties to Han’s family. The FBI doesn’t like this and the captain puffs on a cigarette and barks:“This is an FBI assignment, and I don’t need any help from the LAPD --- or some Oriental cop!” When Lee arrives, LAPD Detective James Carter (Tucker) is assigned to keep him out of the real investigation.

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The dynamic duo team up, getting into one scrape after another. They pursue one suspect through a building, nearly catching up with him until their collective weight sends them crashing through the awning of a grocer. Fortunately, much of the lame plot is played for laughs.

At first, Chan seems to be an awkward coward and victim of Tucker’s threats. Ultimately, he proves himself in this conflict by making an escape in the unique Jackie Chan way — he dashes with grace from the top of a tour bus to a street sign suspended overhead, runs through the dorm of a dormitory, drops onto a passing truck, then dives into the automobile of startled Americans, before plunging into a taxi.

The climax of the film comes when Chan is seen tip-toeing across five-storey-high beams inside the Los Angeles Convention Centre.

Long-time Jackie Chan fans who are accustomed to and have an affection for his antics may condemn the film’s fancy editing for relying more on visual tricks and camera angles than Chan’s signature flourishes of spins, slams, slips and strains. The studios cannot risk a nasty wreck or a trip away in an ambulance for an enthusiastic drama or a spectacle of excess. After all, Chan’s insurance codes prohibit him from performing some of the stunts for which Hong Kong films are famous. But anyway, Jackie Chan’s return as an action hero in the West is a definite triumph

一名英雄挂在绳子上荡来荡去，这根绳子是从200英尺的飞机上垂直悬下的。他像松鼠一样大胆地攀爬，像鞭子一样地回旋，像兔子一样地弹跳，侥幸脱险。突然，楼尖向他逼近。他没法向两侧移动，撞在了水泥尖上。

这种刺激的冒险场面给众多成龙迷们留下了深刻的印象。他终于征服了好莱坞。在影片首映的一周内，三天后仅影院票房收入（税前）就获得了单周最高，这还不包括在音像专卖店里的收入。正如当年李小龙通过《龙争虎斗》成为传奇人物一样，如今成龙也成为一个家喻户晓的名字。

故事发生在香港，韩大使是中国大陆的一名外交官，在完成工作交接后被派往洛杉矶。一开始，韩的女儿就被黑帮绑架为人质。他们恐吓韩，说他的女儿已经在罪犯分子的手枪下，并受暴力虐待。

虽然美国联邦调查局介入，韩大使随后还是派李某（成龙）前往办案，李某是一名香港密探，与韩大使家有私交。美国联邦调查局对此很反感，队长吐着烟大叫到：“这是联邦调查局的任务，我并不需要洛杉矶警察或亚洲警察的帮助！”

当李到来之际，洛杉矶警察詹姆斯·卡特（塔克）被派来阻止他进行真正的调查。这两个精力旺盛的人被组合在了一起，麻烦不断。他们穿过一座大楼追一名疑犯，在马上就要抓到的时候，结果双双掉在了一个杂货店的遮阳篷上。

所幸，大部分的的阴谋都被用作了笑料。

起初，成龙似乎是一个笨拙的胆小鬼，受到塔克的威胁。最后，在一场搏斗中他用成龙独特的逃生方式证明了自己——他从一辆旅游巴士的车顶优美地冲上了头顶上方的路牌，穿过一间宿舍，掉在了一辆正在驶过的卡车上，然后在这辆卡车即将撞上一辆出租车前，钻进了驾驶室，里面则是受惊的美国人。 电影的高潮出现在这一幕：人们看着成龙踮着脚尖穿过五层楼高的洛杉矶会议中心横梁。

习惯并喜爱成龙搞怪动作的老影迷们可能会谴责电影的剪辑太花哨，过多依赖视觉技巧以及镜头角度，而不是成龙的招牌动作：转、撞、滑、拉。但制片方不会为了轰轰烈烈的戏剧场面或壮观的场景而冒险，最后落得个无法收拾的残局或是某人被送上了救护车。毕竟，成龙的保险中规定禁止他从事类似香港电影中的知名的特技表演。但不管怎样，成龙作为动作英雄在西方的回归还是一个毋庸置疑的胜利。

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Passage 5 The Sense of Taste

An Arabian idiom claims that fish, to taste right, should be classified three times --- in water, in butter and in wine or liquor. The early scientists in the food industry committed themselves to improving the preparation, conservation, and distribution of safe and healthy foods. Our comprehension of foods eaten during World War II suggest that neither did they certainly taste right nor were appetites altered by appearance or odor. This neglect of the sensory appeal of foods has vanished.

In the book “Principles of Sensory Evaluation of Food”, food experts and technicians and also others are engaged in research into the problem of sensory assessment of foods. The book seems at first sight to be thorough and unsatisfactory but practically useful and the discussions are exceedingly creative.

Of particular attraction is the weight given to the psychological aspects to perceive taste, both objectively and subjectively. It is interesting to find that despite many attempts to separate and define the modalities of taste, nothing better has been achieved than the familiar classification into sweet, sour, salty and bitter. Systems of separating into many fractions is of little value regarding the smell because of the extraordinary sensitive nature of the nose and because the response to stimulate is so subjective.

The authors suggest that the theoretical proposition of a classification based on the size, shape and electronic status of the molecule involved merits further investigation in the lab under a microscope.

Apart from taste and smell, there are many other components of perception of the sensations from food in the mouth. The basic modalities of pain, cold, warmth and touch, together with vibration sense, may all play a part, as, of course, does aural reception of vibrations from the teeth when eating brittle or hard foods. Taste cannot be divorced from sound. The authors believe that subjective measurements of taste are primarily influenced by auxiliary scent, visual and aural elements. They believe that taste is not arbitrary. These factors make some foods more preferable than others and they argue that it gives a variation on the intensity of tastes. When you lick or chew a mouthful of food, our sharpened sense of taste is derived from an interaction between oral instinct and logic of biology. This will be true when you taste beans, berry, biscuit, pint of draft beer, sauce, sausage, dairy products, gum, mushrooms, pepper, lemon peel, whisky, or brandy. After you smoke tobacco or smell sulphur, or whitewash paint, your taste will be altered.

In this connection the authors exactly point out that this type of stimulus requires much more investigation, suggesting that a start might be made by using subjects are various levels of deaf.

阿拉伯习语中说，为了品尝到鱼真正的滋味，要对它们进行三次归类分等——在水中、在黄油中、在葡萄酒或白酒中。早期的食品工业科学家致力于改进安全健康食品的准备、保存和配送环节。而在二战期间我们对食品的理解既不是味，也不是因色和香而引起食欲。但这种对食品感官上的忽略现在已经无影无踪了。

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在《感官评定食品法则》一书中，食品专家和技术人员都投入到感官评估食品的问题研究中。刚一看这本书，就会觉得它的见地深刻，虽然不能全令人满意，但却也很实用，而且对问题的探讨也非常有新意。 特别值得注意的是，它讲到了心理因素从主客观两方面在人们味觉体验中所起到的作用。有趣的是，尽管人们多次试图划分并定义各种味道，但还是没有发现比我们熟悉的甜、酸、咸、苦更好的划分方法。由于鼻子极其敏感，而且对刺激的反应又比较主观，所以根据嗅觉进行分组的方法是几乎没有价值的。 作者指出，基于大小、形状和分子的电子形态进行分类的理论命题有利于在实验室的显微镜下作进一步研究。

除了味觉和嗅觉，在嘴里还有很多其它的对食物的感觉。疼痛、冰冷、温暖、碰触以及振动等基本的感觉都会发挥作用，就像吃脆的或坚硬的食物时，人们的耳朵会感到牙齿的振动一样。味觉不能脱离声音。作者认为人们对味觉的主观衡量，主要是受辅助的嗅觉、视觉及听觉要素的影响。他们并不认为味觉是没有规律可寻的。这些因素使得一些食品比别的食品更受欢迎。他们还说这会导致味觉强度的变化。当你舔或咀嚼满嘴的食物时，我们敏锐的味觉源于口腔的直觉与生物学原理的相互作用。当你品尝豆类、浆果、饼干、一品脱生啤酒、酱油、香肠、乳制品、口香糖、香菇、辣椒、柠檬皮、威士忌或白兰地时，就会认同这种说法。在抽过烟、闻过硫磺或石灰涂料后，你的味觉就会改变。

关于这一点，作者指出，此类刺激因素还需要更多的调查，调查的主体可能会选择有不同听力障碍的人群。

Passage 6 The Development of Gypsies in Politics

The striving of countries in Central Europe to enter the European Union may offer an desirable chance to the continent’s Gypsies (or Roman) to be recognized as a nation, even one without a defined territory.

Gypsies have had no known ancestor’s land to refer to and the origins of where they come from are unclear. They are neither Portuguese, Swiss or Mediterranean, nor do they have a plantation around which they can put up their own fence. Many thought these peasants were traveling metal workers and entertainers who drifted westward from Egypt (hence the name Gypsy) or India in the 7th century. Today there are approximately 15 million or more gypsies circulating across the frontiers of Europe and Eastern Europe without any specific residence. They are a civilized culture but have traditionally made a poor wage packet working as seamen at the seaport, miners and have been accused of being Socialist and Marxist.

However, since communism in Central Europe collapsed a decade ago, the idea of Romanestan as a landless nation founded on Gypsy culture has gained ground. The International Romany(吉普赛人) Union is trying to promote a standard and written form of their dialect; it waves a Gypsy banner (green with a wheel) whilst it lobbies in such places as the United Nations.

A group of elected Gypsy politicians, including members of parliament, mayors and the delegation from all over Europe, to discuss how to persuade more Gypsies to get involved in politics lately.

The International Romany Union is probably the most representative of the groups that speak for Gypsies, but that is not saying a lot. The union’s announcer declared its ambition to set up a parliament. While this is their pursuit, they do not have a constitution, ministry or any facility from which to run a properly functioning

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government. For instance, Gypsy political parties are trying to win seats in parliament and there are several who are politicians or intellectuals.

So far, the European Commission is attentive to encourage Gypsies to present themselves as a nation. Some prominent Gypsies say they should have more recognition and be more directly represented. But the feedback has been mixed.

One big problem is that Europe’s Gypsies are, in fact, extremely heterogeneous(不同种类的), as different from each other as a bull and a hen. They belong to many hostile tribes, with no common language or religion. Still, the Gypsies’ shared experience of suffering entitles them to talk of one nation and their potential unity stems from “being regarded as less-than-human by most majorities in Europe.”

