何凯文长难句突破讲义完整版含授课内容

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何凯文长难句突破讲义完整版(含授课内容)

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2013文都考研英语长难句精讲班讲义

第一部分方法论讲解

?英文句子阅读的实际过程是什么?

?英文mind 中文

?英中文转化过程中在句子层面的障碍

语义(词汇)

语序

句子可以是这样的:There is something by reasonof which man is man.

①Thereis something. ②Man is man by reasonof(因为)which thisthing.

世间存在一种东西,人之所以是人,就是这种东西。

?英语句子的分类:

简单句和非简单句

简单句的定义:只含有一套主谓结构的句子

?简单句的障碍来源

简单句没有障碍的情况:

1.主语+谓语

2.主语+谓语+宾语

3. 主语+谓语+双宾语4. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补

5.主语+系+表语(表语为形容词时候,表语又可以称作主语补足语)

William ,doyou takeJerry foryour lawful wife,to have and tohold,

fromthis day forward, forbetter, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in

sicknessandinhealth,until death do part you ?

简单句的障碍来源:(问题在于识别和处理)

1.定语2. 同位语 3. 插入语4. 状语

?简单句的障碍识别及处理方法

定语: 修饰和限定名词的成分;根据位置分为:前置定语;后置定语。(名字n.前后之分)

作用和识别:

前置定语(可以有多个定语)+n

Adj.物主代词;ving(单);;ved(单); n

?后置定语:

形容词短语a student unaware ofmy presence形容词+介词+名词

现在分词短语Otoman fighting with xiaoguaisou 现在分词ving+介+名;ving+名; ving+连词+句子

过去分词短语 a picture painted by Picasso ved+介+名

n. +动词不定式短语 a way tosolve thisproblemto+v(原形)

介词短语an apple on the table介+名词/(介+代代词就是代替名词的词语)

表语形容词作定语后置a cat alive 表语形容词充当定语后置

不定代词定语后置something important不定代词充当定语后置

处理:前置(翻译成中文的时候),也可以拆分,特别是后置定语较长的时候。

定语从句(不属于简单句范畴)

定语从句的作用:1,修饰和限定名词

▲2,连接两个具有共同名词的句子

3,表示因果关系

今生:.I have threebooksofwhichthe red ismy favorite.(of which叫做关系代词)

前世:①Ihavethree books. ②The red of those threebooks is my favorite .

定语从句的识别:

(基本结构)人称代词who,whom,which.that,as

名词+连接词+句子关系代词:物主代词whose

后加非完整句

定语从句的连接词:

关系连词:when,where,why,how

后加完整句

介词+关系代词(就是介词短语):as,that和who后加完整句/非完整句定语从句的处理方法:1拆分;2,找指代;3,还原

Eg1.A poemline describesafight between a Turkish andaBulgarian officeronabridge/off which they both fall intotheriver.

Eg2.Man isbornas a blank sheet of paper /on which eachculturewrites its text.

Eg3.Americaand Americans were prosperous beyond thedreams of the EuropeansandAsians whose economies the warhad destroyed. (whose 引导的定语从句后面表示因果关系)

Eg 4. The sunrisesthat looks beautiful.

练习:请将下面的两个句子用定语从句写成一个句子:

The ambitionmust be highly regarded(认同) by people/who are themselvesadmired.

The educated is notleastamong them.

The ambition must behighly regarded by people who arethemselves admired,

(The ambition must behighly regarded by people;People are admired bypeople.)Among whom educatedisnotleast .

The ambition must behighly regarded bypeople who are themselvesadmired,

(With) The educated not(being) least amongthem.独立主格结构

同位语:对一个名词或句子进行解释说明的另一个名字。

作用:为了增加句子的多样性和正式性。

识别:

处理:跳读

1 A,B,kevin,head of intelligence service(情报机关),is quiteNIU.前三种都是对名词进行说明

2 A—B—

A,B都是名字3A or B

4 句子—A这个名字A可以修饰前面句子中的一个名词,这个名字A也可以修饰前面的句子。

句子,A

5 A ofB

Eg1. TheCourt supported the medical principle of "double effect", acenturies-old moral principle(名词的修饰)

Eg2.Robots willhave to operatewith lesshuman supervisionand(并列动词做谓语will haveto)be able to make at leastafew decisionsfor themselves—goals/ that(指代goals,修饰整个句子) pose a real challenge.(句子的修饰)

A of B为同位语的条件:A为上义词,B为下义词上下义词又称为种属词,如fruit-apple ;city

-beijing

上下义词的作用:增加语言表达的多样性,增加语言表达的正式性

如,the computer上义词 the invention ;thetechnology下义词 the PC

除了定语从句中,其余句子中that 充当的是关系连词,表示只表连接,后面连接的都是完整句。

同位语从句:(不属于简单句的范畴)

作用:解释和说明前面一个名词

结构识别:

名词+连接词(只能用关系连词来充当,不能用关系代词充当,when,how,that)+句子(完整句);

名词+that+句子(完整句)

处理:从连接词处切分(连接词后)

例子:背。同位语从句

I haveadreamthat one daythis nation will rise upand live outthe truemeaning

of its creed -we holdthesetruthsto beself-evident, thatall men arecrea ted equal.

