考研英语阅读unit-4 - 图文

Unit 4

Fools learn nothing from wise men, but wise men learn much from fools. 愚者不学无术，智者不耻下问。 学习内容 Part A Text 1 Text 2 Text 3 Text 4 Part B Part C 题 材 词 数 社会生活 473 科普知识 416 商业经济 480 社会生活 424 文化教育 710 商业经济 364 建议时间 得分统计 做题备忘 /10 /10 /10 /10 /10 /10

Part A

Directions：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].

Text 1

Graduating high school seniors looking to enter the workforce and other high school students searching for summer jobs are facing a tighter job market this year as the once red-hot U.S. economy continues to cool. Nationally, the jobless rate for 16-to-19-year-olds continues to rise. The unemployment rate for teenagers hit 14.2 percent in April, compared with 12.8 percent last year, according to the U.S. Department of Labor.

“It’s very obvious that it’s going to be a little harder this summer, because businesses are much more reserved and cautious,” said Mark J. Gambill, the vice president of marketing at Manpower Inc., the nation’s largest temporary-employment agency. The New York City-based company recently surveyed 16,000 public and private employers. It found manufacturing, light industry, and high-tech firms were least likely to be seeking employees.

Temporary jobs typically are the first to suffer in a slowing economy, but other sectors that employ teenagers heavily have fallen on leaner times as well. For instance, the amusement, recreation, and hotel industries shed a combined 43,000 jobs in March and April, said John F. Stinson Jr., an economist at the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Ironically, the pinch comes as the nation’s overall jobless rate remains low. Statistics show that fewer teenagers have been jobless over the past few summers than at any time during the previous decade. “The jobless rates are still low by historical standards,” Mr. Stinson said. Ten years ago, for example, the unemployment rate for 16-to-19-year-old workers was 21.1 percent in June and 15.7 percent in July. Last year, the rate was 14.4 percent and 12.4 percent, respectively, federal figures show.

Experts say teenagers looking for summer work still can find jobs but not lots of pay. The continuing slump in the nation’s high-tech sector and lingering uncertainty over the general health of the economy have combined to limit teenagers’ job options to the type of work that American youths typically have thrived on — the retail and fast-food industries.

For the past several years, experts say, large numbers of teenagers found work with high-paying technology companies. But those heady days of $50,000 starting salaries for those with computer skills and only a high school diploma have ended.

Nationally, some 2.8 million students are expected to graduate from public and private high schools this year, according to the U.S. Department of Education. Lacking some sort of post secondary education or training virtually ensures those graduates will garner low wages. Ron Bird,

the chief economist at the Employment Policy Foundation, a Washington-based nonprofit think tank, said economic projections show that wage growth for those with only a high school diploma will be the slowest among all groups.

“There is a fundamental shift evident in the U.S. economy, tied primarily to technology, that will reward more professional, management, and technical-type jobs as opposed to line operators,” he said.

1. The current unemployment rate for teenagers is [A] lower than ever before. [B] higher than in the previous decade. [C] comparable to the overall unemployment. [D] higher than it was last year. 2. Current job prospects for teenagers in the high-tech industry are [A] highly profitable. [B] in decline. [C] quite promising. [D] non-existent.

3. Currently, most jobs for high school students and graduates are available in [A] the high-tech sector. [B] temporary employment. [C] retail stores. [D] amusement parks.

4.Which of the following individuals is directly quoted in this text? [A] The vice president . [B] High-tech industry analysts. [C] A government economist. [D] A Washington economist. 5. This text is mainly about

[A] the cooling of the U.S. economy. [B] summer jobs prospects for teenagers.

[C] job competition between high school students and graduates. [D] employment prospects for high school students and graduates.

Text 2

Surgeons will soon be able to enter the eye to carry out operations — at least in a virtual sense. Techniques derived from virtual reality — the computer system that immerses operations in an artificial computer-generated world — will allow surgeons to feel as if he could see the inside of the eye during an operation, creating the illusion that they are actually there.

Researchers at the Biorobotics Laboratory of McGill University in Montreal are building a robot, known as Micro Surgery Robot-1 ( MSR-1 for short), that will perform delicate operations under the control of a human surgeon. The robot is specifically designed for performing eye surgery but could have other applications, such as the removal of brain tumors. The system could also be used to allow surgeons and their students to practise simulated surgery that feel like the real thing — without the real consequences for the patients.

During the operations, the surgeon manipulates a set of control known as the master. These are connected through a high-performance computer to the robot. Both the master and the robot have two limbs. When the surgeon moves the master’s limbs, the robot’s limbs move in exactly the same way, except that the movements can be scaled down as much as a thousand times. This will eliminate hand tremor and poor accuracy and thus reduce the damage to the eye that can occur with present microsurgery techniques. Each of the robot’s limbs has a minimum movement of one micrometer — more than one hundred times the precision of the human hand.

The computer also creates a three-dimensional robot’s eye view of the inside of the eye that

the surgeon can see by wearing a virtual reality helmet that has a small lens in front of each eye.

To provide the surgeon with such a realistic experience, MSR-1 must be able to move rapidly, but this requires extremely fast computing. To handle the computational demands of instant interaction, the McGill team is constructing its own parallel-processing computer. It is also studying areas such as muscle mechanism, artificial intelligence and optics, and has already built another micro robot, MR-I, capable of manipulating a single living cell.

Although commercial applications of the new system are not expected for several years, its basic mechanical components will be ready for testing in a few months. “The day when micro robots will be able to perform surgery without human intervention is many years away,” says Hunter, “in the meantime, a system such as MRS-1 is a necessary precursor.”

6. “Virtual reality” is actually a computer system [A] used for operation on the eyes. [B] used to produce life-like illusions. [C] used in virtual technology. [D] used for difficult operations.

7. What is MSR-1 mainly designed for? [A] For making inside-eye observations. [B] For carrying out operations on human eyes. [C] For cutting off brain tumors. [D] For performing delicate operations. 8. The phrase “scale down” (Line 3,Para.3) probably means to

[A] reduce the proportion of the size properly. [B] reduce according to a fixed pattern. [C] make it diminish without limitation. [D] cut back on the time properly. 9. What is the advantage of the virtual reality techniques in microsurgery? [A] Surgeons can do operations without considering the consequences. [B] It allows surgeons and their students to set their imagination free. [C] It helps to do operations on human more accurately to reduce damage. [D] It creates a three-dimensional view which can be seen by a robot. 10. It can be referred from the last paragraph that

[A] MSR-1 may be brought into practical application in a few years.

[B] as a necessary pioneer in medical science,MSR-1 has still a long way to go. [C] the basic mechanical components of MSR-1 are being tested for assemblage. [D] the commercial applications of MSR-1 will be expected in a few years.