Gypsies have had a troublesome past. Many have been imprisoned for being beggars or orphans, and have been oppressed. Some have committed robbery, skimmed from their neighbors and have made a shilling in a pinch, but have never committed treason and are not traitors.

中欧国家争取加入欧盟的努力可能会给吉普赛人(或罗马人)提供一个很好的机会，他们可能因此会作为一个国家被认可，即使他们没有明确的领土。

吉卜赛人没有明确的祖先留下的土地，他们来自哪里都不清楚。他们既不是葡萄牙人、瑞士人或地中海人，也没可以用栅栏圈起来的种植园。许多人认为，这些农民可能是漂泊的金属工匠或艺人，他们在公元七世纪从埃及（由此得名吉卜赛人）或印度向西漂泊。今天大约有1500万或者更多的吉普赛人在欧洲与东欧边界处穿越往来，他们没有任何特定的居所。他们有灿烂的文明，但长久以来荷包就不是很饱满，他们在港口作水手、矿工，还被指为社会主义或马克思主义分子。

然而，由于十年前共产主义在中欧瓦解，一种观念逐渐被接受，那就是吉普赛族是一个建立在吉普赛文化之上的没有领土的国家。国际吉普赛人联盟正试图推广他们方言的文字标准；他们挥舞着吉普赛的旗帜（带有车轮的绿色旗帜），在像联合国之类的地方进行游说。

一群当选的吉普赛政客（包括国会议员、市长和来自整个欧洲的代表团）讨论如何说服更多的吉卜赛人参与到最近的政治活动中。

国际吉普赛人联盟可能是最有代表性的为吉普赛人说话的团体，但是他们说得并不多。该联盟的发言人宣告了他们要成立议会的愿望。这只是他们的追求，他们没有宪法、政府部门或任何可以使政府正常运转的机构。举例来说，吉普赛的各政党正试图赢得议席，但他们中只有屈指可数的几个是政客或知识分子。 至今欧洲委员会还在关注着吉普赛人，他们鼓励吉普赛人把自己作为一个国家呈现在世人面前。一些知名的吉普赛人说，他们应该得到更多的认可并且有更直接的代表。但收到的反馈却形形色色。

一个大问题是，其实欧洲的吉卜赛人构成非常复杂，其种族间的差异犹如公牛与母鸡之别。他们中的人往往归属于很多相互敌对的部落，没有共同的语言或信仰。尽管如此，吉普赛人所遭受的共同的苦难让他们聚集在一起，这种联合成一个民族的可能性就源于“他们被欧洲的大多数人看做低人一等”。

吉普赛人的过去麻烦不断。很多人由于是乞丐或孤儿而被监禁，并备受压迫。一些人抢劫，偷邻居的东西，日子紧的时候靠这些弄点钱。但他们从来没有人叛国当卖国贼。

Passage 7 The Reason for the Slow Development of Mathematical Science

Why did mathematical sciences, develop rapidly with such acceleration at the peak of Greek civilization and a time of great scholarship, but advance so slowly for 2,000 years? And why in the previous 200 years the

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knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which wholly exceeds all that was previously known, that these sciences may be fairly assessed as the products of our own modern digital era of microcomputers and other scientific advancements. The acute comparison has aroused many with great enthusiasm because the timetable of progress had a virtually idle period for 2,000 years and then, after this queer interruption of only moderate progress, there was a swift swell in information and new discovery. But why was there a 2,000-year gulf ?

Was it the employment of a new method of research that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Or should we solely attribute the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents — to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible?

The interpretation which has become common, that the ancients employed deduction mainly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ observation, obviously proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point out the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific and artistic principles and inquiries.

A failure to sufficiently or adequately employ any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, careless observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation — these are the faults which cause all failures to determine truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not demonstrate definitely why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his authority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times, this almost overnight quickening of knowledge.

However, facts and theories are not coordinate types. Theories, if true, are facts — a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection exists between their parts, have all the positive attributes of theories.

Nevertheless, this distinction, however insufficient it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and conveys an important character in true method. A fact is a simple proposition. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that it is only possibly verified by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is simple. The conversion of theory into fact can be allowed only when there is no correction to be made to the theory, a theory without defect and thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.

为什么数学在希腊文明和学术的颠峰时期发展如此之快，而在后来的2000年里发展如此缓慢呢？为什么在我们之前的200年里，自然科学和数学的积累如此丰厚，完全超越了我们以前所知道的一切？这里提到的积累都源于现代计算机和数字时代以及现代的其它科学进步。鲜明的对比激起了人们很大的热情。因为在一段持续了2000年的时期里，科学进步的时间表上似乎是一片空白，这是很不可思议的，期间没

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有什么惊人的突破，而这个断档过去后，信息和新的发现便飞速膨胀起来。为什么会出现2000年的断档呢？

这种独一无二的现代大发展现象是源于新的研究方法的应用吗？还是我们应该把这两个时期的特征完全归结为所谓的历史偶然——一种无法解释的环境条件的关联？

对此较普遍的解释是，古代人主要在他们的科学研究中运用演绎法，而现代人采用观测法。这种解释明显很有局限性，无法指出古代和现代在科学文化原理及研究上的明显差异。

不能充分合理地运用任一方法，文科与观测资源及试验的不理想，不够细致的观测，对相关事实的忽视，只热衷于试验与观测——无论对古人还是对现代人来说，这些都是导致无法找出真相的原因；但是这种论述并不能完全显示出为什么现代人会有更多的优点，以及他们是通过什么方式拥有其影响力的。近些年科学突然迅猛发展，知识的积累在一夜之间暴涨，而对于这些的解释就更少了。

然而，事实和理论并不能相提并论。理论如果正确的话就是事实——这种事实确实是一种很特殊的事实，通常都很复杂。如果其中的各部分都存在逻辑关系的话，它就具有了理论所应有的各种特征。

然而，在解释正确的科学方法来源时，无论这种区别是多么不足，它起码是站得住脚的，并且传达出了其中的很重要的一个特征。事实就是简单的代名词。另一方面来说，除非理论只是通过间接、遥远又困难的方法检验的，只要它被证明是正确的，它就具有了事实的所有特征。把理论转变为事实很简单。只有理论无需再进行修正、没有任何缺陷并且具有事实的所有特征时，理论才能被转化成事实。

Passage 8 The Chemical Reactions and Temperature

About a century ago, the Swedish chemist and physicist Arrhenius proposed a law of classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to his equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperature approaches absolute zero (-459 degrees Fahrenheit and -273 degrees centigrade are equivalent), and at absolute zero, reactions cease. However, this seems to be only approximate because recent experiment evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius formula describes the kind of chemical reaction with great accuracy of occurrence at relatively high temperature, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical (量子力学的) effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry. For example, entire molecules can tunnel through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules (for example the reaction between two electrons is repulsion) and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.

The ratio of any chemical reaction, regardless of the temperature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very important characteristic known as its activation energy. Any molecule can be imagined to inhabit the bottom of a so-called potential well of energy. So, chemical reaction corresponds to transform a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can be accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions are greater in number than Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum corresponding part.

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This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my theory of the formation of rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin. Radioactive rays from space might spur the spontaneous formation of simple molecules in dark clouds of interstellar dust. Afterward, due to the radioactivity, complex organic molecules would be formed, slowly but surely they will mature, by means of tunneling. After I offered my theories, other scientists argued that molecules of interstellar formaldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides(多聚糖) such as cellulose and starch. Their conclusions, although strongly disputed, have generated zeal among researchers such as myself who are making a motion that the clouds are the places where the evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred. These reservoirs are where this irregular formation is sparked.

约一个世纪前，瑞典化学家和物理学家阿累尼乌斯提出了非量子化学规律，把化学反应速率与温度联系了起来。根据他的方程，温度越接近绝对零度（相当于-459华氏度和-273摄氏度）发生化学反应的可能性就越小，达到绝对零度的时候，任何化学反应都会停止。不过，这似乎并不准确，因为最近的实验证据显示，虽然阿累尼乌斯公式描述的化学反应在相对较高的温度下会发生，但在温度接近零时，一种称为隧道效应的量子力学效应会发挥作用；这种效应突破了非量子化学原理中化学反应这一块的禁区。举例来说，所有的分子能够穿过来自其它分子的斥力屏障（例如两个电子之间的反应就是斥力）。根据非量子化学原理，即使这些分子没有足够的能量去克服斥力屏障，它们之间也会发生化学反应。

不考虑化学反应的温度，化学反应的速率通常取决于一个很重要的被称为活化能的特征。可以想象，任何分子都位于一个被称为能量潜力井的底部。因此，化学反应相当于把一个分子从一个潜力井底部转移到另一个潜力井底部。在非量子化学中，只要通过两个井间的阻挡层，这种转移就可以完成。最近，研究人员已经研究出隧道效应的温度概念：低于该温度的隧道效应转变的数量要比阿列纽斯转变的数量大得多，非量子力学相应的量子论只能让到一边了。

这种在非常低的温度下发生的隧道效应现象表明了我的理论，即在太空极度寒冷的状况下（那里的温度通常只几开）会形成结构相当复杂的有机分子。由于太空中放射性射线的刺激，星际尘埃的黑云中可能会自发形成简单分子。随后，由于处于放射性射线照射中，复杂的有机分子会形成，虽然很缓慢，但它们肯定最后会通过隧道效应而渐渐地成熟。在我提出我的理论后，其他的科学家认为，星际甲醛分子的确会演变成稳定的多糖，如纤维素和淀粉。虽然有强烈争议，但是他们的结论点燃了研究人员的热情，比如我就提出，产生生命所需的化合物就是在云层中演化的。这些云层就是不规则构造出现的地方。

Passage 9 The New Approach to Aid Minority Businesses

Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the 1960's when the Small Business Administration (SBA) began making nationally guaranteed loans and the government sponsored management and said they could assist and be available to help minority businesses ventures. The program is advisable to enable many minority business people to form new businesses and to further industrialize. However, the results were discouraging, since inefficient management, bad locations, and financial shortages led to inevitable failure. Even 15 years after the program was enforced, minority business receipts were only a small percentage of finance's total receipts. Recently the optimistic federal planners have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the minority business zone by altering the strategy from directly aiding small minority businesses to support

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large minority firms through intermediate companies. In this approach, large corporations participate in the development of a crop of successful minority businesses by making use of venture capital which is supported by the government. The capital is used by a participating company for the establishment of Minority Enterprise Small Businesses that have potential to become future suppliers of customers of the sponsoring company. MESBIC's are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations than does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available. The minority businesses face less risk in terms of location and market fluctuation because the frame for their success is enlarged and they are able to tap into, squeeze and drain from the larger company which serves as an anchor for experience, location and market potential. Following early financial and operating problems, sponsoring corporations began to take advantage of MESBIC's far above the legal minimum of $500,000 in order to generate sufficient income and to sustain the quality of management needed. MESBIC's are now emerging as increasingly generous generators of financing sources for minority enterprises as they are able to pump in the reserve of money.

