MSW management for waste minimization in 台湾

WasteManagement26(2006)

661–667

/locate/wasman

Countryreport

MSWmanagementforwasteminimizationinTaiwan:

Thelasttwodecades

Li-TehLu

a

a,*

,Teng-YuanHsiaob,Neng-ChouShanga,Yue-HwaYua,Hwong-WenMa

a

GraduateInstituteofEnvironmentalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity,71,Chou-ShanRoad,10660Taipei,Taiwanb

DepartmentofTourismIndustry,Jin-WenInstituteofTechnology,99,Ann-ChungRoad,231TaipeiCounty,Taiwan

Accepted12October2005Availableonline7December2005

Abstract

Taiwanisthesecondmostdenselypopulatedcountryintheworld;its22.604millionresidents(2002)liveinanareaof35,967km2(628people/km2).TaiwanÕseconomyhasgrownrapidlyduringthelast20years,resultinginacorrespondingincreaseintheamountofmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW).ThisstudydescribesandevaluatesthemunicipalsolidwastemanagementsysteminTaiwan.ThestudyÕsresultsindicatethattheamountofMSWbegantodeclineafter1997,whenthegovernmentenforcedaggressiveMSWmanagementpolicies.By2002,totalMSWproductionhaddroppedby27%,andtheaveragedailypercapitaweightofMSWhadfallenfrom1.14kgin1997to0.81kgin2002.SummarizingthesuccessfulexperienceofMSWreductioninTaiwan,themostimportantfactorwasthegovernmentÕscombiningoftheMSWcollectionsystemwithreduction/recyclingprograms.Thesecondmostimportantfactorwasthepolicyofextendedproducerresponsibility,whichlaidafoundationofrecyclingbyproducersandretailersandpromotedpublicrecycling.

Ó2005ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.

1.Introduction

Municipalsolidwaste(MSW)managementisaglobalproblem.Discoveringhowtoutilizewastereductionandresourcerecyclingprogramse ectivelyhasbecomeaprior-ityinrecentyears(Annegrete,2001).Theincreasingpro-ductionofMSWhasreachedthepointatwhichchangesmustbemade,includingtheimplementationofwastemin-imizationprograms(AgapitidisandFrantzis,1998).MSWminimizationhasbeenplacedatthetopofthesolidwastemanagementhierarchy(BaiandSutanto,2002).MSW

Abbreviations:C&C,controlandcommand;DSD,dualessystemDe-utschland;EPR,extendedproducerresponsibility;GNP,grossnationalproduct;LCIA,lifecycleinventoryassessment;MSW,municipalsolidwaste;OECD,organizationforeconomiccooperationanddevelopment;PE,polyester;PET,polyethyleneterephthalate;PP,polypropylene;PS,polystyrene;PVC,polyvinylchloride;VCF,volume-basedcollectionfee.*

Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+886918135732;fax:+886223067783.E-mailaddress:luliteh@(L.-T.Lu).

0956-053X/$-seefrontmatterÓ2005ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2005.10.005

minimizationconsistsoftwobasicoperations:sourcesreductionandrecycling(Hopperetal.,1993).

ToassessMSWmanagementsystems,asimpleindicatortosimulatethee ectsofMSWmanagementsystemsacrossdi erentregionswasadopted.Assessmentofanoptimalwastedisposalsystemshouldutilizeanumberofstandardindicators(Hasomeetal.,2001).Wilson(2002)evaluatedthestrategies,systems,operations,andeconomicfactorsofMSWmanagementsystemsinothercountries.Wilsonadoptedthelifecycleinventoryassessment(LCIA)tocom-pareenvironmentalloadingsfordi erentregulationspro-posedforMSWmanagement.ChinaÕswastedisposalissuesincludesoil,air,andwaterpollution;mixed-wastecollection;impropermanagement;inadequateequipmentandtraining,andthepublicÕslackofunderstandingofthedisposalsystem(Wang,2001a).Thee ectoftheseunre-solvedissuesisthatnearlyhalfofChinaÕswasteisbeingdumpedontheoutskirtsofcities,resultinginsubstantialenvironmentalpollution(Wang,2001b).Inaddition,adescriptionandanalysisofMSWmanagementinTaiwan