Text 3

There is no market without income, and the youth segment qualifies on this important dimension. Their spending reached about $ 55 billion in 1988, with approximately $ 11 billion put in savings. Because many jobs are available in fast-food restaurants and other businesses that need young people for labor, over 30 percent of high school senior boys and nearly 25 percent of senior girls say they average over 20 hours of work a week during the school year.

The important facet of teen incomes is that they are almost entirely discretionary; that is, there are few, if any, fixed obligations such as taxes, rent, insurance, and utilities that these youths must meet. A notable result of increasing youth income is the increasing tendency of youths to buy more durable and high-priced products, from radios to designer jeans, cosmetics, and footwear. According to the president of a youth research company, “Products which were considered

luxuries a few years ago are deemed necessities by youths and parents alike”.Thus, some youths are experiencing “premature affluence”—they have a lot of spending money but will not be able to sustain that level of discretionary spending once they have taken on the burdens of paying for their own necessities.

Why do youths have such a strong consumption orientation? According to one researcher, three significant forces have molded their attitudes and consumer behavior. First, the experience of growing up in a period of economic optimism. A second factor is permissive child rearing, which has been linked by researchers to a reduced capacity for initiative and independence. Third, the new generation has a higher educational level and heavier exposure to the mass media.

These environmental forces have had a significant influence on their consumer-behavior orientations. The result has been that youths tend to be rather optimistic about their future financial situations and level of living. For example, almost all young people look forward to what has been labeled the “standard package”—the set of durable goods, clothing, food products, and services enjoyed by the majority of Americans. Although they used to be told to save their money, young people in America today are being raised to spend, according to an authority who conducts a yearly youth poll. It is also important to recognize that the teen market not only spends a great deal of money on its own, but also influences the amount spent by parents. In total, it represents an almost $ 250 billion market in direct or indirect spending. Even children aged 4 to 12 directly influence $ 132 billion of household purchases. Today’s parents recognize that their kids are a lot more involved in making family decisions than they were as children, and many teens are doing the family shopping. Corporations are recognizing this trend and capitalizing on the fact that children can be very persistent in their search for a particular item.

11. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] No Income, No Market.

[B] Income and Spending of the Youth.

[C] Direct and Indirect Spending of Children. [D] Premature Affluence in the Society.

12. By saying “The important facet…entirely discretionary”(Line 1, Para. 2), the author means that

[A] the youths do not need to get parents’ permission before spending their money. [B] the youths do not have burdens of paying for their own necessities. [C] the youths tend to buy luxuries instead of life necessities. [D] the youths are careful in spending their money.

13. The youths’ behavior is strongly consumption-oriented partly because [A] they are independent and take the initiative in everything. [B] they don’t receive good education.

[C] they are greatly influenced by mass media. [D] they spend their childhood in hard times.

14. The result of the influence of environmental forces on youths is that [A] they tend to be optimistic about their future. [B] they tend to be selfish and arrogant.

[C] they become more aware of environmental problems. [D] they become more active in protecting environment.

15. What can we infer about most American youths from the last paragraph? [A] They are more liable to save than to spend . [B] They are optimistic about the national economy.

[C] They spend a lot of money on the “standard package”.

[D] They have recognized their involvement in household purchases.

Text 4

Women looking for love on the Net this Valentine’s Day may get more roses if they flaunt their wealth rather than their good looks, a study of online personal ads suggests.

Don Strassberg, a psychologist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, says he was intrigued when he discovered how many people were turning to the Internet to seek a partner in life. “I was infatuated with the possibilities of the medium,” he says. “You can reach a wide variety of people cheaply.”

Strassberg wanted to understand the motivation that drives weird lonely hearts, as previous research on personal ads has focused mostly on those placed in newspapers. These studies concluded that men tend to be attracted by a woman’s slimness and beauty, while women like their men tall and rich.

These are exactly the preferences that evolutionary biologists would predict. The theory goes that men are looking for a woman in prime reproductive condition, while women tend to seek a man with the resources to help her care for a child.

To discover whether the same rules hold on the Net, Strassberg and his student Stephen Holty crafted fictitious ads and place them on three popular Internet dating bulletin boards. Although the ads described both virtual men and women, only those for the female cyber dates attracted enough responses to permit analysis. Each ad claimed to be written by a woman between 26 and 28 years old who was easy-going and optimistic, although all used slightly different language. A control ad gave no further details. The other three labeled the woman “very attractive”, “passionate and sensitive” or “financially successful and ambitious”.

After a week, these descriptions drew 507 responses. Each cyber suitor was sent a polite reply thanking him for his interest, but explaining that his would-be companion had reunited with an old beau.

The control and passionate personas fared the worst, with 103 and 90 replies respectively. The attractive persona garnered more—129 admirers in all. But the woman with money came out top with 185 replies.

“This is very strange. It goes against everything I’ve heard before,” says psychologist Irene Frieze of the University of Pittsburgh. “I’m curious about the users of these sites.”

So are men who look for partners on the Net a bunch of money grabbing, passionless misfits? Strassberg agrees that the bulletin boards he studied may attract an unusual clientele. But he thinks the explanation may be that Net users are more educated and affluent, and are simply looking for someone of a similar background.

16. Strassberg’s study was designed to find out

[A] what is the most popular medium to place personal ads in. [B] preferences of those who place online personal ads. [C] effectiveness of placing personal ads on the Internet.

[D] people’s attitude toward online personal ads.

17. It can be inferred that evolutionary biologists would think

[A] a slim-bodied woman is more likely to be reproductively successful. [B] female beauty can be passed along to the next generation. [C] a tall man is necessarily a rich man.

[D] men and women should have similar preferences.

18. The word “virtual” (Line 3, Para. 5) most probably means [A] actual [B] fundamental [C] imaginative [D] ordinary 19. Which of the following is true according to the text?

[A] Cyber suitors seemed to be most impressed by the beautiful woman. [B] Most cyber suitors preferred the economically successful woman. [C] The would-be companion had reunited with an old lover. [D] Some cyber suitors were refused by the targeted woman. 20. In the last paragraph, the author

[A] challenges a theory given by evolutionary biologists.

[B] explains a phenomenon that affluent women are the most popular. [C] strengthens an argument that men are greedy for money [D] provides evidence that men like slimness and beauty

Part B

Directions: You are going to read a text about the tips on How to Avoid the Common Mistakes in Interview, followed by a list of examples or explanations. Choose the best item from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered subheading (21-25). There is one extra item which you do not need to use.

We’ve all heard stories of job candidates who looked great on paper but who were absolute disasters in person. With fewer and fewer interview opportunities available in this competitive market, it’s essential to make the best possible first impression. You can learn from the mistakes of others and avoid the top 5 worst interview blunders.

21. Inconsistency

The people who will be interviewing you are usually old and seasoned hands at the job. They are quick to notice inconsistencies, hesitations, and uncertainties. They may challenge something you say just to see how you respond. If you back off, change, justify, qualify, over-explain, or retract what you said earlier, they may suspect that you’ve been exaggerating or lying to them, and are likely to probe further.