Ironically, MESBIC staff and professionals lean towards investments in minority firms in a more practical way than do many MESBIC directors, who are usually senior managers from sponsoring corporations. The latter often still gauge decisions based mainly in terms of the “social responsibility approach” and thus prefer deals that are riskier than normal. Such differences in viewpoint have produced worry amongst many minority staff members, who feel that minority entrepreneurs and businesses should be judged by established business considerations, not because it is a good deed or making a tick in a box. These staff members believe their point of view is closer to the original philosophy of MESBIC's and they are concerned that, unless a more rational course if followed, MESBIC directors may undo or delete the positive aspects of the new approach and reproduce the negative effects of the original SBA approach.

联邦政府对少数民族企业的帮助始于1960年，当时小企业管理局（SBA）开始在全国范围发放抵押贷款，并由政府来进行管理。小企业管理局称他们可以为少数民族企业提供帮助。该计划是可取的，它能够帮助许多少数民族商人建立自己的企业并进一步使之产业化。然而其结果令人沮丧。管理不善、选址不当及资金短缺不可避免地导致了其失败。甚至在这个计划执行15年后，少数民族工业的收入还只在全国总收入中占很小的比例。

最近，为了加速少数民族工业区的发展，乐观的联邦规划者采取了新的措施，他们把政策从直接资助小型少数民族企业变为了通过中间公司来支持大型的少数民族企业。在这项政策中，大公司利用政府资助的风险资本参与到成功的少数民族企业的发展中。参与进来的公司利用这些风险资本来建立“少数民族小型企业投资公司”，这些公司在将来有可能为赞助公司提供客源。 MESBIC的建立基于这种信念：为已建立的公司提供方便，使它更容易获得相关的管理技术以及大笔的资金，这要比简单地提供一般管理经验和小笔资金更能使它们获得机会去建立起稳固的商业基础。因为少数民族企业的成功被扩大了，并且他们能从起着靠山作用的大公司汲取到经验、地点优势和市场潜力，所

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以少数民族企业在地点与市场波动方面所面临的风险就减少了。接下来的早期财务和经营问题，赞助公司可以用MESBIC的远高于法定最低限度的$500000去创造足够的收入来维持所需的管理水平。由于MESBIC能够吸收储备资金，它们现在正逐渐成为少数民族企业资金来源的慷慨创造者。

具有讽刺意义的是， MESBIC的员工及专业人士比他们的董事长（通常是来自赞助公司的高级管理人员）更倾向于以更实际的方式投资少数民族企业。后者仍然常常从“社会责任的角度”来考虑问题，因而宁愿选择更有风险的项目。这种观念性的差异引起了很多少数民族员工的担心，他们认为应该从商业角度判断少数民族企业家和企业，而不能抱着做好事的心理，或应付差事而已。这些工作人员认为他们的观点更接近建立MESBIC的初衷。他们所担心的是，如果没有一个更合理的方针，MESBIC领导者的做法可能会抵消或抹杀掉新方法的积极方面，而原先SBA做法的消极作用则会重现。

Passage 10 To Reduce the Unconscious Waste of Human Life

We are living in a marvelous age. We are protected from birth against the bulk of most dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal sicknesses can now be cured by drugs and surgery. The expectation of life has had enormous increase. But though the possibility of living a long life with happiness is greater than ever before, every day we witness the murder of men, women and kids on the roads. Man against the automobile! It is unbearable. It is a tragedy which man is losing. Thousands of people worldwide who are killed dot the map and we are silently letting it happen. It is no contest, the car is one of the most deadly killers. It is high time that interference is made into these abuses of the car. This hazard and deadly apparatus can no longer remain, from a moral standpoint, on the road to blaze around curves and rotaries, brake instantly with squealing tires, and be liable for the most precious cargo, human life.

It has rightly been said that when a man steers a car, his car doubtless becomes the extension of his worst personal qualities. People who are commonly quiet and pleasant may become crude or brute when they are behind the wheel. They confess they are rude and aggressive, childish and surprisingly selfish. All their hidden annoyances, confusion, despair and envy seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving.

The surprising thing is that society smiles so brilliant on the driver and seems to overlook his behavior. Everything is done for his convenience. Cities are allowed to become almost unlivable because of heavy traffic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; gallons and liters of the fuel called gasoline is a provision of the government; the countryside is decorated by road networks; and the mass annual murders becomes nothing more than a statistical data, to be suitably forgotten, even though the tragedies are not just occasional, but habitual.

Because of this repetition, it is high time a world code were created to reduce this unconscious waste of human life. Driving should be a privilege and not a right. With regard to driving, the laws of some countries have not behaved strictly enough. A code which was commonly accepted could only have a considerably beneficial effect on the accident rate. Rigid regulations have to be put in place and punishments revised for more tame and

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respectful drivers. All the drivers should be made to take a test quarterly or every semester to regulate the accidental slaughter; dangerous driving should be severely scolded; all vehicles should have punctual and orderly tests for grinding rollers and axel rods, voltage, safety for hydrogen and nitrogen output to reduce smog. Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can weaken a person's driving ability. We should not be timid to hasten to secure stricter drinking and driving laws. Maximum and minimum speed limitation should be imposed on all roads. Surely nothing should be considered as too severe or harsh if it results in the reduction of the annual deaths. After all, the world is for human beings, not cars and horsepower.

我们生活在一个精彩的时代。我们从出生就被保护起来，以免受到大量危险疾病的侵害。大量过去致命的疾病现在可以通过药物和手术治疗。人们对寿命的预期也已大幅增加。不过，虽然人们幸福长寿的可能性比以前更大了，但我们每天都能在马路上亲眼目睹发生在男人、女人和孩子身上的车祸。人类与汽车对抗！这让人无法承受。这是一个人类注定要输掉的悲剧。全世界成千上万的人死去，而我们只能默默地任其发生。这不是竞赛，汽车成了最致命的杀手之一。是时候该采取措施阻止汽车的横行霸道了。从道德的观点来看，这种威胁和致命的装置再也不应该继续在弯道或路口露着凶光，或急刹车后留下刺耳的声响，而是应该对它搭载的最宝贵的货物，也就是人的生命负责。

有一个恰如其分的说法，一个人在驾车时，他的车会把他的缺点放大。那些平时安静、讨人喜欢的人在开车时可能会变得粗鲁、残忍。他们承认自己蛮横、好斗、幼稚并极其自私。他们所有隐藏的烦恼、困惑、绝望和嫉妒似乎都通过驾驶表现出来了。

令人惊讶的是，整个社会对司机却笑得如此灿烂，似乎对他们的行为视而不见。一切都是为了他们的方便。城市因为繁忙的交通而不再适合人类居住；大型停车场让城镇变得不堪入目；被称为汽油的成加仑成升的燃料由政府供应；农村被像网一样的道路装饰；每年大量的死亡只不过是一个统计数据，即使悲剧不是偶然而成了习惯，人们也会很自然得把它忘记。

正因为如此反复，是时候该建立一套世界法规来减少这种不知不觉的生命浪费了。驾驶应该是一种特权，而不是权利。有些国家关于驾驶方面的法律执行得并不够严格。而一项被人们普遍接受的法规则会对减少交通事故起到相当有利的影响。

为了使司机更顺从有礼，必须实施严格的规章并修改处罚标准。每季度或半年应该对司机进行一次测试，以此来管理马路杀手；危险驾驶应当受到严厉指责；所有车辆都应按时并一丝不苟地测试磨削辊和轴颈杆、电压，以及氢和氮的排放量是否安全，能否减少烟雾污染。即使是最小量的酒精都可以削弱一个人的驾驶能力。我们不能退缩，应该加快制定更严格的酒后驾驶条例。所有道路都应该强制实施最高和最低限速。当然，如果能够减少每年的死亡人数，再严厉苛刻也不为过。毕竟，世界是人类的，而不是为汽车和马力而存在的。

Passage 11 All Saints' Day

On October 31st, children wearing masks or dressed as angels, emperors, ghosts and heroines of the day go at dusk to the porch of their neighbor, pound on the door, exclaiming “Trick or treat!” and thrust their palm or sack or bucket to catch the handful of candy or other sweets given to them. The riddle in this routine is echoed throughout the neighborhood as the procession or parade of children make their way down the pavement in costumes and woolen socks to knock on different houses in the brisk and damp air.

This is to celebrate the holy holiday known as All Saints' Day. The townspeople baked food all that day and

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dressed up to resemble the souls of the dead until midnight.

Certain tricks that can be naughty or a nuisance such as tipping over garbage can can be expected. Black cats and ghosts are popular images for greeting cards and windows. In the fortnight before October 31, American tenants decorate windows of houses and schools and barns with wreaths and gloomy pictures. Pumpkins

There is a legend about a man named Jack who was not allowed into heaven or hell when he died because he played jokes on the devil. As a result, miserable Jack had to walk the earth with his lantern until Judgment Day. The Irish people carved frightening faces out of turnips or potatoes representing “Jack of the Lantern”, but then pumpkins were used because they were more plentiful than turnips. Caramel(焦糖) Apples

Take the paper wrapping off about 100 cubes of caramel and put them in a pan until they melt. Put a wooden stick into the top of each apple, dip the apple into the caramel. Let them cool on wax paper and enjoy! Beware, they are sticky! Scary Stories

Usually one person tells a scary story from the shadows of a dark setting while everyone else crowds together on the floor or around a fire on a stormy night at 11 P.M. while the owl howls. Then they will retell a tale to rouse fear in everyone.

There was an old widow who lived alone in a cottage. And she was very lonely. Sitting in the kitchen one night, she yawned and said, “Oh, I wish I had some company.”

No sooner had she spoken than down the chimney tumbled two feet from which the flesh had rotted. The old woman's eyes widened with terror.