I haveadream that one day onthe red hills of Georgia, sonsof former s

laves andsons offormer slave-owners willbe able tosit downtogetherat the tableof brotherhood.

I have a dream thatone day,eventhe stateof Mississippi(同位语), a state swe

ltering with the heat of injustice(后置定语), swelteringwiththe heatofoppression(后置定语), will be transformedintoan oasis of freedom and justice.

I have a dream(省略了一个that) my four little children will one day live in anation/

(定语从句)wheretheywillnotbejudgedby the color oftheirskin but by the content oftheircharacter.

Ihave a dream today!

From I Havea Dream~ MartinLu ther King

?插入语:

作用:增加语言的表达多样性

识别:被两个逗号或者破折号隔开的成分。(任何成分都可充当插入语)

处理:跳读P8

万能插入语:

▲Ratherthan: 而不是(肯前否后)

I,rather than anyone else,am rather thanwas,the best,rather thangood,te acher,ratherthan police.

=iam thebestteacher.

?状语:状语在句子中的位置不固定。

作用:修饰和限定动词或形容词,有时也修饰整个句子(某些副词来充当的。)

例句:

She is admittedly reliable. 她是可靠的,这是被承认的。

It ispainfully apparentthat sheis a liar. 很明显她是一个骗子,这点令人痛心

He isobviously intelligent. 她非常聪明,这点很明显。

The tomato is technically(从严格的意义上来说)afruit.

从严格的意义上来说,西红柿是一个水果。

China's long-term modernization program understandably and necessarilyemp

hasizes economic growth.

中国长期现代化的羡慕强调经济的增长,这点是可被理解和必须的。

识别:尽量不把状语放在名词后

副词adv.l y结尾的,

现在分词短语

过去分词短语

过去不定式短语处理:剥离(从句子中提出来,用“这”开头)

介词短语

独立主格结构(欠)

例1:(现在分词短语,充当状语,跳读)Usingtechniques (方法)developed for theoffshoreoil and gasindustry(过去分词短语作定语修饰现在分词短语的名字做定语),theDSDP’s drillship, theGlomar Challenger(同位语。跳读), was able to maintain a steadyposition on the ocean’ssurface and drillin very deep waters(水域)(状语,跳读),extractingsamples of sedimentsand rocks from the ocean floor(状语,跳读). (From TOEFLauthentic test)

例2:Afew artcollectors---James Bowden Ⅲof Boston, William Byrdof Virgi nian, and the Aliens And Hamilton of Philadelphia---introducedEuropeanart traditions tothose colonists/privileged(过去分词,有个特权)to visit their galleries(翻译前置), especially as piringartists,and established (这里是和introduced并列的)i n their respectivecommuni tiestheidea[“动词+(介词+名1做状语)+名2”]of thevalueart and theneed for institutions制度/(省略了which are) devoted to its encouragement.(名词翻译成动词)(致力于鼓励价值艺术的制度) (FromTOEFL authentictest)

▲对一种隔离结构的强调

1.They maintain 【with a certain fidelity(忠诚)剥离】the principle of thisschool学派.

2. He elected as his primary duty and happiness in hislife the thinking activity (思维行动)aboutthe moralproblem.

动+介1+名1+介2+名2+名3

他选出了关于道德思维行动当做是他一生中最重要的责任和最大的幸福

非简单句定义:含有一套以上主谓结构的句子连接词(关联词) ?非简单句的障碍来源:拆分(找连接词),组合(区分嵌套or 并列)。简单句如何组装为非简单句。

非简单句的构成:{简1,简2,简3,...简n} 主句专一原则

?非简单句的障碍解决方案

?关联词和主句专一原则

关联词分类:

1.关系代词:,that,which,who,whom,as,what等

2.关系连词: that,when,where,why,how等主从复合句,嵌套句

3.标点符号: 冒号:和破折号—

分号;

4.并列连词:and,or,but并列句例证:主句专一原则: 1.一个句子只能有一个主

句子之间的关联方式

?1.并列

并列连词的用法

1.连接两个句子(句间的并列)