22. Poor attitude

You should go for an interview with enthusiasm and an open mind while presenting yourself in an upbeat and professional manner.

23. Failure to match communication styles

It’s almost impossible to make a good first impression if you can’t communicate effectively with an interviewer. But you can easily change that situation by mirroring the way the interviewer treats you. Allowing the interviewer to set the tone of conversation can vastly improve your chances of making a favorable impression. You can put the interviewer at ease — and make yourself seem more like him or her — by mirroring his or her communication style.

24. Asking about benefits, vacation time or salary

Wait until you’ve won the employer over before beginning that discussion. Salary and benefits are definitely what applicants care about most. However, it’s not only rude but also irrational at the first beginning of the interview to ask such things. When a job-seeker asks about benefits or other employee perks during the first interview, a bad signal reflecting your image will be delivered to the interviewer.

25. Not to the point

In conclusion, just as a strong resume wins you an opportunity to interview, strong interview skills will win you consideration for the job. You already know that you won’t earn an interview unless your resume sets you apart as a candidate of choice. Similarly, you should know that polishing your interview skills can mean the difference between getting the job offer — and being a runner-up.

Start your job search with a resume that creates a stellar first impression, and then back those facts up with your extraordinary interview skills. You will have made yourself a better candidate by avoiding these five interview pitfalls. And no one will have to talk about you as the candidate who “almost” got the job.

[A] When interviewers respond to your statement with a skeptical look, a pause, or a comment, like “Really?”, you’ve to keep you cool, just smile politely, nod, and wait for them to continue. If you become uncomfortable, you can always ask, “Have I answered the question to your satisfaction?”, or “Was there anything else you wanted me to talk about?”

[B] Many candidates make the mistake of answering the question with a general statement. But interviewers want to hear about a specific time when you had this experience. The way to prepare for this type of question is to identify and tailor your stories before the interview. This question offers an opportunity to emphasize awards, compliments or bonuses received for a job well done. A story can relate a great many skills. One really good story is worth 50 general answers.

[C] If they are giving you the courtesy of their time and consideration, the least you can do is to respond in kind. If you decide during the interview that you don’t want the job, or that you may not be sufficiently experienced or qualified to receive the offer, don’t adopt negative. Continue to manifest positive.

[D] For example, if the interviewer seems all business, don’t attempt to loosen him/her up with a joke or story. Be succinct and businesslike. If the interviewer is personable, try discussing his/her interests. Often the items on display in the office can offer a clue. If asked a direct question, answer directly. Then follow up by asking if more information is needed.

[E] You can imagine, what if a car salesman asked to see your credit report before allowing you to test driving the cars?

[F] Even if your last boss was Attila the Hun, never, never state your ill feelings about him/her. No matter how reasonable your complaints, you will come out the loser if you show that you disrespect your boss because the interviewer will assume that you would similarly trash him or her. When faced with the challenge of talking about former employers, make sure you are prepared with a positive spin on your experiences.

Part C

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.

Economics has often been criticized as a science concerned only with the short-term, to the exclusion of consideration of how short-term goals affect long-term consequences. While it is true that economics is generally focused on achieving short-term maximization of resources, it must be kept in mind that the long term is never neglected. 26)One of the most intrinsic concepts in the field of economics is game theory, which examines how the choices immediately facing an individual will affect his subsequent breadth of choices that emerge afterward. For example, consider the case of a manager of a business who must decide whether to create a shoddy product, aware of the fact that ignorant buyers will buy an equal amount of the item regardless of its quality, since they know nothing about it yet. 27)Assume that creating a shoddy product is less expensive than creating merchandise of higher quality, short-term economics would argue that it is the best course of action for the manager to create the low-quality item, since the same reward would be achieved for a lower price. More properly applied economics, however, would demand further consideration, taking into account the long-term. 28)While creating a shoddy product in the long term would boost shortterm profits, it would also cause buyers not to purchase from the manager’s company in the future resulting in a significant loss in long-term profits. Consequently, the boost in short-term profit would have to be weighed against the loss in long-term profits, providing a more realistic and applicable aspect to the decision making process. When game theory comes into play, economics becomes a more useful tool in real-world situations.

29)Having examined the way in which game theory is applied, its name now makes sense —game theory is similar to a chess game, in which the effects of one’s choices on the other players in “the game” must be considered prior to action. In that sense, the application of economics to practical decision-making becomes at once more complicated yet more sensible. 30)One must always be thinking ahead and anticipating future scenarios based on current situations, for although economics is concerned with maximization, maximization is a long-term, not a short-term goal.

做题点拨与全文翻译

Part A

Text 1 语境词汇

1.reserved a.有所保留的；预订的 2.cautious a.小心的，谨慎的

3. lean a.收益差的；瘦的 vt.依赖 4. shed vt.去掉；流出，流下n.棚，库 5. pinch n.困苦；捏，掐 vi.捏，掐 6. respectively adv.各自地，分别地

7. slump n. 萧条期vi. 暴跌；沉重或突然倒下 8. heady a.令人陶醉的；易使人醉的

9. fundamental a.基本的，重要的，必要的 10. garner vt.收集并（通常）储存某物

难句突破

1. Graduating high school seniors (looking to enter the workforce) and other high school students (searching for summer jobs) are facing a tighter job market[this year][as the once red-hot U.S. economy continuous to cool.]

【分析】复合句。as 引导时间状语从句；主句中的两个现在分词短语“looking to …”和 “searching for …”分别作两个并列的主语的定语。 【翻译】想要找工作的应届中学毕业生和那些打算在暑假打零工的中学生今年面对的就业形势比较紧张，这是因为一度红红火火的美国经济持续低迷。

2. The continuing slump (in the nation’s high-tech sector) and lingering uncertainty (over the general health of the economy) have combined to limit teenagers’ job options to the type of work (that American youths typically have thrived on)—{the retail and fast-food industries}. 【分析】复合句。本句的主语由两个名词短语组成，每个短语都分别由一个介词短语作为后置定语修饰。在宾语的补语成分中，“that”引导的定语从句修饰“work”，同时 “the retail and fast-food industries” 作“work”的同位语。