Two fearful legs dropped to the rug. Then a body of a stranger tumbled down. The man with a beard and rag clothes reeled and tramped around the room, pawing at the people as they shrink away. “What do you come for?” she gasped and asked in a small voice that shivered and shook. “What do I come for?” he groaned. \ The storyteller shrieks with a scare and jumps at the person near him!

在10月31日这一天，孩子们戴上面具，或打扮成天使、皇帝、魔鬼、英雄的模样来到邻居的门前，拍打着大门大叫“不给糖就捣蛋”。然后伸出手、袋子或桶接过别人给他们的糖果。这句惯例的“不给糖就捣蛋” 挨家挨户地回响着，在凛冽潮湿的天气里，孩子们打扮成各种样子，穿着毛袜，排着队敲打着各家的大门。

这是为了庆祝叫做万圣节的神圣节日。人们在这天要烤一整天的食物，打扮成鬼魂的样子，庆祝通常持续到半夜。

某些恶作剧可能会很捣蛋或让人讨厌，如弄翻垃圾桶这种事情就有可能发生。黑猫和鬼魂的图案常会

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出现在贺卡和窗户上。在10月31日的前两周，美国人会用花环和灰暗阴郁的图片装饰房屋、学校和仓库的窗户。 南瓜

传说有一个名叫杰克的男子因为戏弄魔鬼，死后天堂和地狱都进不去。因此，可怜的杰克不得不提着灯笼行走在地球上，直到审判日到来。爱尔兰人用甘蓝或马铃薯雕刻出吓人的面孔，代表“杰克灯”，但由于南瓜比甘蓝的产量多，后来就使用南瓜来代替了。 焦糖苹果

把大约100块焦糖的包装纸剥掉，把它们放在一个平底锅里化掉。把一根小木棍插入每一个苹果的顶部，把苹果放进焦糖里蘸一蘸。把它们放在蜡纸上冷却，然后就可以吃了！小心，它们很粘！ 可怕的故事

暴风雨之夜的十一点钟，猫头鹰嚎叫着，通常这时会有一个人在黑影里讲述可怕的故事，而此时其他人则一起坐在地板上或围坐在火堆旁倾听。然后，他们会再讲一个故事，吓唬大家。

从前，有一个老寡妇独居在一个小屋里，她很寂寞。有一天晚上，她坐在在厨房里打着哈欠说：“哦，我希望能有个伴”。

她的话音还没落，两只腐烂的脚就从烟囱里落了下来。老妇人被吓得瞪大了眼睛。

接着两条恐怖的腿也掉到了地毯上。然后落下了一个陌生人的身体。是一个男人，留着胡子，穿着破烂的衣服，他在房间里转来转去，到处乱抓被吓跑的人。

“你来干什么？” 老妇人喘着气用微弱、颤抖的声音问。 “我来干什么？” 他呻吟着。“我来找你！” 他怒吼道。 这时讲故事的人就会尖叫着蹦向离他最近的人！

Passage 12 The Successful Launch of A Compass Navigation Satellite

A Compass navigation satellite is successfully launched from Xichang, Xinhua news agency reported. The carrier rocket, Long March 3-A, blasted off from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in southwest China's Sichuan Province and sources at the center said that the satellite had \height of 21,500 km. Since 2000 there have been experimental satellites launched into the orbit.

The \mapping system is mainly designed for the country's economic development. It will accomplish the glorious mission: providing navigation and positioning services in transportation, aviation, petroleum prospecting, disaster forecast, communications (including telegram or wireless telegraph, telephone and others) and public security, among others. This accessory will be a handy device used by any steamer, ocean liner, locomotive, or wagon so they will know their exact positioning on the globe.

With more satellites to be discharged into orbits in the coming years, the system will cover China and its neighboring countries by 2008, before the expansion into an international network of navigation and positioning. Until then, the satellites will be docked near the Naval terminal of the Navy base.

Experts said the \in providing all-weather and all-day navigation and positioning information.

China, not to lag behind, is one of the few countries that are capable of developing navigation satellite

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systems on its own. Previous reports said it will provide positioning accuracy within 10 meters, velocity accuracy with 0.2 meter per second and timing accuracy within 50 nanoseconds(十亿分之一秒).

The system can help clients know their location at any time and place with precise longitude, latitude and altitude data, and will offer \

The system includes at least 35 satellites, and 30 medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites, according to previous reports. They will rotate around the Earth and make its rotation along the equator.

The satellite and carrier rocket were developed respectively by the China Academy of Space Technology and the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology. They are waterproof and can withstand moisture, vapor and mould. It has a large telescope strapped to its base that can be adjusted by a manual lever so that the optical elements can be enhanced. The satellite glides through orbit with the help of a turbine and semiconductor. China's first manned spacecraft, Shenzhou V, blasted off in October 2003, making China the third nation after the Soviet Union and the United States to send a human into space, and another manned spaceship Shenzhou VI carrying two crew circled around the Earth landing in Inner Mongolia. It marked the leap of Chinese Space activities. What’s next in China’s pipeline? Maybe next time we will see a twinkle in the sky it will be China traveling to Mercury.

新华社报道，罗盘导航卫星在西昌发射成功。

长征三号运载火箭在位于中国西南部的四川省西昌卫星发射中心点火起飞。来自该中心的消息说，该卫星已在21500公里的高度“准确” 进入轨道。自2000年以来，已有试验卫星发射进入轨道。 “罗盘”绘图系统主要是为国家的经济发展设计的。它将完成光荣的使命：为交通、航空、石油勘探、灾害预测、通讯（包括电信或无线电，电话等）和公共安全等提供导航和定位服务。它的配件是一个很轻便的装置，可以安装在任何蒸汽机，远洋客轮，火车头或汽车上，为它们提供精确的全球定位。

在未来几年随着更多的卫星被发射进轨道，该系统将于2008年覆盖全中国及周边国家，之后其网络会不断扩展，成为全球性的导航定位系统。到那时，卫星将聚集在海军基地的码头一带。

专家表示“罗盘”导航实验系统运作良好，它在提供全天候导航和定位信息方面具有重大意义。 不甘落后的中国已经成为为数不多的可以自主研发导航卫星系统的国家。之前的报告中说，它提供的定位可以精确到10米，速度精确到每秒0.2米，定时精确到50纳秒内。

该系统可以提供精确的经度、纬度和海拔高度数据，帮助客户随时随地了解他们的位置，并可为用户提供“更安全”的定位、速度、定时通讯服务。

根据以前的报告，该系统包括至少35颗卫星和30个中等大小的地球轨道卫星。它们将环绕地球赤道转动。

卫星和运载火箭分别由中国空间技术研究院和中国运载火箭技术研究院研发。它们防水、耐潮、不发霉。在它底部捆绑着一个大型望远镜。望远镜的光学原件可以通过手动杆调节以达到更好的效果。在一个涡轮机和半导体的帮助下，卫星可以沿着轨道运行。

中国首个载人飞船神舟五号于2003年10月升空，使中国成为继苏联和美国之后把人类送上太空的第三个国家。另一个载人飞船神舟六号也搭载两名航天员环绕了地球，最后降落在内蒙古。它标志着中国空间活动的飞跃。中国下一步要做什么呢？也许下一次当我们看到天空中闪烁的亮光时，那将是中国在水星上漫游。

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Passage 13 Stephen Hawking

Stephen Hawking has showed that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes and subatomic particles. These results indicated it was necessary to combine in harmony General Relativity with Quantum Theory and Mathematics. This way, black holes should not be completely black, but should emit radiation and eventually evaporate and disappear. Another theory is that the universe has no edge or boundary in imaginary time.

His extensive publications include 300 Years of Gravity and Brief History of Time which became a best seller.

He is a Fellow of The Royal Society.

“It was a great shock to me to discover that I had motor neurone(神经细胞)disease.

In my third year of university, I noticed that I seemed to be getting more clumsy and feeble, and I was

inclined to fall over for no apparent reason. My father took me to a specialist physician. He gave me a sequence of injection of fluid into the spine close to the liver. All they knew was that it was not multiple sclerosis. There was no remedy but to take vitamins.

Shortly after I came out of the hospital, I dreamt that I was going to be executed. But I made a bet with life

and spit on that nightmare. This was the ultimate quiz. Although the probability of a long life was low, my preference was not to abandon hope and had to adapt to my new circumstances and obstacles. I did not mourn this unjust fate, but made a resolution to steadily continue on. There were a lot of worthwhile things I could do. I did not need to sacrifice my vision. In reality, I was enjoying life presently more than before. I began to make progress with my research, and got engaged to a girl called Jane who was an undergraduate paying tuition nearby.

I was awarded an appointment at a college institution and I was fortunate that my scientific reputation

increased. At the same time, I became partially disabled and eventually cripple and confined to wheelchair. The college offered us accommodation which was looked after by the College ground keepers and gardeners.

In 1974 I had an operation as my speech was getting muddy, but at least I could communicate through an

interpreter or by dictating to a secretary. However, I lost the ability to speak. I had a reliance on David Mason who hooked and screwed a small portable computer powered by a 9-volt to my wheelchair which allowed me to communicate by automation. I can either speak what I have written, or save it to disk. It is largely due to the speech synthesizer that I have an outlet to communicate and varies the tones of my voice.”

斯蒂芬霍金指出，爱因斯坦的广义相对论隐含的空间和时间概念在宇宙大爆炸时开始，在黑洞和亚原子微粒中结束。这些结果表明，有必要把广义相对论与量子论和数学有机结合起来。这样一来，黑洞就不应该完全是黑的，而是会放射出射线并最终会蒸发消失掉。另一个理论则认为，在假想的时间里宇宙是无边无界的。

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在他发表的大量作品中，《重力300年》和《时间简史》成为了畅销书。他是英国皇家学会的研究员。 “当我知道自己患有运动神经元疾病时，我受到了很大的打击 那是在我大学的第三年，我发现自己似乎变得越来越笨拙和无力，并且总是无缘无故地跌倒。我父亲带我去看了专科医生。他一连几次往我靠近肝脏的脊椎里注射了药物。但他们所知道的只是这不是多发性硬化症。除了吃维生素外没有别的治疗办法。 我刚出院不久就梦见我将被处死。但我与命运赌了一把，对噩梦嗤之以鼻。这是个终极的考验。虽然活得长的几率很低，但我还是不愿放弃希望。我必须适应环境，面对困难。我没有抱怨命运的不公，而是决心稳步前进。我还可以做很多有价值的事情。我无需为此牺牲掉自己对未来的憧憬。事实上，我现在比以前更加享受生活。我的研究开始取得进展，并和简定了婚，她是个大学生，上学的地方离我不远。 我在一所学院谋得了职位。很幸运的是我的科学声誉也提高了。同时我的身体出现了部分残疾，而最终完全不能活动，只能困在轮椅上。学院为我们提供了住处。这处住所由学院管理员和园丁照看。 由于我说话越来越不清楚，1974年做了手术。但当时我至少还可以通过翻译或者口述给秘书进行沟通。然而，我还是失去了说话的能力。大卫·梅森把一个9伏的便携式小电脑装在了我的轮椅上，我要依靠它的自控系统去和别人交流。我可以把所写的东西说出来，或把它们保存到磁盘上。这要大大归功于语音合成器，它为我提供了交流的途径，并且可以丰富我的语调。”

Passage 14 The Conquest of Solitude

\孤独).\

Bell was the son of a man who was repeatedly consumed with the workings of the human voice, how it is

produced and used, and in teaching the deaf how to use it. Perhaps this concentration of the elder Bell was one of the reasons he married whom he did. For the woman who would give birth to the inventor of the telephone… was deaf!