662

L.-T.Luetal./WasteManagement26(2006)661–667

wasneededandfewstudiesfocusedonthisissue.ThispaperanalyzesMSWmanagementinTaiwanduringthelasttwodecades,evaluatesthepolicyofwasteminimiza-tion,andidenti esfuturechallenges.

parisonofMSWmanagementpolicybetweenTaiwanandothercountries

ReviewingtheamountsofMSWproducedinorganiza-tionforeconomiccooperationanddevelopment(OECD)countriesrevealsthattheamountofwastegeneratedpercapitaperdayinTaiwanwasbelow1kgin2000,whileinallotherOECDcountriestheamountexceeded1kg.InAsia,betweenSingapore,HongKong,SouthKorea,andTaiwan,Taiwanwasalsothelowest(OECD,2002).Fig.1,comparesMSWproductioninselectedcountriesfrom1980to2000(OECD,2002).Theresultsshowthatothercountrieshavealsoexperiencedamajorandrapidincreaseinwasteproductionoverthelast20years.Inaddi-tion,TaiwanÕsaccomplishmentsinreducingMSWareremarkablewhencomparedtoothercountries.

Table1

ComparisonoftheMSWcompositioninTaiwanandothercountriesin2000(OECD,2002;TEPA,2003)

Paper(%)

USAJapanKorea

NetherlandsHongKongSingaporeTaiwan

38332628272126

Foodandgardenwaste(%)23342539335031

Plastics(%)11137517622

Glass(%)5546317

Metals(%)8393334

Textilesandothers(%)1512291918209

Table2

ComparisonoftherecyclingsystemsofGermany,JapanandTaiwan(Chen,2003)

Germany

RecyclinglawsRecyclableitems

RecycleandWasteMaterialControlActContainers,appliances,vehicles,lubricants,batteries

Japan

Billofresourcesrecycling

Containers/packages,householdelectricalappliances,vehicles

Taiwan

WasteDisposalAct

Containers,batteries,motorcycles/automobiles,batteries,tires,lubricants,electricalappliances,computerproducts,etc.

RecyclingFundManagementBoard

StructureOrganization

ParticipationImplementation

Privatebusinessoperatesonvolunteerbasis(DualesSystemDeutshland,DSD)

ManufacturersVolunteer

GreenDotorganizationandmanufacturers

Governmentappointedprivatebusiness(JCPRA)

ManufacturerswithpermitsDrafted

Collectedbygarbagepick-up rstandthenhandedovertorecyclingcontractorsforfurtherprocessing

Paytogovernment,accordingtothepublishedrates

Governmentpaystheamount,anditwasdeterminedbyopenbid

BytheJCPRA

Draftedmandatory

Governmentwastecollectioncrews,communities,school,andrecyclingindustry

Paytothemanagementboard,accordingtoEPA-designatedratesManagementboardpaysit,

accordingtothedesignatedratesBytheneutralthirdparties;throughouttheyear

PaymentmethodsSubsidymethods

PaytheGreenDotfeetoDSDDSDpaystotherecyclingcontractors

Auditing/certi cationmethods

Bytheneutralthirdparties;onceorseveraltimesannually

L.-T.Luetal./WasteManagement26(2006)661–667

Table3

Comparisonofrecyclingtonnages,ratios,andfeesforvariousrecyclablematerialsinGermany,JapanandTaiwanin2002(Chen,2003)CountryGermanyJapanTaiwanFeeratesc

Item

Weight(103metricton)Percentage(%)Weight(103metricton)Percentage(%)Weight(103metricton)Percentage(%)GermanJapanTaiwan

Glasscontainers249993140883.358.749.72.91.2–2.71.6

Metalcontainers31411489985.261.583.910.3–2.6

Aluminumcontainers42105

144·109cansb82.811.350.027.1–1.3

663

PETbottles590a8716040.14.56122.353a25.113

abc

StatisticonPETbottlesinfactisstatisticofplasticintotal.Thealuminumcanswereaccountedbyquantity,notbyweight.Unit:NT$/kg(US$1=NT$32).