【翻译】全国高科技产业持续不景气，经济总体形势仍徘徊不定，二者综合起来限制了青少年的择业方向，他们只能选择那种美国青年人通常有所作为的工作——零售业和快餐业。

本文属“观点论证型”分析说明文，主要通过一系列的例证以及数据分析说明美国当前青少年的就业状况。第一、二段，提出青少年就业形势紧张，并分析了其原因：经济不景气，企业需求相对较小，尤其在制造业、轻工业和高科技公司；第三、四段，主要说明了工作短缺与美国全国总失业率低这一对矛盾的问题。第五、六、七段，通过专家和权威机构与过去的情况相对比，对未来的青少年的就业情形做出了预测。 答案解析 1．【题眼】列举处设题 【解析】选[D]。事实细节题。根据题干关键词“current unemployment rate”定位于第一段最后一句话，“The unemployment rate…14.2 percent, … 12.8 percent last year...”故选[D]；再根据第三段倒数一、二句提供的十年前的和去年的六、七月份的数据判断[A]和[B]错误；第三段第三句提到全国的总失业率时明确指出总失业率很低，故排除[C]。 2．【题眼】段尾句设题 【解析】选[B]。事实细节题。文章提到“high-tech industry”的地方有三处：第二段最后一句、第四段第三句、第五段第一句；其中第五段最后一句谈到：“过去几年，大批青少年在薪水丰厚的科技公司打工，但现在这种情况已经一去不返了”，故[A]错误；再从其他两处只能推断出[B]；[C]、[D]均不正确。 3．【题眼】特殊标点处设题 【解析】选[C]。事实细节题。第四段第二句谈到：“全国高科技产业持续不景气，?他们只能选择美国年轻人通常有所作为的工作——全文翻译 想要找工作的应届中学毕业生和那些打算在暑假打零工的中学生今年面对的就业形势比较紧张，这是因为一度红红火火的美国经济持续低迷。[1]全国范围内16至19岁青少年的失业率继续上升。美国劳工部数据显示，今年四月份青少年失业率为14.2%，而去年是12.8%。 “很显然，今年夏天的就业会比较困难，因为各公司都变得更加有所保留、更加谨慎了。”马克·J·甘布里尔说道。他是人力资源公司市场部副总，该公司是全国最大的临时职业介绍机构，总部设在纽约市。人力资源公司最近对1.6万名公共及私人雇主进行了调查，[2]结果发现制造业、轻工业及高科技公司招聘员工的可能性最小。 一般来说，经济发展速度放慢，首当其冲的就是临时工，而其他平时大量雇佣青少年的部门在经济不景气的时候生意也会大受影响。例如，娱乐、休闲和饭店行业三四月份共计裁掉4.3万份工作，[4]这是美国劳工统计局经济学家小约翰·F·斯廷森提零售业?”，其中破折号后的内容是对前面的进一步说明，故选项[C]正确，而选项[A]错误；而文章第三段中第一句提到经济发展放慢，首当其冲的是临时工，紧接着提到娱乐业的裁员，故排除[B]、[D]。 4．【题眼】引言处设题 【解析】选[C]。事实细节题。第三段中引用了John F. Stinson Jr., 的话，他是an economist at the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics，由此推断出. [C]正确；[A]与第二段提到的Mark J. Gambill, the vice president of marketing at Manpower Inc.有本质的区别，单纯的the vice president指的是国家的副总统，故应排除；[B]文章中未提及；而选项[D]“一个华盛顿的经济学家”是对第六段第三句“一个设在华盛顿的智囊团的首席经济学家” 的曲解，故错误。 5．【解析】选[D]。主旨大意题。文章主要通过一系列的分析来说明当前青少年主要是中学生找临时工作和中学毕业生的就业形势。“the cooling of the U.S. economy”只是作者分析过程中的一个原因，所以不能选[A]；选项[B]在文中根本没有提到；选项[C]太过具体，不符合题意。选项[D]能最全面地概括文章的宗旨，所以为本题答案。 供的数据。具有讽刺意味的是，这种临时性工作和青少年工作短缺的情况出现时，美国全国的总失业率却一直很低。统计数字显示，最近几年夏天找不到工作的青少年人数比前十年任何时间的人数都少。斯廷森说：“按以往的标准来看，现在的失业率仍然很低。”例如十年前，16至19岁工人的失业率六月份为21.1%，七月份15.7%；而联邦数据表明，去年六、七月份该失业率分别为14.4%和12.4%。 专家们说，打算打暑期工的青少年仍能找到工作，但是薪水不会很高。 [3]全国高科技产业持续不景气，经济总体形势仍徘徊不定，二者综合起来限制了青少年的择业方向，他们只能选择那种美国青年人通常有所作为的工作——零售业和快餐业。 专家们说，在过去几年，大批青少年在薪水丰厚的高科技公司打工。只有中学毕业证但掌握计算机技能的人起薪可以拿到5万美元，但是如今那种令人陶醉的日子已经一去不复返了。 美国教育部说，预计今年全国从公共和私立中学毕业的学生约有280万。由于中学毕业后没有接受别的教育或培训，这些毕业生几乎注定只能领取低薪。罗恩·伯德是“就业政策基金会”（一个设在华盛顿的非赢利性智囊团）的首席经济学家。他说经济预测显示，在各群体中，只有中学毕业证书的人的工资增长是最慢的。 他说：“现在美国经济出现了一种根本性转变，该转变主要与技术紧密相关，它将更多地对专业型、管理型和技术型工作人员，而非生产线操作员，予以回报。”

Text 2 语境词汇

1. virtual reality 虚拟现实

2. immerse vt.使沉浸于，使专心于；使浸入 3. artificial a.虚拟的；人造的；人为的 4. illusion n.错觉，幻想；假象 5. simulated a.模仿的；伪装的

6. eliminate vt.消除，排除；忽略；淘汰 7. instant a.立即的，即食的n.片刻，刹那

8. precursor n.先驱；先行者；先兆；初期形式

难句突破

1. Techniques (derived from virtual reality — {the computer system (that immerses operations in an artificial computer-generated world)}) — will allow surgeons to feel as if he could see the inside of the eye during an operation,[creating the illusion that they are actually there]. 【分析】复合句。derived from …是过去分词短语作主语的定语，该定语中破折号之后的部分是virtual reality的同位语，其后的that引导的定语从句修饰the computer system；“to…”作宾补，宾补成分中as if引导的从句是feel的宾语。 【译文】由虚拟现实——一种计算机系统，在这种系统中手术将在计算机生成的虚拟世界中执行——发展而来的技术，可以让外科医生感到他在手术中似乎可以看到眼睛的内部构造，甚至产生一种他们置身其中的错觉。

2. It is also studying areas {such as muscle mechanism, artificial intelligence and optics}, and has already built another micro robot, {MR-I}, (capable of manipulating a single living cell). 【分析】简单句。第二个“and”连接两个并列的谓语；“such as…”作“areas”的同位语；“MR-I”作“another micro robot”的同位语，“capable of…”是形容词短语作“another micro robot”的定语。