2.连接两个句中成分可以是从句也可以是短语等(句中并列),从连词后往前寻找并列成分。

3.并列连词表示并列的终结

4.并列常常引起省略(可以是省略并列成分也可以省略连词如and等)

例1.He drank beer,and it made himfat. 句间的并列

例2.(形式主语)It is a little upsettingto read that acertainline describes a fight between a Turkish andaBulgarianofficer andto find that the line consists of the noise of their fallingand the weights of the officers,"Pluff! Pluff!" A hundred andei ghty-five kilograms.(句中并列)

解析:并列成分为to read… andtofind…

例3. A and B, CandD.A和B一起,并列C和D。

如果想A,B并列C,D,中间得加连接词,此时不能再用and,可以用如:Complied with;along with;besids; inaddition to

解析:并列连词表示并列的终结就意味着:A and B 是一个并列成分和C 以及D构成并列;

例4.背

TOsee theworld in a grainof sand一沙一世界, 一花一天国And a heaven in awildflower 君掌盛无边, 刹那含永劫。

Hold infinity inthepalm of yourhand

And eternity in an hour.

例5. The love song ofthe sixth Dalai Lama

Tshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho (1683- 1707 or1746 ), was theSixth DalaiLamaof Tibet,he wasalso a well-acclaimedpoet.

That day,Iclosedmy eyesin the incensefog of theBuddha’sHall, suddenlyheardthe mantrafrom your voice;

That month, I turnedallthe prayerwheels, not formy salvation, butforthe touc hof your fingertips;

That year, Iprostrated myself along the mountain paths, not formy pilgrimage, butfor the warmth of being close to you;

That life,I turned around mountainsandrivers,Iturned around all the Pagodas,

notforearning my afterlife, buttomeetwith youin theway.

那一天,闭目在经殿香雾中,蓦然听见你颂经中的真言。

那一月,我摇动所有的转经筒,不为超度,只为触摸你的指尖。

那一年,磕长头匍匐在山路,不为觐见,只为贴着你的温暖。

那一世,转山转水转佛塔啊,不为修来生,只为途中与你相见

2.主从复合(嵌套)

主从复合句的分类:

三大从句:

名词性从句: 主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句形容词性从句:定语从句

副词性从句: 状语从句

常见的关联词: 宾语从句

只能用that引导

动词(介词)+连接词+

名词性从句:关系代词:what,who,whom,which,

关系连词:that, when,where, how,

形容词性从句:见定语从句

副词性从句:书P23

主语从句:

连接词+句子(完整句或者非完整句)+动词

It +be+形容词+连接词+句子(完/非)

It+不及物动词+连接词+句子(完/非)形式主语结构

处理:从连接词处切分(或前或后)

层次化句子阅读法:

1.层次化结构的表示形式区分分句间的关系是并列还是嵌套,一层一层的往下读。

例1:However, formanyyears,physicists thought thatatomsand molecules always were much more likely to emitlight

V.+that宾语从句

spontaneously andthatstimulated emissionthus always would bemuch weaker.

先翻译这一层:但是,很多年以来,物理学家思考了两件事情。

thatthat

第一件事情是原子和分子通常更容易自行发光,第二件受到刺激的发射通常

都更弱

例2:It appearedthat Canadawasonce morefallingin step withthe trendtowardsm

aller families / that occurred through

It+不及物动词+that 主语从句that 充当主语成分t

hat +v.

allthe Western world since the timeof the Industrial Revolution.

一件事情出现了

that

加拿大再一次朝更小家庭发展的趋势

that

这种趋势从工业革命以来就席卷了整个西方世界。(翻译:since后的提前)

例3:Thehistoryof clinical nutritionorthestudy of the relationshipbetween health andhow

thebodytakes inand

① A or B形式同位语,跳读

utilizes food substances,can be divided into four distincteras:the first began in the nineteenthcenturyand extended into

①冒号,主从复合②两个动词的并列,简单句范畴

the earlytwentieth century when itwas recognized for the first time that ①food contained constituents that②wereessential N.+when定语从句③

连词形式主语从句④代词定语从句that+be

forhuman function and that③differentfoodsprovided different amountsof these essential

表语从句

系动词+连接词+句子(完整句或

状语从句

连接词+句子(完整句),句

agents.

