2012届高考英语语法精讲精练教师版（第八讲情态动词和虚拟语气

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本资料来自于资源最齐全的２１世纪教育网www.21cnjy.com

情态动词表示说话人的语气和情绪，本身词义不全，不能单独作谓语，后面必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，有的情态动词有过去式。常见的情态动词有can, could, may, might, must, have to, shall, should, will, would, ought to, need, dare等。

（一）can和could

1.表示体力或脑力(知识、技能)所产生的能力。

He could read books in English when he was only five.他只有五岁的时候就会读英文书籍了。 2.表示客观的可能性 Anybody can make mistakes.任何一个人都有可能犯错误。 3.表示请求建议，用could 比 can语气更委婉 (回答用原形) Could you be here at eight o’clock tomorrow morning?你可不可以明天上午8点钟来这儿呢？ 4.表示允许、许可，用could 比 can更委婉客气。 Could/Can I borrow your reference books?我可以借用一下你的参考书吗？

1.否定句、疑问句和感叹句中，表示怀疑、惊异、不相信的态度。 Can it be true? 难道这是真的？

You can't be serious! 你怕不是在开玩笑吧！

Oh, dear, what on earth can this mean? 哎呀，亲爱的，这究竟是意味着什么？ 2.表示“经过努力后终于能??”用be able to

The fire spread the building quickly but everybody was able to escape. 大火迅速蔓延到整幢大楼，但大家都逃了出来。注意：be able to比can有更多的形式变化

When he grows up, he will be able to support his family.他长大后就能养家了。

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Frank is ill. He hasn't been able to go to school for one week.弗兰克病了，已经一周没去上学了。

I'm sorry for not being able to help you in time.对不起，不能及时帮你的忙。 3.惯用形式“can not (can't)…too/over/enough”。表示“无论怎么??也不(过分)”，用来加强语气

You can not be too careful.你无论怎么小心都不为过（你越小心越好）。 4.can not but do sth. 不得不；只好。

I couldn’t but choose to wait.我只好选择等待。

（二）may和might

1.表示允许、请求。

“Might I…？”比“May I…？”语气更为委婉和有礼貌。对于“Might I …？”的回答用“… may”；

“May I …？”的否定回答常用“… mustn’t / can’t” — May I watch TV after supper? 晚饭后我可以看电视吗？ — Yes, you may.可以。

或No, you may not.不，不可以。或You mustn't.绝对不可以。

2.表示可能性，表示“或许”，“大概”。用于肯定句或否定句中，用might 比 may语气更加不肯定。

He may be very busy these days.这些天也许他很忙。 He might come tomorrow.明天他也许要来的。

1.惯用形式 may (might)as well＋动词原形：不妨做……

If that is the case, we may as well try.如果情况是这样的话，我们不妨试试看。 2.表示祝愿may而不用might。采用部分倒装语序：may＋主语＋动词原形＋??！ May the friendship between our two peoples last forever! 祝愿我们两个民族的友谊源远流长！

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3.may或might可和as well连用，表示“建议”，译为“还是??的为好”

You may as well keep a certain distance from that mad man. 你们还是离那疯子远点为好。 You might as well go home now.你还是现在回家为好。

（三）must和have to

[来源:21世纪教育网]

1.must 表示“必须”。强调主观看法，只有现在时形式，否定式是must not/mustn’t，表示“禁止、不准”。

Everybody must obey the rules. 人人都得遵守规则。

You mustn't speak like that to your mother. 不准你那样对你母亲说话。 — Must I be home before eight o'clock? 八点之前我必须回家吗？ — Yes, you must.是的，必须的。

— No, you needn't./No, you don't have to.不，没必要/不必啦。 2.must表示有把握的推测，意为“一定，肯定”，用于肯定句中。 You must be hungry after the long walk.跑了这么远的路，你一定是饿了。 Home cooking must be more delicious.家常菜一定更可口。

3.have to表示“必须，不得不”，着重强调客观需要，能用于更多时态(过去式和将来式)。 The students today will have to know how to use computers.现在的学生必须懂得如何使用电脑。

As he had his leg broken, he had to lie in bed.由于腿断了，他不得不躺在床上。

1.must 还表示主语主观的坚持，有“偏偏，偏要，一定要”之意 If you must know how old I am, I tell you that I’m twice my son’s age. 如果你一定要知道我多大年龄的话，我告诉你我是儿子年龄的两倍。 2.must表示推测时的否定式是“can’t”翻译为“不可能” Michael ______be a policeman, for he’s much too short. A. needn’t

B. can’t

C. wouldn’t D. mustn’t

（四）will和would

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1.用于各种人称，表示意愿或决心。will指现在，would则指过去 I will do my best to help you.我愿意尽力帮助你。

They said that they would help us.他们说他们愿意尽力帮助我们。

2.用于第二人称的疑问句中表示有礼貌的询问和请求，would 比 will更委婉。其回答用“will”

—Would you pass me the book?请把那本书递给我，好吗？ —Yes, I will.好的。

Will you please give him a message when you see him? 你见到他时给他带个口信，好吗？ 3.表示习惯性、经常性、倾向性，意为“总是”，“惯于”。 will指现在，would指过去。 Fish will die without water.鱼儿离开了水会死亡的。

He would come to see me on Sunday when he was in Beijing.他在北京的时候，每逢星期日他常来看我。

The wound would not heal.伤口老是不能愈合。

would 与used to 的区别：

1.used to表示过去的某种习惯，现在已经没那样的习惯了；would 表示过去有某种习惯，不与现在对比

We would sit in the yard every evening and listen to his story. (过去会这样，不与现在对比) We used to sit in the yard every evening and listen to his story. (过去是这样的，但现在不这样了)

2.表示过去的状态，只能用used to，不能用would

There used to be a park here.这儿过去有个公园。（言下之意：现在没有了）

（五）shall, should和ought to

1.shall用于第一、第三人称作主语的疑问句中，表示征求对方（听话者）的意见 What shall we do this evening? 我们今天晚上做什么呢？ Shall he come in? 他可以进来吗？

2.should 表示“应该”，表义务，责任，也可表示劝告，建议

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You should keep your promise.你应该信守诺言。

3.should表示按常规、常理推测，意为“可能”或“应该” They should arrive by one o’clock.到了一点钟，他们该回来了。

4.提出意见、请求、建议时，可用should表示委婉、谦逊的语气，意为“可”，“倒是” I should think you are mistaken.我倒是认为你弄错了。

5.ought to表示责任和义务，意为“应该”，语气比 should强；还可表推测

You ought to obey your parents when they are right.父母亲对的时候，你就该服从他们。 You have practiced for a long time. There ought to be no difficulty for you. 你练了那么长时间了，对你来说，应该没有什么困难了。

1.shall用于第二、三人称表示“警告、命令、允诺、威胁”等 You shall fail if you don’t work harder.你不更加努力工作，你就不会成功。（警告） You shall have the book when I finish reading.我读完了，你就可以拿走这本书。（允诺） He shall be punished.他一定会遭到惩罚。（威胁）

2.Why/How ＋should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解、感到意外、惊异等意思，意为“竟会”。 Why should you be so late? 你今天来得怎么这么晚？ How should I know? 我怎会知道！(意为：我不知道。)

(六)need

need作情态动词表示“需要”，“必要”。通常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句中，且只有现在时，其他

时态用“have to”的相应形式代替

You needn't come tomorrow. 你明天没必要来了。 — Need he come now? 他现在就需要来吗？

— Yes, he must. 是的，必须来。/ No, he needn't / he doesn't have to.不必啦。

1.“Must…？”一般疑问句的否定回答要用：No, …needn't.