ThecompositionofMSWinTaiwanisshowninTable1(OECD,2002;TEPA,2003).Foodandgardenwastecom-prisesthehighestportion,followedbypaperandplastics.Table1alsocomparesthecompositionofMSWinTaiwanwiththecompositionsinothercountries.ThiscomparisonindicatesthatthecontributionofplasticsinTaiwaniscon-siderablyhigherthaninothercountries,almostdoublethepercentageinJapanandtheUS.

JapanandGermanyarethetwomostaggressivenationsintheworldwhenitcomestothepromotionofrecyclingandwastereduction.TaiwanfollowedGermanyÕsDualesSystemDeutschland(DSD)recyclingsystem(Vehlow,1996)andstarteditsownrecyclingprogramin1989.AcomparisonofrecyclingsystemsinJapan,Germany,andTaiwanisshowninTable2.TheresultsofthesesystemsarecomparedinTable3(Chen,2003).

3.ReviewanddiscussionofMSWmanagementinTaiwanTaiwanissmallanddenselypopulated,withover22millionpeopleinhabitingatotalareaoflessthan36,000km2.Theaveragepopulationdensitywas628peo-ple/km2in2002.Thewaste-collectioncrewswhocollectandtransportwasteinTaiwanareemployedbylocalgov-ernmentagencies.Thesecrewswerecomprisedofatotalof19,082waste-collectionemployeeswith4889garbage

Table4

ThreestagesofMSWmanagementinTaiwanStages

1981–1989(Stage1)

1990–1997(Stage2, rst-periodofMSWrecycling)

Description

trucksin2002(TCEPD,2002).Sincethe1980s,theecon-omyhasgrowndramaticallyandpercapitaincomelevelshaveriseninTaiwan.Therefore,theamountofMSWgeneratedhasclimbedconsiderably.TheaveragedailyproductionofMSWpercapitainTaiwanincreasedfrom0.63kgin1981to1.14kgin1997.TheaverageannualgrowthrateintheamountofMSWisover4.78%(TDG-BAS,2001).

3.1.StagesofMSWmanagement

DuringthelasttwodecadesinTaiwan,MSWmanage-mentcouldbeseparatedintothreestages;adescriptionofthesestagesisgiveninTable4.Generallyspeaking,therewerenopoliciesonMSWreductionfrom1981to1989inTaiwan(Stage1ofMSWmanagement).TheinitialMSWrecyclingpolicywasbegunin1990.However,thedailypercapitaproductionofMSWstillincreasedrapidlyfrom1990to1997(Stage2,the rst-periodofMSWrecy-cling).TheMSWdecreasedsigni cantlyfrom1997to2002duringthesecond-periodofMSWrecycling(Stage3).Tai-wanhadfacedtheproblemofrapidincreaseinMSWdur-ingtheprevious20years.

TheinitialworkonMSWrecyclingandreductionwasstartedbyadoptingrecyclingsystemsfromdevelopedcountries,namelybyextendingandlegislatingtherespon-

1998–2002(Stage3,second-periodofMSWrecycling)

ThewastereductionandresourcerecyclingwerenotconsideredinthestrategyofMSWmanagement.AnnualMSWgrewatanaveragerateof4.7%duringthisstage.

TheTaiwanEnvironmentalProtectionAdministration(TEPA)announcedtherequirementthatmanufacturersandretailersshouldberesponsibleforrecyclingthematerialsincludingthePETbottles,steelcans,aluminumcans,PS,PVC,PE,PP,asepticpackaging,glasscontainers,papercontainers,scraptires,

spentmercurycellbatteries,wasteagriculturalchemicalcontainers,spentlead-acidbatteries,wastelubricantoilandscrapmotorvehicles(Leeetal.,2000).

Therecyclingorganizationswereestablishedbymanufacturersandimporters,andwhichmustpaytherecyclingfeesintoarecyclingfundthatwouldbemanagedbythegovernment.(Leeetal.,1998).Inaddition,theMSWcollectionsystemandreduction/recyclingprogramswerecombinedbythegovernment.TheaveragedailypercapitaweightofMSWwasreducedfrom1.14kgin1997to0.81kgin2002duringthisstage.