【译文】他们还对诸如肌肉构造、人工智能、光学等领域进行研究。而且，他们已经制造了另一台可以控制单个活细胞的微型机器人，叫做MR-I。

本篇是一篇“信息传播型”说明文。文章主要介绍了一种可以为外科医生提供虚拟手术环境的计算机系统。第一段首先介绍了这一种虚拟世界中的计算机系统；第二段到第五段中作者详细地解释了该事物的特征；第六段中作者总结了这种新的计算机系统的意义。 答案解析 6．【题眼】特殊标点处设题 【解析】选[B]。语义理解题。本题考查对“virtual reality”的理解。文章第一段第二句在该短语后用了一个破折号，破折号后面的内容实际是对“virtual reality”的解释，即：“一种计算机系统，在这个系统中，?外科医生?甚至产生一种?的错觉”，由此得出[B]为正确答案；其他几项都是有误导性的曲解。 7．【题眼】长难句设题 【解析】选[B]。事实细节题。文章第二段第二句讲“The robot is specifically designed for performing eye surgery…”即该种机器人专门为实施眼科手术而设计，因此该题的答案应该是[B]；本题的干扰项为[C]，因为在这句话中“but”后面同时提到该机器人也能够进行脑部肿瘤切除手术，但这只是其另一项功能，而不是设计的主要目的，所以不选[C]；选项[D]太笼统；文章并未提到“observation”，故[A]不正确。 8．【题眼】对比、比较处设题 全文翻译 外科医生很快就可以进入眼睛实施手术了——至少在虚拟的意义上是如此。 [6]由虚拟现实——一种计算机系统，在这种系统中手术将在计算机生成的虚拟世界中执行——发展而来的技术，可以让外科医生感到他在手术中似乎可以看到眼睛的内部构造，甚至产生一种他们置身其中的错觉。 蒙特利尔市麦吉利大学仿生机器人实验室里的研究人员正在制造一个被叫做微型外科机器人I号（简称MSR-I）的机器人。它能够在外科医生的控制下，实施极其细微的手术。[7]该机器人专门为实施眼科手术而设计，但也能够有别的用途，比如脑部肿瘤切除手术。该系统也可以让外科医生以及他们的学生在极其真实的情境中进行模拟外科手术，但却不会造成对患者的任何实际伤害。 在手术过程中，外科医生操作一套称【解析】选[A]。语义理解题。第三段第四句中把处于同一控制系统中外科医生和机器人的手的移动做了对比。讲到：“当外科医生移动控制台的手时，机器人的手也会?，只是移动可以被“scale down”多达一千倍”，然后接着谈到“这可以防止双手颤抖以及精确度不高”故推断出“scale down”应为“减少”的意思，故[D]不正确；“减少”当然不能“无限制地减少”，故[C]排除；再根据句子中的“多达一千倍”，推出[A]正确，而[B]错误。 9．【解析】选[C]。事实细节题。文章第二、三、四都在说明虚拟现实为微型外科领域的作用，其中从第三段第五句可以得出[C]为正确答案；而[A]“可以让外科医生进行任何手术而不考虑后果”、[B]“让医生和他的学生自由发挥想象”都是对第二段最后一句话的曲解；再由第四段得出[C]的表述不正确，不是“机器人可以看见三维图形”。 10．【题眼】尾段设题 【解析】选[B]。推理判断题。文章最后一段讲虽然这种系统大量地投入使用尚需要若干年，但这样的系统必然会成为一个先驱，由此推断[B]正确；本段谈到这种系统无论是进入商业运作中还是在无人为干预下进行手术都要若干年，故选项[A]错误；[C]与第二句中的“will be ready for testing”不符；[D]与本段第一句话中的“not expected in several years”相矛盾。 ” 作控制台的控制系统。通过一个高性能的计算机，这套控制系统和机器人连接起来。控制台和机器人都有两只“手”。[8]当外科医生移动控制台的手时，机器人的手也会以完全相同的方式移动，只是他们的移动幅度可缩减一千多倍。[9]这能够防止双手颤抖以及精确度不高等问题，这样就会减少当前显微外科手术技术中会出现的对眼睛造成的伤害。机器人的每一只手移动的最小幅度为一千分尺——这比人类的手要精确一百多倍。 计算机能够形成眼睛内部构造的三维图形，而外科医生只需要佩戴一个每只眼睛前都装有一个小透镜的虚拟现实面罩，就可以看见 为了能够给外科医生提供一个真实的实践环境，MSR-I必须能够非常快速地移动。而这要求极快的运算速度。为了使机器人能够达到这些即时动作所需要的运算速度，麦吉利小组正在研制自己的能够平行运作的计算机。他们还对诸如肌肉构造、人工智能、光学等领域进行研究。而且，他们已经制造了另一台可以控制单个活细胞的微型机器人，叫做MR-I。 [10]虽然这套新系统在最近几年内进入商业运作尚不可能实现，但它的基础机械组成部分的测试将在最近的几个月进行。亨特说：“这些微型计算机能够在没有人为干预的情况下单独施行手术的那一天还要在若干年之后，但同时，像MSR-I这样的系统必然会成为一个先驱。 Text 3 语境词汇

1.segment n.部分，断片；（橘子等的）瓣 2.approximately ad.近似地，大约 3.available a.可得到的，可利用的 4.facet n.一个方面；（多面体的）面 5.discretionary a.自由支配的

6.cosmetic n.（常用复数）化妆品 7.deem vt.认为，视为 8.affluenc n.富裕，丰富

9.orientation n.方向，方位；熟悉情况，适应 10.permissive a.纵容的，放任的

11.poll n.民意测验；[常pl.]政治选举，大选

难句突破

1. The important facet of teen incomes is that they are almost entirely discretionary; that is, there are few, if any, fixed obligations such as {taxes, rent, insurance, and utilities} (that these youths must meet).

【分析】并列复合句。分号连接前后两个分句；分号前面that they are ...discretionary是表语从句；分号后面是对前一句话的补充说明；that引导的定语从句修饰fixed obligations；if any是插入语，表示“即便有的话”。

【译文】年轻人收入很重要的一个方面是，这些收入几乎完全是可自由支配的，也就是说，这些年轻人几乎没有，即使有，也是极少量必须承担的固定义务，如纳税、租金、保险及公用事业等。

2．Thus, some youths are experiencing “premature affluence”—they have a lot of spending money but will not be able to sustain that level of discretionary spending [once they have taken on the burdens of paying for their own necessities].