— Must I finish my homework now? 我现在就必须把作业做完了？

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— No, you needn’t.不，不必啦.

2.need还可以用作行为动词，其变化和一般的动词相同。若主语为动作承受者时用动词主动形式表示被动意义或用不定式的被动形式。 We need to have a rest.我们需要休息一下。

The house needs repairing.=The house needs to be repaired.这栋房子需要修理。

(七)dare

dare作情态动词表示“敢于”，用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。 She dare not go there.她不敢去那儿。

How dare he do such a thing? 他怎么敢做重要的事呢？

If he dare come, I will kick him out. 如果他胆敢来，我就把他踢出去。

1.惯用短语“I dare say”意为“我敢说、我想、或许”。 I dare say he is right.我敢说他是对的。

2.dare还可以用作行为动词，其变化与一般动词相同。 The girl didn't dare to go home.那个女孩不敢回家。 Do you dare to jump into the ocean? 跳进海洋里，你敢吗？【注意】在否定句中时，dare后的“to＋动词原形”可以省略to。 I don't dare (to) ask her. 我不敢问她。

(八) can ,may ,must皆可用来表示推测

1.在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上“must”语气最肯定，“may”表示的是事实上的可能性。

2.在否定句中只能用“can和may”。所以“can’t”（不可能）语气比“may not”（可能不、也许不）更强。

3.在疑问句中只能用“can”，不能用“may和must”。 ①Peter ______come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet. A. must

B. may

C. can

D. will

②Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any times.

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Michael ______be a policeman, for he’s much too short. A. needn’t

B. can’t

C. should

D. may

③He may be very busy now. → Can he be very busy now? He must be very busy now. → Can he be very busy now?

④They can’t be cleaning the room now. 他们现在不可能在打扫房间。注意：could ,might 表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can ,may。

(九)情态动词+have done的用法

1.could+have done：过去本可以做而实际上未能做

You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best. 你本来能做得更好的，但你没有尽力。

2.cannot+have done：表示对过去行为的否定推测

He cannot have been to that town. 他不可能去过那个小镇。

3.can+主语+have done：（用于疑问句）表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定 Can he have got the book? 他可能得到那本书了吗？ 4.might(may)+ have done：对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测 He may not have finished the work. 他可能没有完成工作。 If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier. 如果我们走另一条路，我们可能更早地到达了。

5.must+have done：对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。其否定式为：cannot have done You must have seen the film. 你肯定看过那部电影。 You cannot have seen the film. 你不可能看过那部电影。 6.needn’t+have done：本来不必要做的而实际上又做了

You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.你本没必要浇花的，因为就要下雨了。

注意：didn’t need to(have to)do :没有必要做而实际上也没有做

I didn’t need to clean the windows. My sister did it 2 hours ago.我没必要擦窗户。我姐姐两小时前刚擦过。

7.should(ought to)+ have done：本来应该做而实际上又没有做。其否定形式表示某种行为不该发生却发生了。

You should have started earlier, but you didn’t. 你应该早点开始的，但是你没有。

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She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape, for I wanted to use it.

他本不应该拿走我的字典的，因为我现在需要它。

（一）“if”虚拟条件句

主从句谓语动词的构成情况与现在事实相反与过去事实相反与将来事实相反从句谓语动词的构成过去式（be用were） had+过去分词过去式 should+动词原形 were+不定式注意：从句中的should可用于各种人称，且不可以被would所代替。 If he were here, he would help us.如果他在这里，他会帮助我们的。 If I had been free at that time, I would have visited you.如果那时我有空的话，我就拜访你了。 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.如果明天下雨的话，我们就不去野营。 should/would/could/might+动词原形主句谓语动词的构成 should/would/could/might+动词原形 should/would/could/might +have+过去分词（二）省略“if”的虚拟条件句将虚拟条件从句中的“were，had，should”放到主语之前，构成部分倒装 Should he come, tell him to ring me up.如果他来，告诉他让他给我打电话。 Were I you, I would not do it.如果我是你，我就不做。 Had I been free, I would have visited you.如果我有空的话，我就拜访你了。

（三）混合虚拟条件句

1.不同时间的虚拟，遵守相应的规则

If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.

要是他听了我的话，现在就不会有麻烦了。（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反）

If he had told me yesterday, I should know what to do now.

要是他昨天告诉我了，我就知道现在做什么了。（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事

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实相反）

If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.

如果我是你，我就去参加他的生日聚会了。（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反）

2.虚拟与陈述的混合，遵守相应的规则

He could have passed the exam, but he wasn’t careful enough. 他本来能通过考试的，但他不够细心。

You should have come earlier. The bus left a moment ago. 你应该早一点来的，汽车刚走一会儿。

（四）含蓄虚拟条件句：即不用“if”而用其它形式给出虚拟条件 1.用“but for+名词”表示虚拟条件

—Did you make it at last? 你们最后成功了吗？

—Yes. But for your help, it would have caused a serious loss.成功了，要不是你的帮助，我们的损失就大了。

2.用“without+名词”表示虚拟条件

Without electricity, human life would be quite different today. 如果没有电的话，人类今天的生活就会大为不同。

3.用“动词不定式”表示虚拟条件

It would be only partly right to follow in this way. 如果这样做，仅仅对了一半。

4.用“现在分词”表示虚拟条件

Having known in time ,we might have prevented the accident. 要是及时得知的话，我们也许能阻止这场事故。

5.用“过去分词”表示虚拟条件

Given more attention, the tree could have grown better.如果多留心的话，这树本来可以长的更好。

6.用“副词otherwise”表示虚拟条件

I was too busy at that time. Otherwise, I would have called you.我当时太忙，否则我就给你打电话了。

7.用“连词but连接的句子”表示隐含的虚拟条件

He _________fatter but he eats too little.

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A. would become B. would have become C. must become D. must have become

【解析】答案为A。从后句“但是他吃得太少”来看，隐含着虚拟即：如果他吃得多点，就会胖些了。

（五）特殊句式虚拟结构

1.suggest, order, propose, request, require, demand, advise, insist+ 宾语从句(should )do

He suggested that we (should)not change our mind.他建议我们不要改变主意。 He insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.他坚持要到南方去工作。

注意：当suggest表示暗示，insist表示坚持观点，事实时，后接的宾语从句应当用真实语气。

His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默说明了他同意我的决定。 He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s health.他坚持认为做早操对人的身体有益。

2.It is suggested/advised/ordered/requested/required…+ that从句(should) do

It is suggested that more students should go to university.有人建议应该有更多的学生去上大学。

3.My advice/suggestion/request/requirement/order/proposal…+ is +表语从句(should)do

My advice is that you should practice speaking English as often as possible. 我的建议是有应该尽可能多地练习说英语。

4.His suggestion/advice/request/requirement…+ 同位语从句(should )do+ is..