Young Alexander Graham Bell grew up with his father's passions. In 1870, weakness compelled him to move

to Canada and became an immigrant from Scotland. It was not long before his success in teaching the deaf and dumb to speak brought him to the attention of a wealthy merchant in Boston who had a deaf mute daughter, Mabel. Would Mr. Bell please teach his beloved Mabel how to speak? Yes, he would work as her tutor. His motives were sincere, they fell in love regardless of her father’s objection. His soon-to-be father-in-law finally had to consent. She inspired and brightened him through the very tiring and tedious experiments until he developed the terrific instrument that pierced the solitude. A year later, in 1877, he and Mabel were married and had a happy honeymoon. He later became an American citizen.

When the French government awarded him the Volta Prize for inventing the telephone, he made a

combination with the money he made from selling the rights on another invention to establish the Volta Bureau. Its target was to fund research on deafness.

The first voice to travel over a wire was thrilled for its inventor, Alexander Graham Bell. He was

experimenting in his laboratory late one night, and quite by accident he succeeded in transmitting a message to his assistant in the next room. In their workshop, they first heard static. He was desperate in the assembly of this

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appliance and, while not intentional, discovered that magnetic currents and amperes created wavelengths of sound produced from a vibrating reed. He then devised a receiver to hear the tones. And thus, this circuit was born of diligent experimentation and a great vision and not diagrams, calculations, measurements and graphs. The simplicity of this object has been applicable and the preface to the development of the telephone we know today which we use to utter an infinite number of listeners without going via a messenger.

Other inventions, the vacuum tube to amplify sound and cables to link long distances on land and under the

seas, greatly expanded phone service. Transistors replaced the old vacuum tubes, and by the 1960s communications satellites eliminated the necessity of cables laid over land. Today, bundles of glass fibers carry calls on laser beams of light.

“战胜孤寂”。这句话引自亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔的故事。

贝尔的父亲总是对人类的发声原理很着迷，他喜欢琢磨声音是怎么产生并应用的，他还教聋人如何发声。也许正是老贝尔对这些方面的关注使他娶到了现在的妻子。因为生下电话发明者的这个女人??就是个聋人！ 小亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔是伴随着他父亲的热情长大的。1870年，贝尔由于身体不佳被迫从苏格兰移民到加拿大。不久之后，他在教授聋哑人说话方面取得的成功引起了波士顿一位富商的注意。这位商人有个耳聋的女儿梅布尔。贝尔先生愿不愿意教他心爱的梅布尔说话呢？答案是肯定的，贝尔做了他女儿的家庭教师。他对她诚心诚意，他们不顾她父亲的反对深深相爱了。最后他的准岳父不得不同意。在贝尔进行那些单调枯燥的实验时，梅布尔总能给他灵感，让他豁然开朗，最后他终于发明出了那个绝妙的装置，洞穿人与人之间孤立的状态。一年后，也就是在1877年，他和梅布尔结婚并度过了一个愉快的蜜月。他后来成为美国公民。 法国政府因为他发明电话而授予了他沃尔塔奖金，他把这笔奖金与他通过出售另一项发明所得到的钱合在一起，在华盛顿创立了沃尔塔办事处。其目的就是为医治耳聋提供资金。 通过电线传送的第一个声音令人震惊，因为它的发明人是亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔。一天深夜，贝尔正在实验室里做实验，他很偶然地向在隔壁房间里的助手成功地传递了一个口信。在他们的工作间，他们第一次听到了静电噪声。他在组装这个装置时陷入了绝望。在无意间他发现了磁流和安培作用而产生的波长，这种波长由弹簧片的振动而产生。然后，他发明了一个接收器来听声音。因而，这条电路是由于不断的实验和伟大的想象力才诞生的，而不是通过示意图、计算、测量和曲线图。这种简易的物品非常实用，所以成为电话发展的开端。今天我们无需通过信使就可对无限多的听众说话。 其它的发明，如用来扩大声音的真空管和陆上及海底长途电缆，大大扩展了电话服务。晶体管取代旧的真空管，在20世纪60年代通信卫星淘汰了地面电缆。今天，一束束的玻璃纤维用激光传递人们彼此间的通话。

Passage 15巴厘岛

See the ad: Bali is like a picture of paradise of literary fiction. Rice farms on the hillsides, volcanoes and

waterfalls, the tropical forests, and the beaches are lapped by the warm waters of the Indian Ocean, hot springs, dense Monkey Forest in mist, and guided jungle walks where colonies of monkeys live.

There are also distinct tourist seasons in summer. The rest of the year is bitterly humid and has more

torrents of rain. Typhoons hit at this time. Springtime is a good option. Fly there and let the steward and

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stewardesses bring you a cup of tea and saucer.

The area is a major sightseeing site for travelers, and it is cheap to accommodate. Although it's fashionable

to have contempt for the rampant development and low-brow nightlife of entertainment, the energy can be exciting.

It is the best beach in Bali, with the only surf, which breaks over sand instead of coral.

Wake up as the cock crows and the dew still lays on the ground. Take a canoe and oars out in the shallow

depths of the ocean or retreat from the shine of the sun and scout out the deck of a hut or take refuge under a shady tree for a nap at midday. Purify, refresh and relieve by gently submerging yourself in the marine ocean between Asia and Oceania that looks as blue as a jewel and sparkles like a diamond jewel on your ankle or waist. Afterwards, take refreshment in a tray of ripened melon and strawberries or saw open a coconut.

Visitors come swarming into this small island on the tropical area. Behind the sandy beaches, railroads,

sheds and cabins lead back to the most wonderful district of hotels, restaurants, lodges, bars, cafeterias and shops. The more inexpensive hotels with decent beds and lavatories and restaurants are located in the lanes running parallel to the beach. The lightly-laden(装满的) can walk these lanes to find a place without an appointment. Or take the tram.

The Bali Museum consists of palace and temple architecture which display arts and crafts inside such as

traditional puppets, lace and thread-stitched linen embroidery. The Arts Center and commercial galleries house collections of modern painting and purely amazing woodcarvings of crickets. Dancing groups and gamelan(加麦兰) orchestras regularly perform here. Tenganan is the center for the weaving of the double ikat(伊卡工艺) fabric, and ancient versions of gamelan are performed here. The nearby towns of Amlapura and Tirtagangga are known for their decaying water palaces, swamps and dams where birds nest, boughs grow and eagles and sparrows soar. It is also where zebras and swans live.

The Balinese drive on the left, use their horns a lot and give way to traffic pulling onto the road.

So, after such a descriptive guide about this tiny little peninsula in the South East Asia, have we been able to

tempt you to visit such an atmospheric and spiritual place?

看广告：巴厘岛仿佛是文学作品中描绘的天堂.山边的稻田、山谷、火山和瀑布、热带森林、印度洋热浪拍打着的海岸、温泉、薄雾中密集的圣猴森林公园以及住着猴群的丛林小道。 夏季明显是这里的旅游旺季。一年中其余的时间这里都非常潮湿，还有大量的降水。台风还会在这个时候光顾。春天是一个好的选择。坐上飞机，让乘务员给你来一杯垫着托碟的茶。 这个地区对游客来说是一个重要的景点，而且住宿便宜。虽然人们普遍蔑视库塔的迅速发展和那里庸俗的夜生活，但是这个充满活力的地方还是很令人激动的。 这是巴厘最好的海滩，有独一无二的海浪，浪头拍打的是沙子而非珊瑚。 闻鸡而起，地面上的露珠依稀可见。乘一叶轻舟在浅海处划起双浆，或是为了躲避日晒而找一所小屋，或是中午躲在树荫下小憩。轻轻地沉浸在这片亚洲与大洋洲之间的海域里，你会感受到纯净、清新与放松。

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这里的海看上去像宝石一样蓝，又像带在你脚踝或腰上的钻石一样闪闪发光。之后来一点东西吃，可以是一盘熟透的甜瓜和草莓，也可以开一个椰子。 游客纷纷涌入这个热带的小岛。沙滩后面有铁路、棚舍和木屋，他们又可以把你带回到那个有宾馆、餐馆、旅店、酒吧、自助餐厅和商店的繁华区域。与海滩平行的巷子里有更便宜的酒店，那里的床铺还算不错，带有浴室和餐馆。行李不多的游客可以走着去这些巷子里找到不用预订的住处。或者也可以乘坐电车。 巴厘博物馆由宫殿和寺院建筑组成，这里展示着艺术品和手工艺品，如传统的木偶、缎带以及亚麻刺绣。艺术中心和商业画廊里收藏的是现代绘画和让人惊叹的蟋蟀木雕。舞蹈团体和加麦兰乐团会在这里定期演出。 坦加南是双伊卡编织的中心，这里还有古代的加麦兰表演。附近的安拉普拉城镇和特塔刚嘎镇以衰落的水宫殿、沼泽地、堤坝而闻名。鸟儿在那里垒巢，大树在那里生长，鹰和麻雀在那里高飞。那里也是斑马和天鹅生活的地方。 巴厘的车是在左边行驶的，巴厘人经常按喇叭，并会给上路的车辆让路。 经过我们对这个东南亚的小半岛的描述，你是否已经被吸引，想去这个富于情调而又纯洁神圣的地方看看呢？

Passage 16 Wuhou Temple

The following story occurred in the Three Kingdom Period well after primitive times. At the end of the

Eastern Han Dynasty (25 - 220 AD (not BC) a great peasant revolt happened. The people rebelled against the Han Empire as they were opposed to slavery. Warlords(军阀) assisted the Han Emperor to suppress the rebellion. Finally the warlords carved the realm into three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms novel, with vivid illustration, traces the history of the three kingdoms.