664L.-T.Luetal./WasteManagement26(2006)661–667

Table5

Comparingthe rstandsecond-periodsofrecyclinginTaiwan(TEPA,2003)PeriodDurationControl

First-period:managementbymanufacturesandimporters1989–1997

Governmentindicatedthescopeofresponsibility,

recyclableitems,recyclingproceduresandannualrecyclingquota

Auditingbyrecyclingorganization;supervisedbyTEPADeterminedbyeachrespectiverecyclingorganization

Second-period:TEPARecyclingFundManagementBoard

1997todate

Governmentdesignatedbusinessestopaytherecyclingfee,whichwasmanagedbytheRecyclingFundManagementBoard

Third-partyauditorappointedbyTEPA

DeterminedbyEPA,thefeewasbasedonthematerial,Auditingandcerti cationRecyclingfeerates

sibilityofmanufacturers(theextendedproducerresponsi-bilityprogram,orEPR)(seeTable4).

Inthesecondrecyclingperiod,theimportantchangesinvolvedamodi cationoftheEPRsystemof rst-periodMSWrecycling.Speci cally,manufacturerswerenolongerdirectlyinvolvedinrecycling.TheywererequiredtopaydisposalfeeswhoseratesweresetbytheTaiwanEnviron-mentalProtectionAdministration(TEPA).TheTEPAcombinedtherecyclingorganizations,whichhadoriginallybeenestablishedbymanufacturersandimporters.There-fore,thegovernmentbecamedirectlyinvolvedinrecyclingmanagement.Table5presentsacomparisonofthe rstandsecondstagesofrecycling.3.2.TrendsinMSWgeneration

StatisticsonMSWcollectedoverthelast5yearsrevealthatthedailypercapitaproductionofMSWfellfrom1.14kgin1997to0.81kgin2002,analmost30%reductioninthedailyproductionofMSW(Fig.2).

Theoretically,basedontheaverage3%rateofincreaseinMSWduringthesecondstageofMSW( rst-periodofrecycling),theproductionofMSWshouldhavereached1.33kg/capita/dayby2002inTaiwan.However,thedaily

volume,weightandrecyclingvalues

percapitaproductionofMSWwasactually0.81kg/capita/dayin2002.Therefore,theMSWreductionwas0.50kg/capita/dayandthereductionrateofMSWwas37%.Inaddition,Fig.2showsageneralcorrelationbetweenthebudgetforMSWandtheGNPfrom1985to1997.Thecor-relationbetweenaveragepercapitaGNPandamountofrefusecollectedandtransportedoverthethreestagesofMSWinTaiwanisshowninFig.3.TheresultsrevealthatthereishighpositivecorrelationinStages1and2,butnotinStage3.TheorientationofMSWgrowthwasconvertedin1997andMSWcouldbee ectivelyreducedandcon-trolledduringthesecond-periodofrecycling.

ThebudgetforMSWcontinuedtogrowafter1997eventhoughTaiwanÕsGNPslowed.Thekeypointofthisdramaticchangeistherecyclingfeecollectedfromman-ufacturers:withtherecyclingfund,thegovernmentbecameabletoundertakewastereductionandrecyclingactivities.Before1997,TaiwanÕsgovernmentlackedsu -cientfundstoperformtherequiredwastereductionandrecyclingactivitiesandwasonlyabletoprovideforthecollection,transportation,andtreatmentofMSW.How-ever,after1997policieschanged:althoughthegrowthofGNPslowed,thebudgetforMSWcollectionincreasedby2–3billionNTdollars(US$1=NT$32)everyyear.TaiwanÕsgovernmentstartedperformingwasterecyclingandreductionwork,resultinginadecreaseintheamountofMSW.Wecanthereforeinferthatbecause

L.-T.Luetal./WasteManagement26(2006)661–667665

ofthewastereductionpolicythatbeganin1998,theMSWbudgetincreasedandtheamountofMSWdecreased,inspiteofthefactthatGNPgrowthslowed.IncreasedbudgetsandadecreasingamountofMSWattesttothegovernmentÕsdedicationtoimprovingrecy-clingduringthisperiod.