The request that they should get more is reasonable.他们得到更多的要求是合理的。

5.It is natural/necessary/strange +that从句 (should) do表惊奇、怀疑、惋惜、不满、理应如此等。

It’s strange that he should have missed the train. 真奇怪，这样的一个人竟然是我们的朋友。（表竟然）

It is important that we should learn from others.重要的是我们理应向他人学习。（表理应如此）

It is a pity that he should not go with us.真遗憾，他不肯跟我们一起走。(表惋惜)

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6.wish + that clause (did/were 与现在相反)

wish + that clause (would/could/might + do与将来相反) wish + that clause ( had done 与过去相反)

I wish I were a doctor. 我希望我是个医生就好了。(现在) I wish that the rain would stop. 我希望雨能停下来。(将来)

I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it. 我希望他不要把事情搞大了。(过去)

7.It is (high) time + 从句(did或should do )

It is (high) time we went/should go home. 我们真该回家了。

8.would rather + 从句 (did 与现在或将来相反)；（had done 与过去相反）

I would rather you came tomorrow. 我宁愿你现在呆在家里。

I would rather you hadn’t told her the news.我宁愿你没有把这个消息告诉她。

9.省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知

①省去条件从句

You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。

（省去了“If you had wanted to”，事实是：你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。） ②省去主句(常用以表示愿望) If only + 从句 ( did/were与现在相反)/ (would/could/might + do与将来相反) /( had done 与过去相反) “要是??就好了” If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世了。)

If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。) If only he would come tomorrow!要是他明天能来该多好啊！注意：only if是“只要”的意思，从句中用陈述语气。

10.as if +从句 (did/were 与现在相反) / (would/could/might + do与将来相反)/( had done 与过去相反)

I’ve loved you as if you were my relative.我一直爱你仿佛你是我的亲人。

They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈起来就像是处了多年的朋友。注意：“as if/as though”引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语气：当说话者认为所述的

是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时：

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It sounds as if it is raining. 听起来像是在下雨。

He talks as if he is drunk. 从他谈话的样子来看他似乎是喝醉了。

（一）情态动词

▲can表示“能力；可能性；能够”

①If it were not for the fact that she _______ sing, I would invite her to the party. A. couldn’t B. shouldn’t C. can’t D. might not

【解析】答案为C。“fact”后接“that”引导的同位语从句，用于对其作进一步的解释。她不

会唱歌是一个事实，所以要用陈述语气。can’t意为“不会，不具备某种能力”。

②The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it _________be very slow.

A. should B. must C. will D. can 【解析】答案为D。“can”在肯定句中表示“可能性”时意为“有时候可能会”，这是它的一个

特殊用法。

③We hope that as many people as possible join us for the picnic tomorrow. A. need B. must C. should D. can

【解析】答案为D。can表示“能够”。句意：希望尽量多的人能够参加明天的野餐。need

意为“需要”，表示需要或有必要做某事。must意为“必须”。should意为“应该”。

▲may表示“也许，可能”

Helen _______ go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet. A. shall B. must C. may D. can

【解析】答案为C。句意：海伦可能（也许）会和我们一起去旅游，但她还不能确定。根

据句意我们可以推断“不是她有没有这个能力去的问题”，故不能选择D项。

▲should表示“应该；按理应该”

①—I think I’ll give Bob a ring.

—You _______. You haven’t been in touch with him for ages. A. will B. may C. have to D. should

【解析】答案为D。should意为“应该”，多表示“某事宜做、应当做或必须做”，强调主观

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方面的原因。根据所提供的情景“You haven’t been in touch with him for ages.”可判断出由于多年没有联系，应该给鲍勃打电话了。will意为“将”。may意为“可以”。have to意为“因客观原因不得不做某事”。

②There ____ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.

A. mustn’t B. shan’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t

【解析】答案为C。根据经验或惯例对某一情况进行推测，用“should”或“ought to”，常译

成“按理应该??”或“可能会……”。“shouldn’t”是其否定形式。句意：既然你已经在驾驶学校练习了那么多，要通过路考按理说不应该有什么困难的。

▲shall表示“征询对方意见；表示法律法规条文的规定”

①—What’s the name? —Khulaifi.

—_______I spell that for you?

A. Shall B. Would C. Can D. Might 【解析】答案为A。“shall”用于征询对方的意见。此句意为：要不要我给你拼出来? “would”

用于第二人称，表示“愿意”。“can”用于征得对方的同意意为“可以，可能”。“might”用于征得对方的同意意为“可以”，用于疑问句和建议时比“may”更委婉和礼貌。

②一What does the sign over there read? 一No person ________smoke or carry a lighted cigarette，cigar or pipe in this area. A. will B. may C. shall D. must

【解析】答案为C。“shall”常用于第二，三人称表示命令，意为“必定，一定，应该”。

▲must表示“主观意愿”意为：“一定要”；表示“命令或要求”意为“必须、一定”。

①In crowded places like airports and railway stations, you___ take care of your luggage. A. can B. may C. must D. will

【解析】答案为C。根据句意“在诸如飞机场和火车站那样拥挤的地方，你一定要看好你

的行李。”must表示“必须，一定”；can和may表示“可能”。

②—Could I have a word with you, mum? —Oh dear, if you _______.

A. can B. must C. may D. should

【解析】答案为B。must表示“一定要”表示主观意愿。can表示“有能力”；may表示“可

能、也许”；should表示“应该”。

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▲have to表示“客观”上的“不得不”

①—What do you think we can do for our aged parents?

—You _______do anything except to be with them and be yourself. A. don’t have to B. oughtn’t to C. mustn’t D. can’t

【解析】答案为A。句意：除了和他们待在一起,其它的什么都不必做。mustn’t表示“禁止，

不许可”的意思。

②Some aspects of a pilot’s job _______be boring, and pilots often ________work at convenient hours.

A. can; have to B. may; can C. have to; may D. ought to; must

【解析】答案为A。can意为“可能”。have to意为“不得不”表示“由于受客观条件的限制不得不做某事”。句意：从某些方面看，飞行员的工作可以说是很乏味的，因为他们经常不得不在不舒服的环境下工作好几个小时。 ①You be hungry already— you had lunch only two hours ago! A. wouldn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t 【解析】答案为B。can’t+动词原形表示“对现在情况的猜测或判断”意为“不可能”。根据

下文“you had lunch only two hours ago!”可判断出“你不可能饿了”。

②There’s no light on—they ______be at home. A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t 【解析】答案为A。根据所提供的情景“There’s no light on”可判断出他们不可能在家。mustn’t后接动词原形表示“禁止，不准”，不用于表示猜测、推测或判断。needn’t意为“没必要”。shouldn’t意为“不应该”。 ③—I’ve take someone else’s green sweater by mistake. —It _____ Harry’s. He always wears green. A. has to be B. will be C. mustn’t be

D. could be

【解析】答案为D。根据上下文 “could”在这里表示可能性。根据所提供的情景“He always

wears green.”可判断出这件毛衣可能是哈利的。

①The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I the trouble to carry my umbrella with me.

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A. should have taken B. could have taken C. needn’t have taken D. mustn’t have taken

【解析】答案为C。句意：昨天结果证明天气晴朗，所以我本来就没有必要麻烦带伞的。

needn’t have taken the trouble意为“本来没有必要”。

②As you worked late yesterday, you ______have come this morning. A. mayn’t B. can’t

C. mustn’t D. needn’t

【解析】答案为D。needn’t have +过去分词表示“过去做了没必要做的事情”。根据所提供

的情景“as you worked late yesterday”可判断出今天早上没有必要来这么早（可实际上来早了）。

③I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I have driven her there. A. could B. must C. might D. should

【解析】答案为D。根据句子意思“ 本该开车送他去的（但是没有做）”可以得出答案。 ④—I’m sorry. I ________at you the other day. —Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.

