第八章 语法与翻译(1)

第八章 语法与翻译

第一节 汉英语法范畴的差异

语法与经验表达

语法范畴与词汇范畴 语言之间语法范畴的多样性

第二节 语法差异对翻译决策过程的影响

数

请为译文选择正确的表达。

对失败一方来说，讲和条件通常是苛刻的。

The (terms; term) of the peace were usually hard for the defeated side. 多年的教学经验，帮助我改变了主意。

Years of teaching (experiences; experience) has helped me to change my mind. 我想今后不会有太多的金融机构破产，也许就没有了。

I don’t expect to see too many (bankruptcy cases; bankruptcies) of financial firms in the future, and maybe there will be none.

在他的干预下，进行了不少盲目的重复建设。

Under his intervention there have been a lot of indiscriminate and duplicated (constructions; construction projects)

时与体

这一吸引人的黑白相间的动物为人们所广泛地喜爱。作为世界自然基金会（WWF）的标记，熊猫已经成为中国和国际性自然保护努力的象征。

This attractive black and white mammal has widespread human appeal and has become a symbol for conservation efforts both within China and internationally as the symbol of The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).

像这一山杜鹃花等种类为19世纪的植物学家所采集，然后运回欧洲作为园艺收藏品。 Species like this mountain rhododendron were collected by 19th century botanists and then transported back to Europe for horticultural collections. 请考虑以下两种表达方式的不同意义：（提示：出现在英语科学和工程技术等学术性论文的摘要里面）

[1] It is proposed that…

[2] It has been proposed that… 思考题：

你记得她的名字吗？我忘了。

Do you remember her name? No, I (forget; forgot). I see. I know. I understand.

到2000年，这个比例将达到92%。By 2000, the percentage _______________92%. 你没有迟到，还有三分钟。You are not late.______________________

我们一出发，天就下起雨来了。It ____________ as soon as we started out. 如果她更用功些，她就会学得更好。

She (is going to; will)do better in her studies if she works harder.

电影已经开始十分钟了。The film _____________ on for ten minutes. 已经上课十分钟了。The class _____________ for ten minutes. 那本英语书他已丢了三天了。_____________________________

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图书馆已经开门半小时了。The library _______________for half an hour. 爱迪生去世已经六十五年了。Edison _____________________ for 65 years. 中国人民不用多久就会变得富裕起来。

It won’t be long before the Chinese people ___________ well off. 我们某些产品应该说已经达到先进水平。

Some of our products ought to be said ______________advanced levels. 等我们的老师从国外回来，我们就要做完我们的工作了。

We _____________________our work by the time our teacher returns from abroad. 20年来，中国的科学家们为祖国做出了贡献。

In the past twenty years, the Chinese scientists ______________ great service to their motherland.

语态 这儿讲的是英语。

中美已经建立了外交关系。 来宾请出示入场券。

请全系教师和干部于星期三下午二时在会议室集合，听报告。 人们认为 由此可见 普遍认为 有人相信 众所周知 据说 据悉 据推测 据报导 必须指出

不用说 无可否认 已经证明 可以肯定

可以有把握地说 人们有时会问 人们希望

第三节 与语法有关的其他翻译问题

一 及物与不及物 咱们吃饭去吧。

A. Let’s go and eat.

B. Let’s go and eat our meal. 他们在读书。 A. They are reading. B. They are reading books. 我们要在音乐会上演唱。

A. We’re going to sing at the concert. B. We’re going to sing songs at the concert. 你付钱了吗？

A. Have you paid money? B. Have you paid yet?

因此在这个问题上我重复了这么多遍以后，我今天实在不想再讲了。

But after (repeating; repeating my answer; repetitions) so many times on the question, I’m really very reluctant to talk about it any more today.

在亚洲的金融风暴当中，对香港的影响在今年已经陆续显现了，尤其是在今年的上半年。

The effect on Hong Kong of the financial crisis in Southeast Asia has begun (to be shown;

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to show), especially in the first half of this year. 如果今年再提出来，我想也不会有别的结果。

If they insist on (re-submitting; re-submitting the draft) this year, I don’t see any different outcome.

二 比较句型

今年的产量比去年高。

A. This year’s output is greater than that of last year. B. This year’s output is greater than last year.

中国的人均农业土地面积比不上世界上其他许多国家。

A. China’s per Capita agricultural land cannot compare with many other countries in the

world. B. China’s per Capita agricultural land cannot compare with that of many other countries

in the world.