ThereasonswhythepolicyofMSWreductionwassuc-cessfulcanbelistedasfollows:

1.Mandatorywasterecyclingbylaw(describedinnextsection).

2.Mandatoryparticipationoflocalgovernmentwastecol-lectioncrewsinrecycling(describedinnextsection).3.Citizensbeganplacingtheirwastedirectlyintogarbagetrucks.Thetrucksstopatdesignatedpointsatdesig-natedtimes,allowingthepublictothrowwastedirectlyintothetrucks.Itwasthisnewmethodthatfacilitatedthesimultaneouscollectionofrecyclablewasteandgeneralwaste.Moreover,citizenscouldreducewasteontheirown.Thissystem rstoperatedinTaipeiin1996,andwasadoptedintherestofthecountryby1998.

3.4.Mandatoryparticipationoflocalgovernmentwaste-collectioncrewsinrecycling

Since,thewaste-collectioncrewsofthelocalgovern-mentwereresponsibleforthecollection,transportation,andrecyclingofTaiwanÕsMSW,theTEPAuseditsrecy-clingfundtosubsidizetherecyclingwork.TheTEPApur-chasedtherecyclingtrucksthatthelocalgovernmentsused.Thesetrucksaccompaniedthegarbagetruckssothattherecyclablewastecouldbecollectedatthesametime.Thenumberofrecyclingtrucksoperatedbythelocalgov-ernmentwaste-collectioncrewswas2050in2002.Thelocalgovernmentshadsetup263storagesitesforrecyclablewaste.Eachlocalgovernmentdispatchedthecrewstopickuptherecyclablewastetwiceaweek.Theamountofrecy-clablewastecollectedbythewaste-collectioncrewsoflocalgovernmentwas584,330tonsin2001,whichamountedtomorethan55%ofthetotalrecyclingamount(seeTable6).3.5.Theevaluationofmanagementpolicyindi erentstagesofMSW

Theenvironmentalmanagementtoolsduringthevari-ousstagesofMSWinTaiwanaresummarizedinTable7.NumerousenvironmentalmanagementstrategieshavebeeninstitutedinTaiwan.Thewastereductionandrecy-clingmanagementworkhasreliedonthem.Inchronolog-icalorder,themanagementstrategieswereenvironmentaleducation,EPR,controlandcommand(C&C),andtheuseofeconomicincentivestoachieveitsgoalofMSWreduction.Adetaileddescriptionfollows:

1.Thesettingupofnumerousrecyclingsitesandthepro-motionoftheconceptofrecyclingtothepublic(envi-ronmentaleducation).

2.Restrictionsontheuseofdisposabledishes,andencour-agementofthepublictodevelopthehabitof‘‘wastenot,wantnot’’topromotewastereductionandrecy-cling(environmentaleducation).

3.Collectingrecyclingfeesfrombusinessesandapplyingthemtocallattentiontorecyclingwork(EPR).

4.Mandatingthatwaste-collectioncrewsofthelocalgov-ernmentperformwasterecyclingandreductionwork(C&C).

5.Mandatingpublicparticipationinrecyclingandrefusingtocollectwastefromthosewhodonotcooperateinsortingandrecycling(C&C).

3.3.Mandatorywasterecyclingbylaw

Thelocalgovernmentissuedo cialannouncementstofollowmandatorywasterecyclingaccordingtotheWasteDisposalAct.TheActrequiredthepublictotakeitsrecy-clablewastetowaste-collectioncrewsorscrapprocessors.InaccordancewithArticle23,Paragraph2oftheWasteDisposalAct,peoplewhothrewoutrecyclablewastewithgeneralwastewouldbe nedNT$1200–6000(US$1=NT$32),andthewaste-collectioncrewscouldalsorefusetoacceptthesemixedwastes.