That+n.连词⑤

①临床营养学的历史能够被分成四个不同的阶段

冒号

②第一个阶段开始于19世纪并且延伸到20世纪早期

When ③在那个时候有两件事情第一次被认识到了,

that①that③

⑤第二件事情不同的食物必须提供必须成分的不同的量

that②(翻译时候往前倒)

④第一件事情是食物中包含有人体功能必须的成分

同位语:临床营养学是研究健康和身体如何去吸收和利用植物物质的的学科。这句话翻译放在最前面

同位语跳读插入语跳读状语从句剥离

3.完整信息链法完整主干法

缘起:

主谓隔离:主语和谓语之间常加入修饰成份;

谓宾隔离:谓语和宾语之间也常加入修饰成份;

解决之道:

1、句子开头的第一个独立名词(前面没有出现介词和关联词)就是句子的主语,应该寻找和其相对应的动词。

In the classroom, Kevin isstanding onthe stage.为独立名词。

(ThatKevinis a good man)is thetruth。That形式主语

2、动词和宾语之间的成份应该跳读。

系和表语

动词+介词1+名词1+名词2(剥离)

系+介+名+adj

例1.The fact that/artisans, who were looked onas mechanicsor skilled workers in theeighteenth century,are

主语(单数名词)

frequently consideredartists today is directly attributableto the Arts andCrafts Movementof the nineteenth

Century. 谓语(单数形式与主语相匹配)a1 b1 cb2 a2 读a1a2b1b2 c

翻译顺序CB A

匠人在18世纪被当成技工或熟练工,但是在19世纪的时候被认为艺术家,这样的事实归因于当时的工艺运动。

例2.Anyone who hashandled afossilizedboneknows that it is usually not exactly like itsmoderncounterpart,

主语谓语

the most obviousdifference beingthat it is often much heavier.

任何处理过化石骨头的人都知道,化石骨头和现在骨头不一样,最明显的就是这种骨头就是重一些。

例3 The notion that learning should have(init)an element ofinspired play would

seem【to the greaterpartof theacademic establishment】merely silly.

V+(介+代)+名这里括号为状语,拿出来

Learningshould have anelement of inspired ini t.

Seem to+ v.才搭这里to+n.

为V,+介1+名1形式【】跳读

学习应该把具有激发性的元素包含在其中,这样的理念对于大多数的学术来讲是很傻的。

非谓语动词和独立主格:

非谓语动词不做谓语的成分。

1充当主、宾语、表、同位语时,一定是动名词ving形式.。

2作定语。本质是定语从句的省略(修饰限定名词的从句才可以省略),即其句子都可以恢复成定语从句的形式。

3充当状语。两个句子主语相同,去掉一个主语,动词做相应的变化。

主动语态:am/is/are-being; was/were-havingbeen; do/does-doing;did-having done

被动语态:bedone-done否定式not 提前;注意:being 可以省略独立主格结构,两个句子主语不同,保留主语,动词做相应的变化,being可以省,也可以加上with 。

Itis hot today。Istay at home。- It beinghot today,Istayat home。

I enterthe house。 A bookis in my hand。- I enter the house,with abook(being省)in myhand。

例:President Bushcampaigned to move Social Security to a saving-accountmodel, (with)retirees trading muchor all oftheir guaranteed payments forpayments depending on investmentreturns. withN.+ving.= trade

布什总统大力的将社会保险变为储蓄模式,退休人员将大量和甚至是全部的有保障的收入换成依靠有投入的收入。

句型:trade A for B. 把A换成B。

How can you not being A know B of A? 你不是A,怎知道A的B。

非正常语序之倒装句:

?倒装句的分析方法

倒装句的定义:动词在句子中的位置和相对位置发生改变。倒装的作用是保持句子的平衡。

倒装句的分类:1部分倒装 2 完全倒装倒装句的处理流程:识别还原

部分倒装:

? 1. 部分倒装的定义/识别:助动词,系动词,情态动词被置于主语前。

2.部分倒装的还原:将助动词,系动词,情态动词还原到主语后。

完全倒装: 1.完全倒装定义:动词前后成分的位置完全倒置。

2.完全倒装的存在环境:

“主+系+表”倒装为“表+系+主”

? 3.能够在句子中充当主语和表语的成份

主语n/代词pron/todo/ +系+

ving (单数、复数) 表语 adj.

Adj短语形容词性的结构

ving短语

常见的系动词

Be,come,go,run,walk,lie,crouch,

stand, descend,ascend, become,

4.完全倒装的判断流程

Step 1 形容词性的结构和介词短语/方位副词置于句首,后紧跟系动词,可判定为倒装。

Step 2 ving置于句首后紧跟复数系动词,可判定为倒装。

Step 3ving置于句首后紧跟单数系动词,后接名词性结构,可判定为倒装。

例1:Hereinlay the beginningof turn from ignorance to denialofthe value of nutritionaltherapies in medicine.