A. shouldn’t shout B. shouldn’t have shouted C. mustn’t shout D. mustn’t have shouted

【解析】答案为B。句意：“对不起，几天前我本不应该朝你大喊大叫的。”“不要放在心上。

我自己有点情绪失控。”shouldn’t have done sth.表示“本不应该做某事（但做了）”。

⑤—Guess what! I have got A for my term paper. —Great! You ______read widely and put a lot of work into it. A. must B. should C. must have D. should have

【解析】答案为C。说话人听到对方说“I have got A for my term paper”，据此来推断对方

一定是读了好多书，花费了大量的心血。“must have+过去分词”表示对过去发生事情较有把握的推测。

⑥He _____ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside. A. should B. must

C. wouldn’t D. can’t

【解析】答案为B。根据语境判断，此处用must have done 表示“肯定已经??”。本句

含义为：他肯定已经完成工作了；否则他现在不会在海边玩。

⑦—Where is my dictionary? I remember I put it here yesterday. —You it in the wrong place.

[21世纪教育网

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A. must put B. should have put C. might put D. might have put

【解析】答案为D。根据句意“你可能昨天放错了地方”可知，应用might have put表示“对

过去情况较为肯定的猜测”。

⑧She have left school, for her bike is still here. A. can’t

B. wouldn’t

C. shouldn’t

D. needn’t

【解析】答案为A。由下文“for her bike is still here”可知“她不可能离开了学校”，故选C

项。

⑨Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we it without you. A. can manage B. could have managed C. could manage D. can have managed

【解析】答案为B。couldn’t have+过去分词表示“(过去)不可能”。主意否定的转移，否则

就不可能正确理解句子的意思。句意：感谢你上个星期所做的艰苦努力。我想如果没有你我们就不可能把它做好的。 ⑩He paid for a seat, when he _________ have entered free. A. could B. would C. must D. need 【解析】答案为A。could have done表示“本来可以……”。句意：尽管他本来可以免费进去的，但他还是买了票。解本题的关键在于“when”一词，在本句中表示“尽管，虽然”。（二）虚拟语气 ①If there were no subjunctive mood, English ______ much easier. A. will be

B. would have been

C. could have been

D. would be

【解析】答案为D。观察题干，可知全句表达的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。故答案为

D。句意：如果没有虚拟语气的话，英语会更加简单的。

②________he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race. A. If

B. Since

C. Though

D. When

【解析】答案为A。句意：如果他的腿没有受伤的话，他就会赢得此次比赛了。根据句意

可知此句是是与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，应选“if”引导虚拟条件句。

③If it _______ tomorrow, we________ put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.

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A. rains; would have had to

C. should rain; would have to

B. were to rain; will have to D. rained; should have had to

【解析】答案为C。根据语境中所给时间状语tomorrow可知，这是表示将来的条件状语

从句，本句可使用陈述语气（条件句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时），也可使用与将来事实相反的虚拟语气（条件句用did/were to do/should do…，主句用would do…），根据所给选项，只有答案C项为正确答案。

特别注意省略“if”的虚拟条件句

④________fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. A. Would you be B. Should you be be

【解析】答案为B。虚拟条件句省略了“if”，要把“should”放在从句主语的前面构成部分倒

装。句意：即使你被解雇了，医疗保障和其它福利也不会受到影响。

⑤______for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often. A. If it is not B. Were it not were not 【解析】答案为C。根据主句中谓语动词结构would not have gone，说明前一分句是与过

去事实相反的虚拟条件句，应选用过去完成时结构，分析四个选项，只有选项C（倒装结构）为正确答案。实际上，相当于一个陈述结构：If it had not been for…。

If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what________in science and technology. A. had discovered B. had been discovered C. has discovered discovered

【解析】答案为D。与现在的事实相反，从句用的是过去时，主语用“would”加动词原形

构成。“by”后的宾语从句是现在的事实，因此就该用与实际相符的时态来表示。“by”后的宾语从句表示的意思是：科学技术已经发现的东西。

①They ________two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they’d never have been able to afford to go.

A. had got

B. got

C. have got

D. get D. has been

C. Had it not been

D. If they

C. Could you be

D. Might you

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【解析】答案为B。【简析】根据下文“否则他们不可能负担得起”中所用的“虚拟语气”

表示“与过去的事实相反的情况”可以推断上文应该是一个过去的事实。

②But for the Party, he _______ of hunger 30 years ago. A. would have died

B. must have died

C. would die

D. died

【解析】答案为A。but for=without意为“要是没有??”，常跟虚拟语气连用。根据后

面的时间状语判断是跟过去事实相反的虚拟语气。

③Without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat, the earth at night__, too cold for us to live. A. would be freezing cold C. would be frozen cold

B. will be freezing coldly D. can freeze coldly

【解析】答案为A。句中介词短语Without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat暗示条

件，实际上相当于一个明确的条件状语从句If there were no air to hold?。根据句意，句中时间状语today说明句子是对现在的假设，所以，该句应用与现在事实相反的动词虚拟结构形式。

④Having known earlier, we __________such a thing from happening again. A. would stopped stopped

B. should have stopped C. would have stopped D. need have

⑤— He _________ in the experiment last time. — Luckily he followed your advice. A. failed failed

【解析】答案为D。根据对话情景可知，应答句Luckily he followed your advice（很幸运

他听了你的建议）实际上就是上一句讲话人暗示的条件。从应答句所给特定的动词时态（一般过去时）看，说明上一句中讲话人所说内容是对过去情况的假设，故暗示的条件句应为If he hadn’t followed your advice。由此可见，选项部分应为主句的谓语动词，与过去事实相反，应选用would have failed。

B. was failing

C. might have failed D. would have

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①Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it________ yesterday. A. was happening B. happens

C. has happened

D. happened

【解析】答案为A。as if意为“好像，仿佛……似的”，所引导的从句如果表示真实情况，

谓语动词用陈述语气。如果表示非真实情况，谓语动词用虚拟语气。因为伊丽莎所能想起的事都发生在过去，而不是发生在昨天，是非真实情况，所以要用虚拟语气。

②—I’m going to see the victim’s brother. —I’d rather you__________________. A. didn’t B. do not

C. don’t

D. do

【解析】答案为A 。 would rather后面从句用一般过去时表示跟现在事实相反的虚拟语气。

③—Don’t you think it necessary that he _______to Miami but to New York? —I agree, but the problem is ________ he has refused to. A. will not be sent; that C. should not be sent; what

B. not be sent; that D. should not send; what

【解析】答案为B。在“It is necessary that…”句型中，从句中常常用虚拟语气，其形式

为“should+动词原型”，“should”也可以省略。第二空考查了表语从句。“that”没有实际的意义，只起一个连接的作用。

④I wish that you _____ such a bad headache because I’m sure that you would have enjoyed the concert. A. hadn’t have

【解析】答案为C。wish后面用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。

2009年

[来源:21世纪教育网] B. didn’t have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t

1. (全国卷I)What do you mean, there are only ten tickets? There be twelve A. should 【答案】A

B. would C. will

D. shall

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【解析】由语义：你什么意思啊？只有十张票，应该有十二张，可知正确答案是A项。 2. (全国卷II) I can’t leave. She told me that I stay here until she comes back. A. can B. must C. will 【答案】B

【解析】根据前文, “我不能走”, 可以判断她告诉我 “必须”呆在这儿。must表示“必须、一定”。

3. (北京卷) One of the few things you ___ say about English people with certainty is that they talk a lot about the weather.