TheTEPAoncemorerevisedthemandatoryrecyclingsystemoftheWasteDisposalAct.Newamendmentsmadeitmandatoryforwaste-collectioncrewstorecycle12gen-eralwasteitems.Thewaste-collectioncrewswererequiredtosorttheserecyclableitemsandwereprohibitedfromdis-posingtheseitemswithgeneralwaste(seenextsection).Theearningsfromrecyclingwerethenusedtorewardtheorganizationgroups,communities,andcollectioncrewswhichpromotedtherecyclingprogram.TheprincipleofrewardsandpunishmentwastoencouragethepublictoparticipateintheimplementationoftheMSWsortingandrecyclingactivities.

Table6

WastereductionandrecyclinginTaiwan(TEPA,2003)Year

Totalrecycling(tons)

Recyclingbylocalgovernmentwaste-collectioncrews(tons)Totalrecyclingrate(%)

Recyclingratebylocalgovernmentwaste-collectioncrews(%)TotalMSWquantity(tons)DailypercapitaMSW(kg)

1996–––––1.135

1997–

106,201––

8,880,7791.143

1998426,793129,1554.591.25

8,880,4871.135

1999637,351215,8646.881.94

8,565,7001.082

2000855,675477,8569.785.75

7,880,6370.977

20011,055,055584,33012.727.47

7,258,2360.893

2002––15.50–

6,764,9680.806

666L.-T.Luetal./WasteManagement26(2006)661–667

Table7

SummarizingtheenvironmentalmanagementtoolsduringthevariousstagesofMSWmanagementinTaiwanPeriod

MSWrapidgrowthperiod(1981–1989)

EnvironmentalmanagementtoolsValuablewasteisrecycledthroughmarketmechanisms;noenvironmentaltoolsimplemented(scrapcollectionsystem)Extendedproducerresponsibility(scrapcollectionsystem)

Recyclingenvironmentaleducation

ExtendedproducerresponsibilityRecyclingenvironmentaleducationCommandandcontrol

Mandatoryrecyclingbypublic

MandatoryrecyclingbywastecollectioncrewsExtendedproducerresponsibilityRecyclingenvironmentaleducationCommandandcontrol

PlasticbaguserestrictionprogramMandatoryrecyclingbypublic

MandatoryrecyclingbywastecollectioncrewsMandatorykitchenwasterecyclingEconomicincentive

Volume-basedcollectionfeesystem

Achievements

None;MSWvolumegrowsbyaverageof4.7%annually

Firstrecyclingperiod(1990–1997)

AverageannualgrowthrateforMSWdropsto3%MSWvolumedeclinesby30%;dailypercapitavolumefallsfrom1.143kgin1997to0.806kgin2002.

Secondrecyclingperiod(1998–2002)

MSWzero-wasteperiod(2003–2020)

Forecasted70%reductioninMSWvolumefrom1998to2020.

6.Settinguprestrictionsontheuseofplasticbags(C&C).7.Implementationofkitchen-wasterecycling(C&C).

8.Introductionofavolume-basedcollectionfeesystem(economicincentive).TheVCFsystemreducedtheaveragedailyMSWamountfromthe3695tonsin1999to2649tonsin2002,resultinginawastereductionrateof28.3%andanincreaseintherecyclingratefrom2.3%to23.0%.4.Thewayforward

3.6.Volume-basedcollectionfee(VCF)system,beguninTaipeiCityinJuly2000

Thevolume-basedcollectionfee(VCF)systembeganoperatinginTaipeiCityinJuly2000.Thissystemman-datedthatwaste-collectionfeesbepaidbycitizens.Thesefeesrepresentapolluter-paysystem.Inthepast,TaipeiCityassessedwaste-collectionfeesbasedonhouseholdwaterusageatarateofNT$4(US$1=NT$32)foreachtonofwaterused.Althoughthissystemwasconvenient,becauseoftheindirectrelationshipbetweenwasteproduc-tionandwaterusage,itwasnotparticularlyfair.More-over,thefeewasnotreducedforthosewhoreducedtheirwaste,soindividualcitizenscouldnotbene tdirectlybyreducingtheamountofwastetheygenerated.Toeliminatethisshortcoming,theTaipeiCitygovernmentintroducedaVCFsystemanddiscontinuedthewater-fee-basedsystemonJuly1,2000.UndertheVCFsystem,citizenspurchaseanEnvironmentalProtectionBureau-authorizedgarbagebagforthedisposalofgeneralwaste.Thesebagsareeasilypurchasedatstoresthroughoutthecity.Penaltiesforthosewhomanufacturepiratedwastebagsincludepossibleprisonsentences.Citizensbene tdirectlybyreducingwasteandrecycling.Recyclablewasteisseparatedfromgeneralwastewhilegeneralwasteisdisposedofinthedesignatedwastebags.Thepriceof1kgpay-by-bag(mass-based)cur-rentlyisNT$0.45(US$1=NT$32)inTaipeiCityÕsVCFsystem.

