英语语法教案-句子成分

初中英语句子成分

一、句子成分

概念：组成句子的各个部分，即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语，主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。

英语的基本成分有七种：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。 1、主语

一个句子中需要加以描述或说明的对象。表示句子所说的是什么人或事物。

主语一般位于句首，由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当。

1）名词做主语：The school is far from here. A mooncake is a delicious, round cake. The doctor looked over Mrs. Brown very carefully. 2）代词做主语：She goes to school by bike. We are students. That’s a bit expensive. 3）数词做主语：Eight is a lucky number. One and two is three.

One is not enough for me. I want one more. One of them is English. Two will be enough.

4）名词化形容词：the rich；the poor；the blind；the deaf

The blind need more help.

5）不定式短语：To see is to believe.

不定式短语作主语常以 It’s adj. to do sth. 形式出现，it作形式主语，真正主语放在句后。 To be a doctor is my dream. It's bad manners to spit in public. It’s glad to see you again. It was difficult to see.

6）动名词做主语：Seeing is believing. Eating too much is bad for your health. Working with you is a pleasure.

7）“there be”结构做主语，be 作谓语，主语位居其后。 There is a pen on the desk.

There are many different kinds of mooncakes. There will be a strong wind.

“there be”结构中‘there’无实际意义 例如：There is a boy there。

第一个there无意义，第二个代指‘那里’。 8）It作主语，有如下情况：

1指代刚刚提到的事物： ○

——What’s this ?

——It’s a bus. (指代what)

2指代一个你不知道或判断不清性别的人 ○

——Who’s knocking the door? —— It’s me. (指代 who) ——Who’s the baby in the picture? —— It’s my sister. (指代 who)

3表示时间，天气，距离： ○

——What’s the time? ——It’s eight o’clock. (时间) ——What’s it going to be tomorrow? ——It’s going to be rainy.(天气) ——How far is it?

——It’s about one kilometre away. (距离) 2、谓语

说明主语的动作或状态，说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。

动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。

谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。 一般可分为两类：

1)简单谓语

由动词(或短语动词)构成。不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。

He works in a factory. (一般现在时主动语态) I like walking.(一般现在时主动语态)

I made your birthday cake last night. (一般过去时主动语态) It is used by travellers and business people all over the world. (一般现在时被动语态) 2)复合谓语：

第一种是由‘情态动词/助动词+不带to的动词不定式’构成： ○1 We can't carry the heavy box.我们搬不动那箱子。 I'm sorry, I can't help you.对不起，我帮不上你 I can speak a little English.我会说一点英语

2He doesn’t like English. ○

Do you speak English. I won’t do it again. You’d better catch a bus.

第二种是由‘连系动词+表语构成’： We are all here.

School is over. Let’s go home. My pen is in my bag. You look very happy.

He looked worried. I feel terrible.

The weather gets wamer, and the days get longer. Keep quite and listen to me.

连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系，不宜分割。 练习：分析句子的主语和谓语 Mr. Li teaches English. He can play the piano.

My parents and I are having dinner. 3、表语

表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。

例句：My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是护士。

表语表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。 These desks are yellow. 这些桌子是黄色的。 I am all right.

My work is teaching English, 我的工作是教英语。

My question is how you knew him. 我的问题是你如何认识他的。 系动词的分类：

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