Wuhou Temple, associated with the kingdom of Shu, is a memorial to Zhuge Liang, Prime Minister of the

kingdom because a top military commander admired Zhuge Liang. It is as big as a Christian cathedral or castle. The main entrance gate with brass knobs hangs a horizontal board with a slogan scratched onto it.

The temple compound consists of five main buildings along an axis. There are no elevators. Six huge stone

tablets are placed in the yard between the front and the second gates.

Moving inward, Liu Bei's statue stands behind the front altar in the hall of the second gate. To the right of

the main shrine is a red faced image called Guan Yu; the left with an ax in his hand is General Zhang Fei, represented with a black face. Liu, Guan and Zhang are sworn brothers as prescribed in the novel The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

During the Three Kingdom Period the rulers of the independent kingdoms frequently fought each other for

supremacy, liberty and revenge and also the crown. This period was regarded as the romantic epoch.

The figures in the temple are the historical source from which later novels, dramas and poetry have

captured the imaginations of generations of the Chinese audience.

Behind Liu Bei's hall is the second yard where Zhuge Liang's hall is located. Zhuge Liang's hall is obviously

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lower than Liu Bei's. The difference in height displays the Chinese social rank system. Emperor is the son of Heaven. He is superior; and other people are inferior.

Zhuge Liang is famous for his flexible tactics in accordance with different occasions. More-over, Zhuge Liang

used the same method to manage his government and the kingdom for the social stability and to reap economic prosperity.

To the west of the Zhuge Liang's hall is the site of Liu Bei's tomb. It is 80 meters in circumference and 12

meters in height, and with a considerable thickness, surrounded by a circular wall. For 1700 years it is unfortunate that the tomb has remained closed and what is inside is unknown, it is only left to rumor.

以下故事发生在原始时代后的三国时期。在东汉末年，也就是公元25-220年（非公元前）发生了大规模的农民起义。由于人们反对奴隶制，他们纷纷起来反抗汉代的统治。各地的领主协助汉高祖镇压叛乱。最后这些领主割据形成三个国家：魏、蜀、吴。小说《三国演义》以生动的讲述将历史追溯到三国时期。 因为蜀国的最高军事首领敬佩诸葛亮，所以就用武侯祠来纪念这位蜀国的丞相。武侯祠就像基督教的教堂或城堡一样大。正门上有很多黄铜门钉，门上方挂着一块刻着字的横匾。 武侯祠沿着一条轴线由五个主要建筑组成。那里没有电梯。在前门与第二道门之间有六座巨大的石碑。 向里走，在第二道门后的祠堂里就可以看到矗立在祭台后的刘备雕像。在主祠堂的右侧是红脸关羽；左侧是手拿斧头的是黑脸将军张飞。《三国演义》中刘、关、张是结拜兄弟。 三国时期，各独立国的统治者经常为争夺霸权、自由、复仇和王位而战。这一时期被视为一个传奇时代。 祠堂里的人物成为后来的小说、戏剧与诗歌中捕获世代中国观众想象力的历史源泉。 在刘备祠堂后面的第二个院子里是诸葛亮的祠堂。诸葛亮的祠堂明显低于刘备的。这种在高度方面的差异显示了中国社会等级制度。皇帝贵为天子。他是至高无上的；其他人都在他之下。 诸葛亮以随机应变的灵活战术而著名。此外，为了社会的稳定和经济的繁荣，诸葛亮也用同样的方法来管理政府和国家。 由诸葛亮祠堂向西就是刘备墓。这座圆墓非常厚，周长为80米，高12米，被一堵圆形的墙包围着。不幸的是，1700年来这座墓一直是封闭的，没有人知道里面是什么，留给了人们无尽的猜想。

Passage 17 Hulunbeier Grassland

Welcome to Hulunbeier Grassland! First, there is a fable about a couple of lovers on the grassland. One day

an evil and hateful demon captured the girl named Hu Lun. In order to save her, the boy called Bei Er traveled across many acres on foot, chasing after them day and night. Finally, even though he was a great athlete, he fainted from fatigue. In his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon had mysteriously turned Hu Lun into a bud. He immediately watered the bud and broke the spell and the bond of the devil. But the demon seized the girl and took her away. Hu Lun racked her brain for a way to escape. She had to await the right time and, in defense, stole the magic pearl on the demon`s head. On swallowing the pearl Hu Lun turned into a lake. In despair, Bei Er jumped into a lake to kill himself. All of a sudden the earth split open and formed two closely connected lakes, Hu Lun Lake and Bei Er Lake.

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See the beautiful, vast scenery of Hunlubeier Grassland --- wild flowers are in bloom or soon to blossom and

the yurts(圆顶帐篷), or huts, scattered on the grassland and where herds of horses and cattle and flocks of sheep thrive and drift freely in the gentle breeze.

When you get there, the Mongolian residents will put their hands against their chests and bow slightly as a

gracious greeting. As a manner of showing respect to his distinguished guest, your host will treat you with mutton cut into big slices. In folk culture, the feast is not a true feast without songs. The Mongolian people have refined their musical talent for singing and dancing with joyful and jolly rhythms and vigorous steps.

The Mongolian robe is unique. With its high collar and long sleeves, the robe protects people from

mosquitoes and is a symbol of their national conscience and identity.

The traditional Mongolian yurt, the humble home of the shepherd pitched or erected across the land, can

withstand snowstorms and heavy rain. For those more restless, the “lele” carts can be viewed as their mobile homes. The wheels of the carts are tall and can easily roll across the land which can have mud, dirt and stony ditches and sometimes endure drought. “Lele” carts are indispensable for herdsmen when they move across snow-covered areas.

During the sacrifice–offering ceremony, people insert tree branches decorated with cloth and flags like

stakes into the Aobao stack for memorial ceremonies to pray for the blessing of the people and their cattle. After the ceremony, the shepherds feed their cattle hay, rejoice, sing and, dance and drink to their heart’s content.

After the tour I believe you may feel reluctant to leave the beautiful Hulunbeier Grassland.

欢迎来到呼伦贝尔草原！先给大家讲一个发生在草原上的爱情神话故事。一天，一个邪恶可憎的魔鬼抓走了一个叫呼伦的女孩。为了救她，一个叫贝尔的男孩徒步穿过大片的草原，日夜兼程地追赶他们。纵然他有运动员一样的体格，最后还是因疲劳过度而晕倒了。在他极度虚弱的状况下，他梦见恶魔已经神不知鬼不觉地把呼伦变成了一朵花蕾。他立即给花蕾浇水，并打破了魔鬼的魔咒。但恶魔又抓走了女孩。呼伦绞尽脑汁地想办法逃跑。她要等待适当的时机，为了保护自己，她偷走了恶魔头上的魔法珍珠。呼伦刚吞下珍珠就变成了一面湖。贝尔在绝望中跳湖自尽。突然地面裂开来了，形成了两个紧紧相连的湖，就是呼伦湖和贝尔湖。 看这美丽辽阔的呼伦贝尔草原景色——野花有的盛开，有的含苞待放，蒙古包或木屋点缀在草原上，还有成群的马、牛、羊在微风中自由自在地茁壮成长。 当你来到这里，蒙民会把他们的手放在胸前，微微弯下腰向你表示亲切的问候。为了对贵宾表示尊敬，主人会把羊肉切成大片来招待你。在民族文化中，宴席中如果没有歌曲就不算是真正的盛宴。蒙古人用欢快的节奏和活泼的舞步把他们的音乐才华表现得淋漓尽致。 蒙古长袍很独特。其高领和长袖可以保护人们免受蚊子叮咬，而且还是他们民族精神和身份的象征。 传统的蒙古包——牧羊人扎在地上的简陋的家——能够经受住暴风雪和大雨。对于那些漂泊不定的人来说，“勒勒”车被看作他们移动的家园。车的轮子很高，可以轻松地在有泥土和石沟的地面上滚动，有时在干旱的地方也可以前行。当牧民要穿过白雪覆盖的地区时，“勒勒”车是必不可少的。 在祭祀仪式上，人民将装饰着布条和旗子的像树桩一样的三根树枝插入“敖包”堆上，为人和牲畜祈福。仪式结束后，牧羊人给他们的牲畜喂干草，高兴地唱歌跳舞，心满意足地喝酒。 我相信游览过后你会对美丽的呼伦贝尔草原恋恋不舍。

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Passage 18 Huaqing Pool

Huaqing Pool is constructed on the site which was renamed the Li Palace (the Resort Palace). It is covered

with pines and oaks. The Nine-Bend Corridor leads directly to the Marble Boat. Emperor Xuan Zong used to spend his winter days in October of the Lunar calendar here. The Nine Dragon Hot Spring was built with crystal jade.

The spring water contains lime and other minerals, fountains of goodness in which to soak, which makes it

suitable for bathing. The water is a transformer of health and heal stiff and sore bones and makes women fertile. Rub, drip, sprinkle, sponge or spray quarts water on your body or wrist where the fly may sting, but will get rid of any germs. It has been flushed of any poison in the water so it is not poisonous. Near here is the Five-Room Pavilion(亭) where Chiang Kaishek stayed during the Xi'an Incident.

The Xi'an Incident took place on December 12, 1936. Chiang Kaichek persisted in carrying out his

reactionary policy to invade the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. He flew to Xi'an to scheme to “keep down the Communist Party” and the slaughter of the patriotic youth.

The sound of firing came to Chiang Kaishek, and he was so terrified that he crept out of the window with his

gray striped vest and tan slippers only as he had just been in the tub. Those indignant soldiers began to raid the Five-Room Pavilion with rage and uncover that Chiang's clothes remained there and that his quilt and pillow remained warm. In the end they found Chiang Kaishek, and thus took him to jail in Xi’an.

In order to avoid a civil war to flare up, Mao Zedong on behalf of the C.C.P.C. jury insisted on a peaceful

settlement of the Incident. On December 25, Chiang was liberated, and flew back to Nanjing and the incident was peacefully settled.