A. need B. must C. should 【答案】D

【解析】关于英国人你可以肯定的一点是他们谈论很多的天气。用can表示可以，能够，

所以正确答案为D项。不能选C，should是表示责任和义务的。

4.（上海卷）It_____ have been Tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one with a car. A. may 【答案】C

【解析】从后句他是唯一有车的人可以知道这一定是汤姆停的车，语气绝对和肯定用“must”。

5.This printer is of good quality. If it _______ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.

A. would 【答案】B

【解析】考查情态动词的用法。句意：这台打印机的质量很好。如果在第一年里它坏了

的,修理费用由我们负担。对将来虚拟时，用should/were to do +v原形。

6.（重庆卷）—Hi, Tom. Any idea where Jane is?

—She in the classroom. I saw her there just now. A. shall be

B. should have been D. might have been

B. should C. could

D. might

B. can C. must

D. should D. can D. may

C. must be 【答案】C

【解析】根据语境知道问现在在哪里，而第二句话是指我刚才见到他在教室里，由此可

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以肯定，她现在一定在教室里，是对现在的肯定推测。

7.（安徽卷）Some people who don’t like to talk much are not necessarily shy；they just be quiet people.

A. must B. may C. should D. would 【答案】B

【解析】前半句为“有些人不喜欢讲很多话未必就是因为害羞,”后半句应该为”他们可

能是比较安静的人。”

8.（安徽卷）But for their help，we the program in time. A. can not finish B. will not finish have finished 【答案】D

【解析】But for起到了对过去虚拟的条件句作用,后面自然要选

would/could/might/should+have done结构了。

9.（福建卷）But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English Writing Competition.

A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won 【答案】B

【解析】此处虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反，句子谓语动词用would/should/could/might +

have done结构，故选B。

10.（湖南卷）— It’s the office! So you know eating is not allowed here.

— Oh, sorry. A. must 【答案】A

【解析】句意为：这是办公室！因此你必须知道吃的不允许带到这里。must表示“绝不”的意思。

11.（江苏卷）He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he it differently. A. could express expressed 【答案】C

C. had not finished D. could not

B. will C. may D. need

B. would express C. could have expressed D. must have

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【解析】he could have expressed it differently的意思为“他要是用另一种方式来说该多好啊”。

12.（辽宁卷）The traffic is heavy this day, I arrive a bit late, so could you save me a place?

A. can 【答案】D

【解析】A 项can 常用于疑问、否定的猜测句；must一定的意思表示很肯定的猜测，而

此处的语境应该是或许，大概之意，故选D项。

13.（四川卷） —I don’t care what people think. —Well, you _______ A. could B. would C. should 【答案】C

【解析】答话的人提了一个建议——你应该关注别人对你的评价的。should可以用来向

别人提建议，所以答案为C项。

14.（浙江卷）The doctor recommended that you swim after eating a large meal. A. wouldn’t B. couldn’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t 【答案】D

【解析】recommend的宾语从句中用虚拟语气既：（should）+v,所以答案为D。

2010年

1.(全国I) Just be patient .You_____________ except the world to change so soon. A. can’t 【答案】A

【解析】通过选项此题考察情态动词，can't在否定句中可以表示推测，译为不可能，，

可以表示能力，译为不能够，也可以表示命令，不允许，但是语气比mustn't弱，具有劝慰的意思，根据句意此题中选择A项，can't表示劝慰。句意：耐心一点儿，你不可能期望世界变化如此快。

2.(全国II) I’m afraid Mr.Harding ____ see you now . he’s busy. A. can’t 【答案】A

【解析】结合语境，根据情态动词用于疑问或否定推测时，要用can’t。

B. mustn’t C. shouldn’t

D. needn’t

B. needn’t

C. may not D. will not

D. might

B. must

C. need.

D. might

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3.(安徽卷) Jack descried his father, who _____a brave boy many years ago, as a strong-willed man

A. would be B. would have been C. must be D. must have been 【答案】D

【解析】句意：杰克把他的父亲描述为一个意志坚强的人，他的父亲多年前肯定很勇敢。

用must have been表示对过去事情的肯定推测。

4.(北京卷)—Good morning. I've got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department.

—Ah, good morning. You be Mrs. Peters. A. might 【答案】B

【解析】第一个说话人说和史密斯小姐有约，那下面的人就回应说，“那您一定就是Mrs.

Peters了”因此排除A，C，D三个选项。

5.(北京卷)－The weather has been very hot and dry. －Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables . A. wouldn't die have died 【答案】D

【解析】第二个说话人的If条件句是我们选择正确答案的关键。要是当时下雨了，现在

的情况就好的多了！我的蔬菜也就不会死了。与过去事实相反：过去没有下雨，所以我的蔬菜干死了也是发生在过去。将句子整合还原：If it had rained even a drop, my vegetables wouldn't have died.

If+ had done,主句为couldn’t/ shouldn't/ wouldn't have done.

6.(福建卷)Teachers recommend parents their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. A. not allow allow 【答案】A

B. do not allow C. mustn’t allow D. couldn’t B. didn't die C. hadn't died D. wouldn't

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【解析】recommend 后面的（that）从句中要用虚拟语气：should+do, should可以使省

略。 =Teachers recommend parents should not allow…=Teachers recommend parents not to allow…句意：老师建议父母出于安全考虑最好不要让12岁以下的孩子骑自行车去学校。

7.(湖南卷)If he __________my advice, he wouldn’t have lost his job. A. followed follow 【答案】C

【解析】根据“wouldn’t have lost”可判断if引导的状语从句表示与过去事实相反的虚拟，故选C项。

8.(湖南卷)You_________ buy a gift , but you can if you want to. A. must to

【答案】D

【解析】don’t have to 意为“没有必要”，符合语境，句意：你没有必要买礼物，但如果

你想买的话，你也可以买。

9.(江苏卷)—I haven’t got the reference book yet, but I’ll have a test on the subject next month. —Don’t worry. You______ have it by Friday. A. could 【答案】B

【解析】shall在第二人称中表示允诺，还可以表示强制，命令，威胁，警告。还有在法

律条文中的要求或规定。

10.(江苏卷)George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he_______ more on its culture. A. focus focused 【答案】B

【解析】would rather后应用虚拟语气，表示与现在时间相反，用动词的过去式。 11.(江西卷)I have told you the truth I keep repeating it? A. Must

B. Can

C. May

D. Will

B. focused C. would focus

had

B. shall C. must

D. may

B. mustn’t

C. have to

D. don’t have

B. should follow

C. had followed D. would

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【答案】A

【解析】must必须,一定，can可以,能够， may也许，will意愿,倾向性动作。前半句说

我告诉你事实了，这里用的是现在完成时，表示过去的动作对现在造成了影响,既然我已经说了,我还必须重复一遍吗？

12.(辽宁卷)Doctors say that exercise is important for health, but it _______ be regular exercise. A. can 【答案】C

【解析】can一般表示“可能，或能力”；will表示“意志”；may表示“许可，可能”；

must表示“必须”。句意：医生说锻炼对身体重要，但是必须是有规律的锻炼。

13.(山东卷)I_______ have watched that movie —it’ll give me horrible dreams. A. shouldn’t 【答案】A

【解析】句意：“我本来不应该看那部电影的——它会使我做噩梦的。”表示“本来不

应该做而做了某事”用shouldn’t have done, 所以A项正确。

14.(陕西卷)If we _ __ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. A. take 【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。所填词做虚拟语气中条件状语从句的谓语，根据主句的谓语动

词形式might have arrived可知题干是与过去事实相反，故所填部分用had+过去分词形式，选B项。句意：如果当时走了另一条路，我们就有可能及时赶到这儿开会了。

15.(陕西卷)—May I take this book out of the reading room?