【分析】并列复合句。破折号连接前后两个分句，后面是对前面分句的补充说明；其中包含once引导的时间状语从句。

【译文】因此，一些年轻人正在经历“超前富裕”—他们有许多可花费的钱，可一旦他们承担起自己支付生活必需品的负担后，他们将很难维持这种自由支配花销的水平。

本文是一篇现象解释型文章，主要讨论了目前年轻一代的收入增加导致年轻人消费更加强烈的现象，并分析了这一现象的原因和影响。

第一段指出年轻人的消费猛增是由于他们收入的增加；第二段说明年轻人可以自由支配收入，他们倾向于购买耐用品及价格昂贵的产品，他们正经历着“超前富裕”；第三段指出了年轻人具有强烈的消费倾向的三个因素；第四段指出这些因素使得年轻人对自己未来的经济状况和生活水平抱相当乐观的态度而养成了只会花钱的习惯，同时影响其父母的消费金额，并用数字加以说明。 答案解析 11.【解析】选[B]。主旨大意题。通读文章可知，本文主要讨论了年轻一代拥有自己的零花钱，以及年轻人更注重消费的倾向。文章也列举了一系列数字来说明年轻人的消费在经济收入中所占的比重，故本文可以命名为[B]“年轻人的收入和消费”。[A]是文章开头提出的一个普遍观点，目的是引出作者要讨论的年轻人的消费问题；[C]是文章提到的孩子的消费直接或间接地构成了家庭的支出，不是文章的主要内容；作者在文章中指出年轻人正在经历过早的富足生活“premature affluence”，而不是全社会都在经历过早富足的生活，所以[D]的表述太宽泛，不能作为概括文章内容的标题。 12.【题眼】段首句设题 全文翻译 没有收入就没有市场，年轻人的市场非常符合这一重要特点。年轻人的花费在1988年高达550亿美元，大约积蓄110亿美元。因为在快餐店和其他行业有许多需要年轻人从事的工作，因此大约30%以上的高中男生和近25%的高中女生都说，他们在一学年中每周平均工作20小时以上。 [12]年轻人收入很重要的一个方面是，这些收入几乎完全是可自由支配的，也就是说，这些年轻人几乎没有，即使有，也是极少量必须承担的固定义务，如纳税、租金、保险及公用事业等。年轻人收入不断增加的一个明显结果是，越来越多的年轻人倾向于购买更多的耐用品及价格昂贵的产品，从收音机到名牌牛仔裤、化妆品和鞋类。据一家年轻【解析】选[B]。事实细节题。第二段第一句提到年轻人的收入是可以自由支配的，接着又解释说，年轻人必须支付的费用很少，本段最后一句也提到，一旦将来年轻人担负起支付自己必需品的义务，他们的消费状况就会有所改变，所以引文的含义应为[B]。文章没有提到年轻人花钱不必征得父母的同意，[A]错误；文章谈到年轻人会购买一些经久耐用且价格较高的产品，一家青年人问题研究公司表示几年前被认为是奢侈品的东西如今在青年人和家长看来已经成了必需品，所以[C]错误；[D]与原文表达的含义相反。 13.【题眼】列举处设题 【解析】选[C]。事实细节题。第三段分析了年轻人具有消费倾向的原因。根据一位研究人员的观点，有三个因素：首先，他们成长的时期社会的经济状况较好，因此排除[D]；第二，家长比较纵容，这也使现在的孩子们创造力和独立性降低，故排除[A]；第三，年轻一代受到的教育程度较高，故排除[B]；而且受到媒体的影响，所以选[C]。 14.【题眼】段首句，因果关系处设题 【解析】选[A]。事实细节题。第四段第一句提到环境因素对年轻人的消费倾向产生重要影响，第二句指出这一影响的结果是青年人对于自己未来的经济状况和生活水平持乐观态度，故答案为[A]。[B]原文未提及；文章提到的是环境因素对年轻人的成长产生的影响，没有提及年轻人对环境问题持有的态度，故[C]、[D]错误。 15.【题眼】例证处设题 【解析】选[C]。推理判断题。注意第四段第三句“For example”之后的内容，提到几乎所有的年轻人乐意购买贴有“标准系列商品(standard package)”标签的商品，所以[C]为答案。第四段第四句提到过去美国家长告诉年轻人要节省，而现在的年轻人更乐于消费，故[A]的判断不正确；第二句提到年轻人对自己未来的经济状况和生活水平持乐观态度，[B]的陈述与原文不一致；第四段倒数第二句提到家长们已经意识到自己的孩子参与家庭决策和家庭购物，因此[D]错误。

Text 4

人调查公司的总裁说：“几年前被看作是奢侈品的产品现在被年轻人及他们的父母们认为是必需品。”[12]因此，一些年轻人正在经历“超前富裕”—他们有许多可花费的钱，可一旦他们承担起自己支付生活必需品的负担后，他们将很难维持这种自由支配花销的水平。 年轻人为什么有如此强烈的消费倾向？据一位研究人员说，三种重要的因素造就了他们的态度和消费行为。首先，成长在经济乐观时期的经历；第二个因素是娇生惯养，研究人员已将这一点与创造能力和独立性的下降联系起来；[13]第三，新一代人具有较高的教育水平并且与大众传媒接触较多。 [14]这些环境因素对他们的消费行为趋向有着非常重要的影响。结果是年轻人往往会对自己未来的经济状况和生活水平抱相当乐观的态度。[15]例如，几乎所有的年轻人都期望着拥有“标准系列商品”——即大多数美国人享有的一套耐用品、服装、食品产品及服务。尽管在过去他们也被告知要存钱，但根据一位从事一年一度年轻人调查的权威人士说，今天的美国年轻人正在养成只会花钱的习惯。年轻人不仅在自己的市场上花费大量钱财，而且还影响其父母的花费数额，认识到这一点也很重要。年轻人市场中直接或间接消费的金额总计将近2，500亿美元。即使是4至12岁的孩子也直接影响1，320亿美元的家庭花销。今天的父母认识到，他们的孩子参与家庭决策比自己小的时候要多得多，而且许多年轻人在负责家庭采购。企业也认识到了这种趋势并利用孩子们在寻求某一特殊产品时非常执着这一事实来赚钱。 语境词汇

1.flaunt v.炫耀，夸耀

2.intrigue v.激起?的好奇心(或兴趣)，迷住；耍阴谋诡计 3.infatuate v.着迷，冲昏头脑 4.weird a.怪异的；不寻常的 5.evolutionary a.进化的

6.prime a.最理想的；最重要的n.全盛期；青春v.事先向某人提供情况或讯息 7.craft v.精工制作n.行业；手艺；工艺 8.fictitious a.想象的；虚构的

9.virtual a.[计]虚拟的；实际上的；事实上的

10.cyber源自Cybernetics，代表“与电脑相关的” 11.persona n.人，角色 12.clientele n.客户

难句突破

1.Strassberg wanted to understand the motivation (that drives weird lonely hearts), [as (previous) research (on personal ads) has focused mostly on those (placed in newspapers)]. 【分析】复合句。that引导的定语从句修饰motivation；as引导的原因状语从句；placed in newspaper作those的后置定语，those指ads。