The story goes that Bao Si, Queen of the Western Zhou dynasty never cracked a smile. The king “called his

court band to play a tune, beat drums and trumpet, play strings and whistle to amuse Bao Si”, and she pulled a long face and remained displeased. Afterwards, “maids of honor served wine, singing and dancing,” and she did not let out a smile at all. It had not struck a cord, she looked annoyed with a curl of her lips, knit brow and tucked her chin in with a cough. Not an ounce of grain of a laugh leaked out of her jaw, not a peep radiated from her mouth or a shake in her slender rib. She remained stale as if she had drunk vinegar, sucked on a lemon or was stuck with a pin.

Thus he appointed the maids of honor to stoop and grip in their fist and tear hundreds of bolts of colored

silk into pieces of ribbon. Bao Si remained seated with a knot in her brow in her violet, velvet gown with veil on the cushioned bench unmoved.

That night the King and Queen reached the Lishan Mountain by carriage, and gave an order. Flames of the

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fire lit up the sky. Sure enough, Bao Si with a hint of a smile, wiped her eye with a tissue and burst into laughter. Herein comes the Chinese idiom “A single smile costs one thousand pieces of gold”.

华清池位于更名为骊宫（华清宫）的故址。山上布满了松树与橡树。九曲回廊直通石舫。过去唐玄宗常在每年的农历10月来这里过冬。九龙泉是由水晶碧玉建成的。 泉水含有氧化钙及其它矿物质，泉水的精华从中渗出，使得它适合沐浴。这种水可以保健，治疗骨头僵硬疼痛，还可以使妇女容易受孕。把水擦、滴、洒、抹或喷在蚊子叮咬过的身上或手腕上，可以起到杀菌的作用。水是不会有毒的，因为毒素都已经被冲走了。附近就是五间厅，蒋介石“西安事变”时就待在此处。 西安事变发生于1936年12月12日。蒋介石坚持实施他的反动政策，侵占了陕甘宁边境地区。他飞往西安计划“镇压共产党”，屠杀爱国青年。 正当蒋介石进入浴缸准备洗澡时，听到了一阵枪声。他非常害怕，穿着灰色条纹的内衣和棕色的拖鞋爬出了窗户。愤慨的士兵开始搜查五间厅，发现蒋的衣服还在那里，他的被子和枕头还是热的。最终他们找到了蒋介石，并把他带到西安的监狱里。 为了避免爆发内战，毛泽东代表中国共产党审判团，坚持和平解决这一事件。12月25日，蒋被释放后飞回南京，这次事变和平解决。 还有一个故事。据说西周的王后褒姒从未露出过笑容。国王“召集朝廷的乐队弹琴、击鼓、吹号、拉弦、吹哨，以娱褒姒” ，她仍是拉着脸，一副不高兴的样子。然后“宫女们伺酒、唱歌、跳舞”，她还是一点笑容都没有。这些都没有触动她的心弦，她撇着唇、锁着眉、缩着下巴咳嗽着，看上去很不耐烦。她的下巴看不出一丝笑意，嘴上一点声不出，纤细的身体一动不动。她看上去很慵懒，像是喝了醋、吸了柠檬、或是被针扎了一样。 于是国王命令侍女们弯腰攥着拳头，狠狠地把数以百匹的彩色丝绸撕成了条。身穿紫色天鹅绒长袍、带着面纱的褒姒仍然锁着眉，坐在有软垫的长椅上无动于衷。 那天晚上，国王和王后坐着马车来到骊山，然后发出了战争的命令。火光点亮了天空。果然，褒姒露出了一丝笑意。她用薄沙擦了擦眼睛，突然大笑起来。这就是中国俗语“一笑值千金”的由来。

Passage 19 The Mausoleum of Dr. Sun Yat-sen

Sun Yat-sen, the great pioneer of Chinese democratic revolution, studied medicine when he was youthful.

Later he gave up medicine as his profession to take part in political activities. His famous guiding principle was \the invaders out, restoring the sovereignty of China, establishing a republic and equalizing the land ownership”.

The location of his burial ground was chosen by Sun himself. There is no queue and no fee to see this

ancient place. The abbot of Lingu Monastery(修道院) recommended that this place had good fengshui, because it faces the plain and the surrounding green mountains were a protective screen. On March 31, 1912,Mr. Sun resigned as a political compromise for the sake of the union of North and South China. He said upon dying, \my death, you can bury me at the foot of the Zijin Mountain in Nanjing in memory of the Revolution of 1911.

The destination ahead is a square in shape of crescent. There is an octagon(八边形) platform. The platform

is divided into three layers and each layer is enclosed by stone rails. The copper ding (an ancient cooking vessel) weighs 5000 kg.(5,000,000 grams).On one side of the ding are three characters \Humanity and

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Brevity\

We will see an entranceway with four columns. It is 12 meters high and 17.3 meters in width.

The whole design of the mausoleum (陵墓) gives prominence to Chinese traditional style, grand, solemn

and sacred. The structure of the Sacrificed Hall is of an ancient wooden palace style. Its roof is covered with blue glaze tiles. The inscription on the horizontal board is stamped with seal characters cut in relief – \自然主义)\

In the Memorial Hall you will see that the interiors of the walls around are inset with black marble. The style

of the whole structure is a blend of the East and the West flavors.

In the Coffin Chamber there are two doors with the nails and mysterious beasts on copper loops that are

typical of traditional Chinese. The circular marble pit is 1.7 meters deep and 4.35 meters in diameter.

When the warlord Zhang Zongchang was defeated by the North Army and withdrew to Beijing in 1926, he

ascribed his failure to Mr. Sun's remains and decided that they should protect his remains and disposed the stiffened body and organs by burning them under a torch and oven and putting them into a storage jar. They put a label and a lid on it so it would not spill. On May 28, 1929, Mr. Sun's coffin was sent to Pukou by freight and on June 1 it reached the Mausoleum safely. After the Grand Ceremony of Feng'an, the coffin, wooden pad and the remains were put into the pit and used cement and plaster to plug up any slits so the spiders, weeds or vines could not get in.

His fame resounded all over the world. After liberation, both central and local governments have exerted

great efforts in preserving this tremendous heritage.

伟大的中国民主主义革命先驱孙中山在青年时期学过医。后来，他弃医从政。他著名的指导原则是“驱逐侵略者，恢复中国的主权，建立一个土地所有权平等的共和国”。 孙中山墓地的位置是他自己所选。此古迹可以免费参观，不用排队。灵谷寺的住持推荐说这个地方的风水很好，因为它面朝平原，周边有青山环绕成的保护屏。1912年3月31日孙中山先生辞职，这是为了中国南北统一事业而做出的政治妥协。他在临死时说：“我死以后，把我葬于南京紫金山脚下，以纪念1911年辛亥革命。” 前方目的地是一个新月形广场。那里有一个八角平台。平台分为三层，每一层由封闭的石栏杆围绕。铜“鼎”（一种古老的烹饪容器），重5000公斤（500万克）。“鼎”的一边有三个字：“智、和、简”。 我们会看到一个立着四根柱子的大门口。它有12米高，17.3米宽。 整个陵园的设计突出了中国的传统风格——宏伟、庄严、神圣。祭堂的结构是古老的木制宫殿风格。屋顶是蓝色的釉瓦。横额上鲜明地刻着印章文字——“自然”和“民主” 。 在纪念馆，你会看到周围的内墙都嵌入了黑色大理石。整个建筑风格是中西合璧。 在墓室里有两重门，门上有钉子和带有神秘野兽的铜环，这是中国传统的典型特征。这个圆形的大理石墓穴深1.7米，直径为4.35米。 当张宗昌军阀被北方军队打败并于1926年撤回到北京后，他把失败归咎于孙先生的遗体。他认为应该保护孙的遗体，于是用火把和炉子烧掉他僵硬的尸体和器官，然后放入罐里储存。他们用封条和盖子把罐子封住，以防外溢。1929年5月28日，孙先生的灵柩用船运到了浦口，6月1日安全到达陵墓。在隆重的奉安大典后，棺椁、木垫和骨灰被放进墓穴。用水泥和石膏堵塞所有细缝，以免蜘蛛、杂草或藤蔓进

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入。 孙中山享誉中外。解放以后，中央和地方政府都投入很大的努力来保护这笔丰厚的遗产。

Passage 20 The Summer Palace

Characterized by its vast scope and rich cultural ornaments, the Summer Palace is one of the masterpieces

of ancient Chinese architecture. Just on the outskirts of Beijing, it is a perfect place to go for a casual excursion.

The main gate you will encounter to enter the Summer Palace was used exclusively by the emperor, the

empress and the queen mother. This was shut to all others, such as servants, who used the side doors.

On the marble porch sits a bronze imaginary beast, known as Qilin. It was considered a creature that make

society peaceful and prosperous.

In the midst of the hall stands a throne made of wood and carved with beautiful designs.

Also on the veranda(游廊) are Tai Ping (Peace) bronze water barrels made during the reign of Emperor

Qianlong. As a precaution in case of fire, heating was provided from a fire in a small furnace which was lit underneath the barriers to keep them from freezing in the chill of winter.

The Grand Theater Building features three layers of tilted eaves and stages. A well and 5 ponds were

installed and sunk under the ground stage. There are trap doors in the ceiling for fairies to descend, as well as hatches on the floor for evil spirits to emerge from the cellar.

Kunming Lake is an application of a specific style of Chinese gardening. Not far away there is an island filled

with peach and weeping willow trees and a bubbling brook. Here would be a good option to gaze at the scenery including the lawn and hedges.

The whole compound of courtyard dwellings in the Hall of Happiness and Longevity(长命) was basically

made of wood and timber with a quiet and refined layout. Flanking the staircase leading to the main entrance of the hall at different intervals, there are bronze cranes, ox and vases, symbols of universal peace. There is also a Cloak Room.

The long corridor was designed to follow the physical features of the southern slope of Longevity Hill,

tourists will hardly notice the rise and fall of the land.

With all of its structures overlooking the lake and pools, the Garden of Harmonious Interest is basically a

garden that not only absorbed but exceeded the original designs of the preceding Jichang Garden. Spanning the vast area of the lake and pools are five bridges, none are identical.

Further north lies Suzhou Shopping Street. This strip includes restaurants, barber’s shop, dye houses and

other stores which are trimmed with traditional signs and ornaments and panels for a taste of mid-18th century

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materialism.

The famous Marble Boat was paved with colored bricks. The drainage system channels rain water down

through four hollow concrete pillars and into the lake through the mouth of dragon heads.

We should give congratulations for the conservation and maintenance of this precious place for none of the

exteriors have faded and the furnished installations and treasures on display indoors and monuments have not been broken or become rusty.