—No, you . You read it in here. A. mightn’t 【答案】D

【解析】英语中用could，might表示询问或征求意见的问句中，肯定性应答要用can或

may来代替could或might，而may或might征求意见的问句否定应答时要用mustn’t，故本题选D项。

16.(四川卷)— I take the book out? —I'm afraid not.

B. will C. must D. may

B. needn’t C. couldn’t D. mustn’t

B. had taken C. took D. have taken

B. won’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t

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A. Will 【答案】B

B. May C. Must D. Need

【解析】表请求可用情态动词can, may, could, might ,表允许用can, may。句意：“我可

以将这本书带出去吗？”“恐怕不行”。故应选表情请求的情态动词may。

17.(天津卷)Mark _______ have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early. A. needn’t 【答案】A

【解析】根据后面的语境，提前半个小时到达，说明Mark本来不必那么匆忙，所以用

needn’t have done 结构，表示“本来不必要做某事的而实际上做了”。句意：迈克本来不必要那么忙的。这么高速驾驶之后，他早半个小时到达了。

18.(天津卷)－John went to the hospital alone.

－If he _______ me about it, I would have gone with him. A. should tell 【答案】D

【解析】前一句是陈述语气，说明动发生在过去，而且后一句的主句已经是would have

gone说明是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。与之对应的从句结构，应该用had+过去分词。句意：约翰独自去了医院。如果他告诉我的话，我会跟他一起去的。

19.(重庆卷)You park here! It’s an emergency exit. A. wouldn’t 【答案】D

【解析】由后面的 “这是一个紧急出口”可知, 这儿是禁止人们停车的, 所以用

“mustn’t”表示禁止某人做某事。

20.(浙江卷) “You ____ have a wrong number,” she said. “There’s no one of that name here.” A. need 【答案】C

【解析】肯定的猜测，用must。

21.(浙江卷)Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy

__ .

A. would have been saved C. will be saved

B. had been saved D. was saved

B. can

C. must

D. would

B. needn’t C. couldn’t

D. mustn’t

B. tells

C. told

D. had told

B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t

D. couldn’t

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【答案】A

【解析】根据句子的倒装特征判断此处是省略了if的虚拟语气，原形是：If I had known

about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy .句意：如果我早知道这个电脑程序，就可以节省大量的时间和精力了。

22.(上海卷)－Sorry, Professor Smith. I didn't finish the assignment yesterday. －Oh, you have done it as yesterday was the deadline. A. must 【答案】C

【解析】此处表示和过去事实相反的情况，应该用should + have +过去分词。表示“本

来应该做，而未做”。

2011年

1.(新课标卷) They have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed. A. will 【答案】D

【解析】will have done将来可以完成；can have done可能做过??吗？表示对过去行为

的怀疑，用于疑问句；must have done一定做过某事，表示对过去事情的肯定推测；should have done本来应该做某事，而实际没做。but their flight was delayed这样的结果，说明他们本来该到达却没有到达，因此选D。句意：他们本该午饭时到达，但他们的航班推迟了。

2.(大纲卷) If you smoke, please go outside. A. can 【答案】C

【解析】must (表示主张)一定要，坚持要。根据后一句please go outside的要求，选C项。

句意：如果你非得要抽烟，请到外面去抽。

3.（北京卷）—I don’t really like James. Why did you invite him?

—Don’t worry. He come. He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were. A. must not 【答案】D

【解析】题干中的he wasn’t certain说明他可能不来，可能来，因此使用不完全否定might

B. need not

C. would not

D. might not

B. should

C. must D. may

B. can C. must

D. should

B. mustn't C. should

D. shouldn't

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not。选D项。句意：“我真不喜欢James。你为何请了他？”“别担心。他可能来不了。他说他的计划还没安排好。”

4.（北京卷）—Where are the children? The dinner’s going to be completely ruined. —I wish they always late. A. weren’t been 【答案】A

【解析】wish后面的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气。题干中出现了always，从句中用一般过

去时表示虚拟。句意：“孩子们在哪儿？这顿饭快要吃不起来了。”“我但愿他们不要老是迟到。”

5. Maybe if I science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help. A. studied 【答案】C

【解析】then表示过去的时间，if引导的从句是对过去的虚拟，因此使用过去完成时。

选C项。句意：或许那时我要是学了理科而不是文科的话，我现在就能给你更多的帮助了。

6.（天津卷）I ______ sooner but I didn’t know that they were waiting for me. A. had come come

【答案】 D

【解析】but I didn’t know表示了过去时间，因此前句是对过去的虚拟，用主语+should /

would / could / might + have done表达，故选D项。句意：我本来可以早点来，但我真不知道他们在等我。

7.I ______ worry about my weekend—I always have my plans ready before it comes. A. can’t

B. mustn’t

C. daren’t

D. needn’t

B. was coming C. would come

D. would have

B. would study

C. had studied

D. was studying

B. hadn’t been

C. wouldn’t be D. wouldn’t have

【答案】D

【解析】根据句意“我没有必要担心我的周末。在周末到来之前我总是会事先作好计划

的。”选择D项。needn’t do sth没有必要做某事。

8.（江苏卷）—I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official. —How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone ______ it.

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A. will have stolen B. might have stolen C. should have stolen D. must have stolen 【答案】B

【解析】will have stolen是将来完成时，表示到将来某个时间，某件事一定会发生，显然

不符合语境;should have stolen表示本该做某事，也不符合意思;must have stolen表示一定做了某事，显然错误。这里应该选用might have stolen表示说话者觉得包落在火车上，很有可能会被别人偷走的。句意：“我把包忘在火车上了，但幸运的是，有人拾到后交给了一位铁路官员。 “失而复得，简直令人难以置信！我的意思是，本来可能有人会偷走的。”

9.（福建卷）—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now? —I am afraid you , in case he comes late for the meeting . A. will B. must C. may D. can 【答案】B

【解析】must (表示必要、命令或强制)必须,得。根据后半句，选B项。句意：“需要我

现在就通知他计划有变吗？”“恐怕你得这样做，以防他开会迟到。”

10.（福建卷）—Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution. —I it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview. A. attended B. had attended C. would attend D. would have attended 【答案】D

【解析】对过去的虚拟，用主语+should / would / could / might + have done表达，故选D

项。句意：“真可惜你错过了那场有关核污染的讲座。”“我本可以去听的，但我当时忙于工作面试。”

11.（安徽卷）—What do you think of store shopping in the future? —Personally, I think it will exist along with home shopping but _______. A. will never replace C. will never be replaced 【答案】C

【解析】根据I think it will exist along with home shopping，排除虚拟的选项D，这是表

B. would never replace D. would never be replaced

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示将来的时间，考虑到被动语态，选C项。句意：“你对将来的商店购物怎么看？”“我个人认为会与在家购物并存，但商店购物不会被取代。”

12.（浙江卷）—How’s your new babysitter?