【译文】Strassberg想要了解驱使那些奇异的孤独的心灵在互联网上寻找伴侣的动机，因为以前针对个人广告开展的研究主要以报纸上登载的广告为重点。

2．[Although the ads described both virtual men and women], only those (for the female cyber dates) attracted enough responses to permit analysis. 【分析】复合句。本句的主句为only those...attracted...responses；although引导让步状语从句；介词短语for the female cyber dates修饰those，这里those指the ads；enough responses to permit analysis是指网上的回复足够多，值得研究者将数据进行分析。 【译文】虽然广告中描述了虚拟的男男女女，但只有那些女性的网上约会广告吸引了相当多的回复足以进行研究分析。

本文是一篇现象解释型文章，主要介绍了有关网上征婚广告的研究过程及其结果。第一段引出主题，即有关网上征婚广告的研究；第二段介绍了这项研究的发起人Strassberg；第三段和第四段指出以前针对报纸上登载的个人广告开展的研究得出的结论与生物进化学家预测的人们的喜好相吻合；从而引出第五段的内容，即为了检验以上结论是否适用于网络世界而进行的研究；第六段和第七段是研究得出的数字统计；第八段和第九段说明研究结果出乎意料并对这一现象做出了可能的解释。 答案解析 16.【题眼】段首句设题 【解析】选[B]。事实细节题。第三段第一句谈到，Strassberg想要了解那些网上交友的人的动机，所以要通过设计网上征婚广告的形式了解人们交友时的喜好，因此选[B]。并非要探讨最流行的登载个人广告的媒体方式，[A]不对；也并非检验网上个人广告的有效全文翻译 [19]一项有关在线个人广告的研究表明那些今年情人节在网上寻找爱情的女士，如果能够在网上炫耀她们的财富而不是漂亮的容颜，那么她们有可能会得到更多的玫瑰花。 盐湖城犹他大学的心理学家Don Strassberg声称当他知道到因特网去寻找生活伴侣的人数时，这激起了他的兴趣。“我对这

性，因为文章中并没有讨论这种方式最终成功的情况，[C]不对；[D]“人们对网上个人广告的态度”也不是Strassberg研究的主题。 17.【题眼】段首句设题 【解析】选[A]。推理判断题。第三段中指出以前曾经有过针对报纸上登载的个人广告开展的研究，这些研究得出的结论是男性更容易被女性的苗条美丽所吸引，而女性更青睐高大富有的男性。第四段指出这些也是生物进化学家预言的人们的喜好，从中推断，生物进化学家的观点认为苗条的女人更有可能成功地担负起繁衍生息的角色，故答案为[A]。从研究的结论中并不能够确定地推断出[B]“女性的美丽可以传给下一代”；[C]本身过于绝对；研究显示的结果是男女对异性的喜好不同，这一点不是生物进化学家能够左右的，[D]错误 18.【题眼】熟词生义设题 【解析】选[C]。语义理解题。注意利用句际关系推测virtual的意思，virtual所在句与上一句形成让步关系，所以本句提到的广告(the ads)正是指代上一句中的fictitious ads，既然是fictitious“虚构的”，描绘的人也是虚拟的，virtual与fictitous同义复现，因此[C]正确。[A]和[B]虽然也属于virtual的意思，但不是本文所用的义项；[D]项没有根据。 19.【题眼】首段、段尾句设题 【解析】选[B]。事实细节题。文章首句就指出“Women…get more roses…rather than their good looks...”，并且第七段段尾也指出“But the woman with money came out top...”这两句可以说明[B]项正确。同时可看出[A]错误；[C]项所述是试验人员拒绝回复人的借口，不是事实；[D]项中的Some有误，并且不是那些女性而是试验人员拒绝了回复。 20.【题眼】尾段设题 【解析】选[B]。主旨大意题。前文分析了Strassberg开展的研究得出的数字统计。通过不同类型女性所获得的回复的统计数字，Strassberg认为能够对于这一现象做出的可能的解释是因为网络用户教育程度更高、更富有，而且只是想寻找具有相同背景的人，因此选[B]“解释富有的女性最受欢迎的现象”。 种媒介所产生的各种可能性十分着迷，”他说，“你以极小的花费就可以接触到各色各样的人。” [16]Strassberg想要了解驱使那些奇异的孤独的心灵在互联网上寻找伴侣的动机，因为以前针对个人广告开展的研究主要以报纸上登载的广告为重点。这些研究得出了这样的结论：男人总是往往被女人的苗条、漂亮所吸引，而女人则喜欢男人高大而富有。 [17]而这些恰恰和进化论生物学家预测的那种偏爱倾向相吻合。他们的理论这样描述这种倾向：男人总是在寻找一位最佳生产期的女人，而女人则倾向于寻觅一位有资本来帮她照料孩子的男人。 为了弄清这一规则是否也适用于网上世界，Strssberg和他的学生Stephen Holty精心制作了虚构的征婚广告，并将它们粘贴到三个人气很旺的网上交友信息栏中。[18]虽然广告中描述了虚拟的男男女女，但只有那些女性的网上约会广告吸引了相当多的回复足以进行研究分析。虽然使用了不太一样的语言，每一个广告都声称是由一个既乐观又随和，年龄在26至28岁之间的女士所做。其中有一个控制组的广告，没有给出任何详细信息。而其他三则分别标上了该女士“非常有吸引力”、“敏感而富有激情”和“雄心勃勃而且非常富有”。 一周之后，这些征婚广告共收到了507个回复。每个网上求婚者都收到了一份礼貌的回复，感谢他对候选者有兴趣，但同时向他做出解释，他所感兴趣的伴侣已经与旧情人重修旧好。 那个控制组和标有“敏感而富有激情”的广告吸引的人最少，分别只得到了103和90个回复；那个标有“非常有吸引力”的广告得到的回复则多一些，总共有129个。[19]而那个标有“非常富有”的广告所得回复则高居首位，共有185个。 “这非常奇怪，这和我以前所听说的一切都不相符，”匹兹堡大学的心理学家Irene Frieze这样评价，“我对这些网站的用户很好奇。” 难道说在网上寻找伴侣的男士只是一群贪图钱财而毫无激情的不合适的人选？Strassberg也认为他所研究的信息栏有可能招致一些反常上网者。[20]但是他认为对于这一现象做出的解释或许应该是网络用户教育程度更高、更富有，他们只是想寻找具有相同背景的人。 Part B 语境词汇

1.blunder n.大错，疏忽vi.犯愚蠢的错误

2.seasoned a.经验丰富的，老练的；已调味的 3.retract vt.收回，否认；(使)缩回，(使)缩入

4.upbeat a.乐观的，欢乐的 n.［音］弱拍， 上升 5.succinct a.简明的，简洁的

6.perk n.额外津贴，附带福利vi.活跃起来 7.compliment n.称赞；问候vt.称赞 8.stellar a.恒星的

9.pitfall n.隐藏的危险，隐患

难句突破

1. [If you decide during the interview that you don’t want the job or that you may not be sufficiently experienced or qualified to receive the offer], don’t adopt negative. 【分析】复合句。if引导条件状语从句，在该从句中，or连接的两个并列的that分句作decide的宾语。

【翻译】假如在面试中你已经决定不做这份工作，或者你认为自己经验不够，没资格接受他们的职位，别断然拒绝。

2. Start your job search[ with a resume] (that creates a stellar first impression), and then back those facts up [with your extraordinary interview skills].