TaiwanÕsgovernmenthascontinuedtosetnewpoliciesregardingMSWmanagement.TheseincludeimposingfeesforMSWcollectionandtreatmentafter2000,limitingtheuseofplasticbags,andimplementingkitchen-wasterecy-clingprograms.Theo cialplanistoachievethegoalof‘‘zeroMSW’’by2020.Therearestillagreatmanychal-lengesinthefutureofMSWtreatmentinTaiwan,asspec-i edbelow.

4.1.Plasticbaguserestrictionprogram(Begunin2003)Asameansofpromotingsimplerlivingandgraduallyalteringthethrow-awayconsumerhabitsofthepublic,Tai-wanchosetotryandreducetheuseofplasticshoppingbagsanddisposabledishes.Asustainable-resourceper-spectivepreferswastereductionwherewasteisproduced.Theplasticbagrestrictionprogramhasbeenimple-mentedpursuanttothe‘‘userestriction’’clauseofArticle21oftheWasteDisposalAct.Thisprogramrestrictstheuseofplasticshoppingbagsandplasticdisposabledishesoveranumberofstages.Itreliesprimarilyonincentivesandsecondarilyonsubsidiestoencouragebusinessestointroducereusableshoppingbagsanddishes.

TheprogramÕstargetistoreducetheamountofplasticbagsproducedandconsumedby20,000tonsannually,acurrentusage-ratereductionofapproximately31%,andtoreducetheamountofplastic(includingpolystyrene)dis-

L.-T.Luetal./WasteManagement26(2006)661–667667

posabledishesproducedandconsumedby12,000tonsannually,areductionincurrentusageratesofroughly28%.

4.2.Foodandgardenwasterecycling

Statisticsfor2002showthatoftheaverage18,421tonsofMSWcollecteddailyinTaiwan,foodandgardenwastecomprisesroughly25%,orapproximately4500tons.Atrialfood-andgarden-wasterecyclingprogramwasstartedin2000.With24countiesandcities,and100townshipsparticipatinginthisprogram,bytheendof2003theamountoffoodandgardenwastecollecteddailyhadalreadyreached300tons(accountingfor6.7%oftherecy-clingtonnage).Reuseofthiswasteincludespigfeed(accountingfor68%ofcollectedfoodwaste)andcompo-sting(accountingfor32%).Thisfood-wasterecyclingpro-gramisexpectedtobeimplementedthroughoutallofTaiwanby2004andtheamountoffoodandgardenwasterecycledisforecasttoaccountfor17%ofthetotalwastetonnagecollectedby2020.

4.3.ThegoalofzerowasteforMSW

AsresourceshavebecomescarcerandMSWdisposalcostshavecontinuedtoclimb,Taiwanhasgraduallyturnedtosourcereductionandrecyclingtoreplaceitsfor-mer‘‘end-of-pipe’’wastedisposalmethods.AtpresentTai-wanisaggressivelyformulatingwastereductionandrecycling/reuseprogramstoachieveitsgoalofestablishingazero-wastesociety.