颐和园具有大气，文化氛围浓厚的特点，是中国古代建筑的杰作之一。颐和园位于北京郊区，是休闲游览的完美去处。 颐和园的正门曾经是皇帝、皇后及皇太后专用的。这扇门对其他所有人都关闭，如随从，他们只能走侧门。 大理石门廊上是一只叫做麒麟的虚构铜兽。人们认为它是一种能使社会和平与繁荣的动物。 在大厅中间有一个木制宝座，上面雕刻着美丽的图案。 在走廊上还有乾隆统治年间造的太平（和平）铜制水桶。为了防止火灾，取暖是用小炉子。火从炉内的挡板下被点燃，以防止它们在寒冷的冬天结冰。 大戏楼有三层吊角屋和戏台。在最下面的一层还有一个天井和五个水池。在天花板上有活门，扮演神仙的演员可以从天而降；在地上也有开口，扮演鬼怪的演员也可以一下子从地而出。 昆明湖展现了中国园林的特有风格。不远处有一个小岛，岛上长满了桃树和垂柳，还有一条潺潺的小溪。这里是观看草坪和绿篱美景的好去处。 太和殿与长寿殿所在的园子里，房屋基本都是木制的，布局静谧优美。旁侧有距离不等的楼梯通往大殿正门，那里有象征天下太平的铜鹤、铜牛和花瓶。此外，还有一个寄存室。 长廊依万寿山南坡的轮廓而建，游客很难注意到地面的起伏。 谐趣园俯瞰湖泊和池塘，这座园子的设计吸取并超越了之前寄畅圆的原始设计。有五座造型各异的桥横跨湖泊和池塘的大部分。 再往北是苏州购物街。这一带有餐厅、理发店、染坊和其它商店。这些商店都装饰着传统的招牌、饰品和嵌板，有18世纪中叶的唯物主义韵味。 著名的石舫由彩砖雕砌而成。排水系统是由四根混凝土空心柱组成的通道，雨水顺着它们最后从底端的龙头流入湖中。 我们应该庆贺这块宝地得到了很好的保护与维修。外部景观丝毫没有褪色，内部的装饰与展示珍品以及历史古迹都没有破坏或生锈。

Passage 21 Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum

Emperor Qin Shihuang(259-210 BC) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name. By 221 BC, he

had conquered the six rival lands. For his own pleasure, he constructed large-scale, fancy palaces which stretched several hundred miles to enjoy this luxury.

Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum has not yet been dug up. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta(陶

瓦) warriors excavated outside the east gate of the outer section of the necropolis(大墓地) can make one imagine how magnificent the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum was.

Pit No.1 was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. In 1976,

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Pits No. 2 and 3 were found 20 meters north of Pit No.1 respectively after the intensive drilling survey. They were careful not to use any gaseous explosives that might cause an explosion and loosen these unstable treasures. In 1975, with the permission of the State Council, a museum, housing site No. 1 was built.

Pit No.1 is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a cave. The pit is divided into eleven sections, and

the floors are paved with bricks and covered with mats and then fine soil and earth. In the east end are lined up three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces. They are supposed to be the van of the formation. There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends separately, facing outwards. They are probably the sides and the rear. There are altogether 27 trial sites, and from simple arithmetic and geometry, it is assumed that the clay warriors and horses could multiply to more than 6,000. To find these objects will involve pails for the removal of pebbles and ore from areas of a small radius. It is productive and promising to dig up respective areas and find even minor treasures.

Pit No. 2 was the next phase. Trail diggings, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots

and saddled horses could be dug up. The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten. According to research, these clay horses were modeled after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor.

Thousands of real weapons were dug up including broad knives, swords, spears, bows, shields and

arrowheads. Analyses show that they are made of alloys of copper and tin.

In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 meters west

of the area of Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum. The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters (or 650-670 millimeters) tall.

The chariots and horses, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful, were made by lost wax casting. According

to a preliminary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, riveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling. These items provide extremely valuable material and data for the research of the techniques of the Qin Dynasty.

秦始皇（公元前259-210年）姓嬴名政。到公元前221年，秦始皇已经统一了六国。为了享受荣华富贵，他按照自己的意愿建造了绵延数百里的规模宏大的华丽宫殿。 秦始皇陵还没有被挖掘。但是，通过已挖掘的陵墓东门外的三个陪葬坑的兵马俑，我们可以想象秦始皇陵会是多么壮观。 一号坑是1974年3月当地村民在位于陵墓东部的1.5公里处打井时偶然发现的。经过精密的钻孔调查，1976年分别找到了位于一号坑北部20米处的二号坑和三号坑。为了避免引起爆炸或松动不牢固的宝藏，他们很小心，没敢使用气态爆炸物。1975年经国务院许可，一号坑博物馆建成。 一号坑是呈洞穴状的土木结构。墓穴被分成11个部分，地面以砖铺成，以垫子覆盖，然后再盖上优质的土壤。在东端陈列着三排兵马俑，每一排有70个，总共210个。他们可能是整个军阵的前锋部队。在左边、右边、西端分别有一排武士俑，他们的脸都朝向外面。他们可能是两翼部队和后卫部队。一号坑共有27个探方，根据简单的算术与几何学计算，陶俑与陶马的数量可能有6000余件。要找到这些物品，需要用提桶从一个半径很小的地方清理出鹅卵石和矿石。分别挖这些地方将有希望找到大量的小面积的宝

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藏。 下一步是二号坑。从探方里大约可挖出1000余件武士俑，500件战车和鞍马。埋在地下2000年的木制战车已经腐朽。据调查，这些陶马仿造了河西走廊地区的马种。 还挖出了成千上万的实战用的兵器，包括大刀、剑、矛、弓、盾和箭头。经分析，这些兵器是由铜和锡的合金铸成。 1980年12月，在秦始皇陵西边的20米处出土了两组巨大的上了漆的青铜战车和战马。套在战车上的四匹马有65-67厘米（或650-670毫米）高。 战车和战马看上去华贵优雅，它们是通过熔模铸造法而制成的。据初步研究，青铜战车和战马的制造技术包括铸、焊、铆、镶、嵌和凿。这些物品为研究秦朝的技术提供了极有价值的资料。

Passage 22 Marriage between Races

It has become unsuitable to specify only one ethnic origin when you submit a form to the census. The

Census Bureau has conducted dress rehearsals in three sites around the United States. 5.4 percent of the population checked off more than one racial box, nearly three times the proportion anticipated by many experts.

In the absence of official numbers, a few years ago veteran demographers(人口统计学家) used complicated

mathematical modeling techniques to calculate how marriage between races is changing the face of the United States.

\is a very intimate deal,\notes a special expert in the U.S. Department of Labor's Pension

Department, “and racial tolerance is important.”

With the tense relation surrounding racial prejudice, and with the mutual suspicion that exists among

competing racial and cultural interest groups, there's little agreement on what marriage between race and ethnicities and its implications will mean for U.S. society in the future.

Of course, many pessimistic people think that marrying outside your racial group will cause the gradual

elimination of the purity of that race. That was the traditional view of many conservative and even progressive Jewish communities who held a dim view, unwilling to accept, or were even hostile toward another race that would interfere in the family nucleus as they saw it as a threat to their race. (In many communities, prayers for the dead were recited in whisper to curse a Jew whose mate is non-Jew.) Conversely, these groups have had to rethink and be more sympathetic to marriage outside the ethnic group. After successive meetings, they decided to reverse their approach. They still try to discourage marriage outside the race, but once it occurs, they do not view them with scorn or disgust or having dishonored their family.

To see the new face of the United States, go to a grocery store and look at a box of Betty Crocker-brand food

products. Betty's portrait in its eighth version is noticeable now as a blending of photographs of 75 diverse women to show a charming dark complexion and a reflection of the mixture of white, Hispanic, Indian, African and Asian origin compared to her 1936 portrait of pale skin and blue eyes. The slow and steady pace of that

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process itself could be a symbol for gradual racial and ethnic mixing in this country but is becoming part of the American consciousness. Even Tiger Woods, the young golf sportsman, is a mixture of Caucasian, black, native American and Asian.

Perhaps we will no longer have to make a separation between shades. Once you fragment ... the society into

so many different racial origins, you make it less and less likely to meet somebody of your own ethnicity. Soon a pure race will be scarce and a large portion of the population will have a vague or uncertain heritage and heirs will begin to look alike.

当你提交一份人口普查表格时，如果仅列出一个种族归属是不合适的。人口普查局在美国的三个地方进行了调查试点。5.4%的人声明有多个种族归属，比许多专家的估计多了近三倍。 由于没有官方数据，几年前资深人口统计学家使用复杂的数学建模技术来计算异族婚姻是如何影响美国的。 “种群统计是一个非常隐私的问题，”美国劳动部养老与福利管理局的特别专家说，“并且种族宽容很重要。” 围绕着种族偏见引起的紧张关系，以及存在于种族对抗与文化利益集团之间的相互猜疑，对异族婚姻将来在美国社会意味着什么还没有达成一致意见。 当然，很多悲观的人认为，种族外通婚将会导致纯种人的逐渐消亡。这是许多保守的甚至是进步的犹太社区的传统看法，他们对此抱悲观态度，不愿意接受甚至是敌视另一个种族进入他们的核心家庭，他们认为这是对他们种族的一种威胁。（在许多社区，人们为死者小声诵读的祷告辞就是在诅咒其伴侣为非犹太人的犹太人。）反过来说，这些团体不得不重新思考，去更同情异族婚姻。经过不断开会，他们决定改变做法。他们仍然设法劝阻异族婚姻，但一旦发生，他们也不会蔑视、厌恶，或认为是败坏他们家的名声。 要想看美国的新面孔，你可以去杂货店看看贝蒂克罗克品牌的食品。相对于1936年白皮肤、蓝眼睛的肖像，贝蒂的第八版肖像画是值得注意的。它包含了75个不同妇女，显示了黝黑的迷人肤色，反映了白人、西班牙人、印度人、非洲人和亚洲人的融合。这一缓慢而稳定的过程本身就是这个国家的不同民族与种族相融合的一种象征，也正在成为美国人意识形态的一部分。即使是年轻的高尔夫运动员老虎伍兹，也是融合了白人、黑人、印第安人和亚洲人血统的混血儿。 也许我们将不再分肤色。你一旦把社会分成这么多不同的种族归属，你就越不可能遇到属于你种族的人。不久纯种人就会变得稀少，一大部分人将会有模糊不定的遗传，他们的后人也将长得很相像。

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