不会取得过去七次会议上的那种结果。

A. The outcomes would not be different from those of the previous seven times. B. The outcomes would not be different from the previous seven times. 学习外语的方法和学习游泳的方法一样，必须把实践放到第一位。

A. The way of learning foreign languages is the same as learning swimming. Practice must be put first.

B. The way of learning foreign languages is the same as that of learning swimming. Practice must be put first. 三 逐词对译与语法冲突 欢迎你参加我们商品交易会。 A. Welcome you to visit out trade fair! B. Welcome to our trade fair!

店主让我父亲一天干16个小时的活。

A. The shop-owner let father work 16 hours a day.

B. The shop-owner made father work 16 hours a day.

作为一个世界贸易组织，缺乏中国，没有中国的参加，我看他很难发挥作为一个世界贸易组织的应有作用。

A. As a world trade organization, I think, WTO without the participation of China will be hard to play its due role.

B. As a world trade organization, I think, WTO without the participation of China will find it hard to play its due role.

因为一连几天在下雨，他只得待在家里。

A. Having rained for successive days, he had to stay at home. B. As it had rained for successive days, he had to stay at home. 一到北京，我的朋友就在机场等着接我。

A. On arriving at Beijing, my friend was waiting for me at the airport. B. On arriving at Beijing, I found my friend waiting for me at the airport. 四 固定用法造成的误译 夜里下过一场雷阵雨。

There was a thunder shower (in the night; at night)

这水可以饮用吗？Is this water good (to drink; to be drunk). 安娜想明年结婚。Mary wants to (get; be) married next year. 我不怀疑你有科研工作的能力。

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I do not doubt your ability (of making; to make) scientific research. 在看到李伟的杀人行为时我感到十分震惊。

I was very much shocked at the sight of (Li Wei’s killing; Li Wei’s killing a person). 世界范围内的人均木材积蓄量将下降47%。

On the world-wide scale, the per capita timber reserve will drop (to; by; ) 47%. 五 词形变化问题

他有两个坡有说服力的理由。

A. He has two quite convinced reasons. B. He has two quite convincing reasons.

写作的技巧比起其他艺术的技巧来相当困难。

A. The technique of writing is rather difficult comparing with that of the other arts. B. The technique of writing is rather difficult compared with that of the other arts. 录音机为学习外语提供了方便。

A. Learning foreign languages has been facilitated by recording machines. B. Recording machines facilitate learning foreign languages. 4.冠词

我的热度已经退了，但仍旧咳嗽和头疼。

My fever is gone, but________________________________. 医院这间病房由史密斯医生管理。

This ward of the hospital ___________________________. 这项工程由一位有经验的工程师负责。

This project is ________________ an experienced engineer. 王老师管理这个班级。Mr Wang is _________________ the class. 他们三人主修物理学。_______________________________.

Translation from Chinese into English. 1 hour 30 minutes

Passage 1

中国进行环境信息发布时间并不长，但已取得了良好的效果。每天发布的各种信息将人们身边的环境现状以数字的形式直观地展现出来，让人们了解到环境污染与自己的生活那么近，大大增强了人们的环境意识。

环境信息的公开使人们更重视自己周边的生活环境，这对房地产业的影响尤为显著。现在国内亲水住宅日趋流行，地表水信息的公开为人们提供了了解住宅周围水质的一个渠道。凡是周边水质好的房子，销售肯定火爆。比如杭州市运河河道整治过后，本来无人问津的沿运河的房子价格立刻攀升了1/4，但房子依然供不应求，充分体现了环境信息对经济的巨大影响力。 Passage 2

皮鞋的由来

很久很久以前，人类都赤着双脚走路。有一位国王到某个偏远的乡间旅行，因为路面崎岖不平，有很多碎石头，刺得他的脚又痛又麻。回到王宫后，他下了一道命令，要将国内所有的道路都铺上一层牛皮。他认为这样做，不只为了自己，还可造福他的人民。让大家走路时不再受刺痛之苦。但即使杀尽国内所有的牛，也筹措不到足够的牛皮。这时，一位聪明的仆人大胆地向国王提出建议：“国王啊，为什么您要劳师动众，牺牲那么多头牛，花费那么多钱呢？您为何不只用两小片皮包住您的脚呢？”国王当下领悟，立刻收回成命，采用这个建议。据说，这就是“皮鞋”的由来。

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