—We ________ask for a better one. All our kids love her so much. A. should 【答案】D

【解析】should应该；might可能，可以；mustn’t禁止；couldn’t不可能。根据句意选

D项。句意：“你们新来的保姆怎么样？”“我们不可能找到（比她）更好的了。我们的孩子们很喜欢她。”

13.（四川卷）The police still haven’t found the lost child, but they’re doing all they . A. can 【答案】A

【解析】can可以，能够；may可能，许可；must必须；should应该。根据句意，选A

项。句意：警方依然没有找到失踪的孩子，但他们现在正在做他们所能做的一切。

14.（重庆卷）—Why didn’t you come to Simon’s party last night?

— I wanted to ,but my mom simply ________ not let me out so late at night. A. could B. might should 【答案】C

21世纪教育网B. might C. mustn’t D. couldn’t

B. may C. must D. should

C. would D.

【解析】could可以，能够，表示可能性或用于婉转语气；might可能，表示不确定；would

愿意，偏要，表示意志；should应该，表示建议、命令、决定等。根据题意选C。句意：“昨晚你为什么没来参加Simon的聚会？”“我想来的，但我妈妈就是不让我这么晚出来。”

15.（陕西卷）I________ through that bitter period without your generous help. A. couldn’t have gone B. didn’t go gone 【答案】A

【解析】that bitter period表示过去的时间，对过去的虚拟语气用主语+should / would /

could / might + have done表达，故选A。句意：没有你的慷慨帮助，我是不可

C. wouldn’t go D. hadn’t

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能度过那段痛苦的时期的。

16.（陕西卷）—Will you read me a story ,Mummy?

—OK. You________ have one if you go to bed as soon as possible. A. might 【答案】D

【解析】句意：“妈妈，可以读一个故事给我听吗？”“好的，如果你马上上床睡觉的

话。”shall 用于陈述句中的第二、第三人称时,表示说话人的意图、允诺、警告、命令、决心等，题中是母亲对儿子的承诺，故选D项。

17.（湖南卷）No one ________ be compared with Yao Ming in playing basketball. A. can might 【答案】A

【解析】句意：在打篮球方面没人能比得上姚明。can可以，能够；need需要；must必

须；might可能。故根据题意，选A项。

18.(辽宁卷) If you go, at least wait until the storm is over. A. can 【答案】C

【解析】can可以，能够；may 可能，许可；must(表示主张)一定要，坚持要；will将要，

愿意。根据后句的劝告，选C。句意：如果你非得走话，至少也要等到这暴风雨过去后。

19.（江西卷）It _______ be the postman at the door. It’s only six o’clock. A. mustn’t needn’t 【答案】B

【解析】mustn’t 禁止，不允许；can’t 不可能；won’t 不愿意，就是不，偏不；needn’t

不需要。根据后一句中“现在仅仅是六点”，only一词肯定语气强烈，前一句为门外的绝不可能是邮递员。故选B。句意：不可能是邮递员在门口，才六点钟呢。

20.（江西卷）We _____John’s name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury. A. will put

B. will have put C. would put D. B. can’t

C. won’t D.

B. may

C. must D. will

B. need

C. must

B. must

C. could D. shall

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would have put 【答案】B

【解析】but for 是虚拟语气的提示，yesterday表示过去的时间。对过去的虚拟，用主语

+should/would/could/might+have done表达，故选B。句意：要不是因为他最近受伤，我们本应该把John的名字加进昨天的比赛名单中。

1.—Why didn’t Alex attend the party yesterday evening? —He ________not have wanted to see me. A. should would 【答案】B

【解析】句意：他可能不想来见我。might have done 表示对过去一种不太肯定的推测。 2. —May I tell this to my close friend?

—No, you ________.Never let anybody else know about it. A. needn’t 【答案】C

【解析】由“决不可以让其他任何人知道”可知选C，mustn’t 表示“不允许，不可以”，语气强烈。

3.—Mum, I am feeling tired and sleepy now. —You ________so late last night. A. couldn’t have stayed up C. shouldn’t have stayed up 【答案】C

【解析】shouldn’t have stayed up本来不该熬夜。couldn’t have stayed up不可能熬夜；

needn’t have stayed up本没有必要熬夜。根据语意可知本句是母亲责备孩子昨晚熬夜了，故选C项。

4. Shopping online can save much time as you ________go to a shop or walk around crowded shopping centers. A. don’t have to mustn’t 【答案】A

【解析】句意：由于不必去商店或者拥挤的购物中心，网上购物能够节省大量时间。根据

句意，应选A项。

B. might C. could D.

B. shouldn’t C. mustn’t D. can’t

B. mustn’t have stayed up D. needn’t have stayed up

B. oughtn’t to C. won’t D.

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5.—Everyone in my class passed the exam. —Oh, really？It ________difficult. A. can’t have been mightn’t be 【答案】A

【解析】对过去进行推测，表示“一定不”应使用can’t have done。语意：——我们班

上每个人都通过了考试。——哦，真的吗？那题目一定不难。

6.—Did you punish him for losing your digital camera? —Yes, but I don’t think I________. A. should do that

B. need to have done so D. should have done so B. needn’t have been

C. must be

C. ought have done that 【答案】D

【解析】句意：“他把你的数码相机弄丢了，你处罚他了吗？”“是的。但我现在认为当时

我不应该这样做。”shouldn’t have done sth.意为“(过去)不应该做某事，但实际上已做了”。此处否定发生了转移。

7.It ________be really cold in November in Hefei though we usually have warm and sunny days. A. should 【答案】D

【解析】can可表示常有的行为和情况，意为“有时会，时而可能”。句意为：尽管合肥

十一月的时候常常很暖和，但有时候可能会很冷。根据语意选D项。

8.The well-dressed lady was caught stealing in the fashion shop. Strangely enough, she ________have done such a thing. A. would might 【答案】C

【解析】根据题干中的Strangely enough 可知，这里应该用should，表示惊讶，可译为“竟然”。

9.—Mary’s score on the test is the highest in her class. —Really？She ________have studied very hard. A. may should 【答案】C

【解析】may have done可能已经??；ought to have done 本应该??；must have done

B. ought to

C. must

B. must

C. should

B. will

C. must

D. can

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一定曾??，一定已经??；should have done 本应该??。句意：“玛丽的考试成绩是全班最高的。”“真的吗？她一定很努力了。”

10.Don’t play with the dog, Jack, for it ________be dangerous at times. A. shall 【答案】C

【解析】句意：杰克，不要逗狗玩，因为狗有时可能是危险的。can 在此表示理论上的可

能性，其他三项则无此意，故选C项。

11. The purpose of education ________ be to provide students with a value system—not to prepare them for a specific job. A. will

【答案】B

B. should

C. could

D. may

B. should

C. can

D. must

【解析】句意：教育的目的应该是为学生提供一套价值观，而不是让他们为从事某一项特

定的工作做好准备。情态动词should表示“应该”，合乎语境。

12.—Where is Lucy?

—I can’t say where she is, but she ________have gone to meet her classmates，for they want to go to Sichuan to work as volunteers. A. can

B. should

C. must

D. may

13.—Mum, would you please buy me an MP5 player? —If you can help do the dishes the whole vacation, you ________have one as a reward. A. must 【答案】 D

21世纪教育网

B. need C. would D. shall

【解析】shall用于第一、三人称问句中表示征询对方意见；shall用于第二、三人称的肯

定句中，表示“警告、许诺、命令、威胁”等语气。答句句意：如果你整个假期能够帮助洗盘子的话，就会得到一个MP5作为回报。shall表示允诺。

14.If human beings had been a bit less greedy and cruel, more birds and animals ________dying out.