例2:Surrounding the columnarethree sepals and three petals,sometimeseasily recognizable as such,oftendistorted

Ving+系动词复数threesepalsand three petalsare surroundingthe column,

intogorgeous, weird, butalways functionalshapes.

例3:Youngpeople inCanada ,today, married andestablished households earlierandbe gan to raise larger families than

hadtheir predecessors duringtheDepression.

例4:Basicto any understanding of Canadain the20 years after theSecond World War isthe country’s impressive

Adj+ 介+n. :形容词短语=定语从句的省略形容词短语+系动词is 倒装

populationgrowth.

Canada ' s impressivepopulationgrowth is Basic toany understanding(了解,理解) ofthe countryin the20 yearsafter the Second World War

句型:Basic to(any understanding )BisA.A是(了解)B的基础。

Statusquo现代

例5:Scattered around theglobe are morethan 100small regions of isolated volcanicactivity known to geologistsas hot spots.

例6.Adding to awoman’s increased doseof stress chemicals areherincreased“oppo rtunities”for stress.

例7:Among thespeciesofseabirds that use the windsweptcliffsto mate,layeggs, and rear their young arecommon

murres , Atlantic puffins,black-leggedkittiwakes,and northern gannets.

例8:Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained(with acertainfidelity)the techniqueand composition

That was most important,adj+系v+介+n1+n2方法和构图原则

consistent withthoseofAmerica’s first popular landscape artist,Thomas Co le, who built a career painting theCatskill

Adj +介+n, 形容词短语现在分词短语修饰career

Mountainscenery bordering the Hudson River.

例10:Indeed, had it not been for the superbpreservation ofthesefossils, theymight well

have beenclassifiedas dinosaurs.

部分倒装,if被省略, had/were提前

例11:All wouldbe well,werereason theonly judgeinthe creationismand evolut ion debate.

If被省略

Snowflakes - by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Out of the bosom of the Air, Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,

Over the woodlands

brownandbare,

Overthe harvest-fi

elds forsaken,

Silent, andsoft,and s

low

Descends the snow.

Evenas our cloudyfa

ncies takeSuddenly shapeinsome di

vine expression,

Even asthe troubled

heart doth make in the

whitecountenance confe

ssion,

The troubled sky reveals

the grief it feels.

This isthepoem of the

air,

Slowlyin silent syl

lablesrecorded;

thisis the secret of de

spair,

Longin itscloudybos

om hoarded,

now whispered and revealed

towood and field.

?强调句的分析方法

? 1.强调句的构成

It is (was) +被强调对象+that(who)+ 其他成份

时态除动词外人:that /who正常语序

的成份物:that

2.强调句的处理方法将被强调部分还原;去掉强调结构

Ii is clear thatheissmart. 形式主语It is clearly thatheis smart.强调句

例1:It was just a decadebefore this that manydrug companieshad foundtheirvitamin sales skyrocketing and

were quick to supplypracticingphysicians withgenerous samples ofvitamins andliteratureextolling the virtueof

supplementationfora variety of health-related conditions.

例2:It was she, a Baltimore printer,who published the firstofficial copies oftheDeclaration, thefirst copiesthat

includedthenamesofits signers and thereforeheraldedthesupport of all thi rteen colonies.

例3:Thus, (in the American economic system)itis the demand of individual consumers, coupledwiththe desire of 个人消费者的需求商人想最大化利益的渴望

businessmen tomaximize profits and thedesire of inpiduals to maximizetheiri ncomes, that together

个人收入最大化的渴望

determine what shall be produced and how resources areusedtoproduce it.

?省略并列引起省略

例1:It issaid thatinEngland deathis pressing, ()in Canada inevitab leand inCalifornia optional.

据说在英国死亡是迫在眉睫的,death iscanada

例2:Failinghips canbe replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataractsremoved ina30-minute surgical procedure.

例3:(As families moveawayfrom their stable community,their friends of ma ny years, their extended family

(AS引导状语),剥离

relationships,)the informal flowofinformationis cut off, andwith it the confidence ( )that information will be

非正式信息的流动就被切断了,iscut off

availablewhen neededand will be trustworthyandreliable.

句子and句子(主语),主语没有省略,宾语谓语省略,表明和前面的相同。

小结区

1、对句子的完整处理流程

五大基本句型end.

简单句动词定语

正常语序四大成分状语

动词连接词同位语

动非简单句并列省略插入语

句嵌套

子倒装

非正常语序

强调

2、强调:阅读句子时要对关联词和谓语动词敏感。

结语:句子在阅读中的地位?

extensive reading泛读:有选择的主动的阅读Intensive reading精读:扫除障碍

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