ZerowasteforMSWmeansnomoreland llsfor naldisposalofrawMSWbutratherutilizingmethodsofsourcereductionandresourcerecycling.In1998,MSWcollectedinTaiwanreached8.88milliontons,whilerecy-clablewastecollectedwas0.55milliontons,atotalof9.43milliontons.Takingthese1998 guresasitsstartingpoint,TaiwanaimstoreducethetotalamountofrawMSWby25%by2007,40%by2011,and70%by2020.Waysofachievingthisgoalarerelatedtorecyclingandreuseprograms.5.Conclusion

Thefollowingconclusionscanbedrawnfromthefore-goinganalysis.TaiwanexperiencedarapidgrowthinGNPandasteadyincreaseinMSWproductionbeginningin1982.Priorto1989TaiwanÕsMSWmanagementstrat-egyfocusedonwastedisposal.However,thiswasine ec-tiveinrestrainingthemarkedgrowthrateofwasteproduced.In1989,TaiwanbegantopromoteMSWrecy-

clingwithanemphasisonavoidanceandreduction.Asaresultofe ectivemanagement,thegrowthofwastepro-ductionwascontrolled.

Themandatoryparticipationofthepublicinwasterecy-clingwasanimportantfactorinTaiwan.Wehaveseensuc-cessfulresultsofthewastereductionsystemaftertheMSWcollectionsystemwascombinedwiththerecyclingsystembythegovernmentduringthesecond-periodofrecycling(1998–2002).References

Agapitidis,I.,Frantzis,I.,1998.Apossiblestrategyformunicipalsolid

wastemanagementinGreece.WasteManagementandResearch16(3),244–252.

Annegrete,B.,2001.Factorsin uencingsolidwastegenerationand

management.JournalofSolidWasteTechnologyandManagement27(3/4),156–162.

Bai,R.,Sutanto,M.,2002.Thepracticeandchallengesofsolidwaste

managementinSingapore.WasteManagement22,557–567.

Chen,H.-W.,2003.CurrentStatusandFutureProspectsofResource

RecyclinginTaiwan,Proceedingsofthe7thInternationalSymposiumonEastAsiaResourcesRecyclingTechnology,pp.17–22.

Hasome,H.,Tachio,K.,Yokota,I.,Nitta,Y.,2001.Studiesonthe

evaluationofmunicipalwastemanagementsystems.WasteManage-mentandResearch19,2–11.

Hopper,J.R.,Yaws,C.L.,Ho,T.C.,Vickhailak,M.,1993.Waste

minimizationbyprocessmodi cation.WasteManagement13(3).Lee,C.-H.,Chang,C.-T.,Tsai,S.-L.,1998.Developmentandimplemen-tationofproducerresponsibilityrecyclingsystem.Resources,Conser-vationandRecycling24,121–135.

Lee,C.-H.,Chang,S.-L.,Wang,K.-M.,Wen,L.-C.,2000.Management

ofscrapcomputerrecyclinginTaiwan.JournalofHazardousMaterialsA73,209–220.

OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD),

2002.EnvironmentData:Compendium2002.Availablefrom:<>.

TCEPD(TheTaiwanCouncilforEconomicPlanningandDevelopment),

pilationofUrbanandRegionalDevelopmentStatistics(inChinese).Availablefrom:<http://www.cepd.gov.tw>.

TDGBAS(TheTaiwanDirectorateGeneralofBudget,Accountingand

Statistics),2001.ROCSocialIndicatorStatistics(inChinese),p.12,pp.110–111.

TDGBAS(TheTaiwanDirectorateGeneralofBudget,Accountingand

Statistics),2002.ROCSocialIndicatorStatistics(inChinese),p.12,pp.110–111.

TEPA(TheTaiwanEnvironmentalProtectionAdministration),2003.

WorkingPlanfortheAssessmentandEvaluationofWasteDisposalPolicies(inChinese).EPA-91-H101-02-207.

Vehlow,J.,1996.MunicipalsolidwastemanagementinGermany.Waste

Management16(5/6),367–374.

Wang,H.,2001a.Remedialstrategiesformunicipalsolidwastemanage-mentinChina.JournaloftheAirandWasteManagementAssocia-tion,264–272.

Wang,H.,2001b.Municipalsolidwastecharacteristicsandmanagement

inChina.JournaloftheAirandWasteManagementAssociation,250–263.

Wilson,E.J.,2002.Lifecycleinventoryformunicipalsolidwaste

management.WasteManagementandResearch20,16–22.

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/z1im.html