A. ought to avoid

B. could have been avoided D. might have avoided

C. should have avoided 【答案】D

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【解析】句意：如果人类少点贪婪少点残忍，更多的鸟类和动物就有可能免于灭绝。这里

考查的是对过去情况的假设，从句用had done，主句用would/could/might have done。avoid “避免”，其后接doing 时没有被动语态。

15.________anyone call, please tell him I’m not free. A. Must 【答案】D

【解析】句意：如果有人给我打电话，就告诉他我很忙。第一个分句是省略了if 虚拟条件

句，补充完整为：If anyone should call，please tell him I’m not free.当if 省略时，句子要倒装，故D项正确。

16.If you hadn’t taken such a long time to get dressed, we ________there by now. A. would be 【答案】A

【解析】如果不是你穿衣服花了那么长时间的话，我们现在就到那里了。从句用了与过去

相反的虚拟语气，但主句与现在情况相反，故选A项。

17.—I didn’t attend the lecture yesterday.

—I________, either, if my mother hadn’t reminded me. A. wouldn’t 【答案】B

【解析】从句子中if my mother hadn’t reminded me 知，此处是对过去状况的虚拟，主句

应该用should/would/could/might＋have done结构，从选项中看只有B项合适(I wouldn’t have 是I wouldn’t have attended the lecture的省略)。

18. Without the help of my English teacher, I ________ the first prize in the English Speaking Competition. A. would win 【答案】D

【解析】这是一个隐含的虚拟条件句，含有if my English teacher hadn't helped me with my

spoken English之意，表示与过去的事实相反，故用与过去相反的虚拟语气，因此D项符合题意。

19. —I ________ to your birthday party last Sunday. —Unfortunately, you were out on business. A. had come 【答案】D

【解析】根据答句“很遗憾，你当时在外出差”可知，说话人没能参加答话人的生日晚会，

因此选D项，表示“我如果当时有时间的话，就参加你上周日的生日晚会了”。

B. came

C. would come

D. would have come

B. would have won

C. would not win

D. would not have won

B. wouldn’t have

C. didn’t

D. hadn’t

B. are

C. have been

D. had been

B. Can

C. May

D. Should

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20.—It's hard to believe that Jack ________ have fought with the policeman. —Yes. If one ________ ask for trouble, it can't be helped. A. would; will 【答案】C

【解析】句意：“难以置信，杰克竟然与警察打了一架。”“是的。如果一个人非要找麻烦，

实在没法子。”句中should表示“竟然”，must表示“硬要，非要”。

21.We’re still at the airport. If it weren't for the delayed flight, we ________ the concert right now. A. can be enjoying C. would be enjoying 【答案】C

【解析】if条件句中的虚拟要注意：对现在状况的虚拟，条件句中用“一般过去时态，be

动词用were”，而主句用“should/would/could/might＋do”，同时根据right now可知，此处是对正在进行的状态的虚拟，故选C项。

22.—Thank you for reminding me of the time, or I ________ late yesterday. —Don’t mention it. A. should be 【答案】D

【解析】从语境可知说话人是在谈论昨天的事，因此要使用情态动词would＋完成式。句

意：谢谢你提

醒我时间，不然昨天我就迟到了。

23. I was totally shocked that that child ________ have said such a thing to his parents. A. might 【答案】D

【解析】情态动词较为特殊的用法。句意：我十分震惊，那个孩子竟然对他的父母说了那

样的话。由此可知所缺情态动词表示“竟然”之意。

24.—Did you hear Tom was criticized for his spelling mistakes in his English composition? —Yes, but a more careful person ________ so many mistakes. A. wouldn’t make B. needn’t have made 【答案】D

【解析】“一个比较细心的人是不会犯这么多错误的”。根据句意，这里表示对“过去

状况的虚拟”，用“情态动词＋have done”。wouldn't have done表示“过去本不该做??(实际却做了)”；而needn't have done表示“过去本没必要做??”；A项和C项是对现在状况的虚拟，由此我们不难判断这里选D项。

25.—He was receiving more and more attention in the company.

C. shouldn’t make

D. wouldn’t have made

B. could

C. would

D. should

B. would be

C. will have been

D. would have been

B. must have enjoyed D. should have enjoyed

B. must; may

C. should; must

D. need; dare

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—So he was. But for his good education, he ________ the job. A. will never get got 【答案】C

【解析】回话句意：他确实在公司里受到越来越多的关注，要不是他受过良好的教育，他

就不会得到这份工作。“受教育”和“得到工作”都是过去的事实，说明此处表示与过去事实相反，But for his good education是介词短语表示虚拟条件，因此主句的谓语动词用would not have got，表示对过去事实的虚拟。

26.—Did you meet with Mr. Jackson? —________ I had come here a little earlier. A. If only 【答案】A

【解析】句意：“你见到杰克逊先生了吗？”“(没有，)要是我来得稍微早点儿就好了。”If

only意为“要是??就好了，但愿”，表示对过去愿望的虚拟语气。Only if“只要??就，只有”，表示条件。

27.The captain urged that the mission ________ before dark. A. must be finished B. ought to be finished 【答案】C

【解析】urge表示“竭力主张”，引导that从句时，从句应使用虚拟语气，形式为“should

＋do”，should可以省略。故答案为C项。

28.If he ________ that he ________ to work there then, everything would be OK now. A. insisted; be sent B. insisted; was sent was sent 【答案】C

【解析】当insist表示“坚持要求”时，其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，从句的谓语动词

用(should) do，由此可以排除B、D两项；另外，从句表示对过去已经发生的事情的虚拟，谓语动词要用had done的形式，因此C项正确。

29.—Did you make it at last?

—Yes. But for your help, it ________a serious loss. A. would cause 【答案】C

【解析】句意：“你们最后成功了吗？”“成功了，要不是你的帮助，我们的损失就大了。”

but for...要不是??。

30.—How much of the foreign expert’s speech have you understood?

B. shouldn't have got C. would not have got D. mustn't have

B. Only if C. But for D. For fear C. be finished D. was finished

C. had insisted; be sent D. had insisted;

B. must have caused C. would have caused D. may cause

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—Next to nothing. I wish I ________harder at English. A. worked 【答案】B

【解析】wish 后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，此处表示与过去事实相反。句意：我希望我(过

去)更努力地学习英语了。

31.Would you rather I _____ buying a new bike? A. decided against B. will decide against against 【答案】A

【解析】would rather的宾语从句用sb. did的形式。 32.You look so tired tonight. It is time you _____. A. go to sleep 【答案】B

【解析】It is time后面的定语从句用sb. did的形式。 33.He was very busy yesterday; otherwise, he _____ to the meeting. A. would come B. came 【答案】C

【解析】otherwise经常可以搭配虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反。 34.I do not have a job. I would find one but I _____ no time. A. had 【答案】B

【解析】but的并列句表示真实情况，不用虚拟语气。 35.—It looks as if he were drunk. —So it does. _________. A. He’d better give up drinking C. Health is more important than drink 【答案】D

【解析】关键信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虚拟语气，句子既然用了虚拟语气，

也就是说，“他喝醉了”不是事实，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此题的最佳答案是D项。

B. He shouldn’t have drunk so much D. I wonder why he is always doing so

B. didn’t have

C. had had

D. have

C. would have come D. will come

B. went to sleep

C. go to bed

D. went to bed C. have decided

D. shall decide

B. had worked