【分析】并列复合句。and连接两个并列的祈使句；其中第一个分句中，that引导定语从句，修饰resume。

【翻译】在开始寻找工作时，简历是你恒久的第一印象。然后用你非凡的面试技能去支持论证你简历中所陈述的事实。

本文是一篇“信息传播型”论述文。主要论述了面试时应避免的问题。第一段作者明确了本文的写作目的：让读者学会避免面试中的五大致命问题；第二至十段具体论述了五点错误；第十一、十二段再次点题：好的简历让你赢得面试机会；而熟练的面试技巧让你赢得工作；避免了以上五大陷阱，你就能成为一个强有力的竞争者。 答案解析 21.【解析】选［A］。第一主题句论述的是要避免在面试中出现矛盾的地方，［A］选项便是举例从正面说明了如何避免这一问题。 22.【解析】选［C］。第二个主题句侧重强调要注意面试时的态度，注意［C］选项中的提示词全文翻译 我们都听说过关于职位候选人在书面材料上相当出色但个人能力不好的故事。现在的竞争市场中面试机会越来越少，所以在面试中营造出色的第一印象是非常必要的。你可以从其他人的错误中学会避免面试中的五大致命问题。 [21]自相矛盾 通常面试你的人都是工作经验丰富的老手。他们会语“negative”和“positive”。 ［F］选项虽然也有态度问题，但是侧重于对以前雇主的态度，而这里强调的是对面试官的态度。 23.【解析】选［D］。第三个主题句阐述的是避免出现失败的交流方式。［D］选项便是举例说明要根据面试官的面试风格或提问方式（If asked direct questions, answer directly.）来推断该如何应对面试，避免面试中的不对称交流，故该项正确。 24.【解析】选［E］。第四个主题句强调了在面试过程中一定不要太急切地提出对工作福利薪水的问题，［E］选项举出销售中的例子来类比说明这一问题的错误性。 25.【解析】选［B］。第五个主题句阐述了在面试过程中要避免泛泛而谈，不切题。［B］选项具体说明了这一点，其中该选项中第一、二句出现的general和specific就是和主题句的对应。 很快注意到你话语中自相矛盾，迟疑和不确定的地方。总是在你的话语中挑毛病然后看你如何反应。如果你退缩、变换、闪烁其词，过分解释或收回你先前所说的话，他们可能怀疑你夸大其词或者在欺骗他们，并会就此继续深究。 当面试官对你的话面露怀疑、稍作停顿或说“真的么?”的时候，你应该保持冷静，礼貌地微笑，点头示意，然后等他们继续。如果你感到不适，你可以这样提问： “我的回答你们满意吗?”或者“还有什么需要我回答的?” [22]态度不好 当你去面试时应该以热情的态度和开阔的思维来呈现一个乐观和专业的你。 如果他们礼貌地告诉你给他们一点时间考虑，最起码你能做的是礼貌地回答。假如在面试中你已经决定不做这份工作，或者你认为自己经验不够，没资格接受他们的职位，别断然拒绝。继续保持一种积极的态度。 [23]失败的交流 如果不能和面试官有效地交流沟通，那么你很难给他们留下一个好的印象。但如果你能以面试官对待你的方式回应他，就能很轻而易举地改变这种状况。让面试官来定交谈方式能为你塑造很有利的形象。尽可能地模仿面试官，使你和他或她的交流方式更为接近，能让面试官比较放松。 比如，如果面试官像谈一宗生意那样正经，别尝试用故事或笑话来让他们放松下来，尽量做到简洁和条理。如果面试官很有风度，试着讨论他或她感兴趣的东西。他们办公室摆设的东西通常能提供一些线索。如果他们直接问你，那你就直接回答。然后询问他们是否需要你提供更多信息。 [24]询问利益，假期及薪水的问题 在你赢得面试官认同之前别讨论这个问题。薪水和利益绝对是申请者们最关心的问题。但在第一次面试的时候就问及这些事情不仅是粗鲁的而且还显得不理智。求职者第一次面试就提出利益或其他福利问题，通常会给面试官一个传递一个有关你个人形象的坏印象。 想象一下：如果汽车推销员在你试车之前要求看你的信用报告，你会怎么样? [25]泛泛而谈 许多候选人在回答问题时会犯泛泛而谈的错误。但面试官想听到的是你具体在何时有这样的经验。回答这类问题的办法是在面试之前就确认准备好你所要陈述的故事。这可以给你机会，强调自己因工作优秀而获得的荣誉，成就或是奖励。一个你从业中的故事会涉及你的很多技能。而一个好的故事比50个泛泛而谈的答案更有价值。 总之，好的简历能让你赢得面试的机会，而熟练的面试技巧有可能会让你赢得一份工作。你已经明白除非你的简历表明你是合适的候选人，不然就无法获得面试的机会；同样，你也该知道，在面试中熟练的应对各种问题也能让你最大可能地赢得工作：此役无亚军! 在开始寻找工作时，简历是你恒久的第一印象。然后用你非凡的面试技能去支持论证你简历中所陈述的事实。避免以上面试五大陷阱，会使你自己成为一个强有力的竞争者。这样别人在谈到你的时候就不会再说你“几乎”面试成功了。

Part C 语境词汇

1.intrinsic a.(指价值、性质)固有的，内在的，本质的 2.game theory 博弈论，对策论 3.take into account 重视，考虑 4.weigh against 权衡；斟酌

5.come into play （开始）积极活动或起作用

6.scenario n.事态，局面；情景，场面；脚本，剧情概要 本文是一篇假设—真实型文章。文章第一段提出有些人认为经济学是关注短期利益的学科，作者用博弈理论来证明经济学从未忽视过长期目标的观点；第二、三段通过一个通俗的例子介绍了现实中对博弈理论的应用；第四段总结了经济学关注的是效益的最大化，但最大化是一个长期而非短期目标。 答案解析 26.One of the most intrinsic concepts [in the field of economics] is game theory, (which examines how the choices (immediately facing an individual) will affect his subsequent breadth of choices (that emerge afterward.)) 【要点】复杂定语从句的翻译 【句法】复合句。本句的主干为One of the most intrinsic concepts... is game theory。which引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰game theory。因句子较复杂，翻译时适合采用“分译后置法”，重复先行词，译成主句的并列分句。 【词法】“game theory”是一个经济专有名词，指“博弈理论”。 27.[Assume that creating a shoddy product is less expensive than creating merchandise of higher quality], short-term economics would argue that it is the best course of action for the manager to create the low-quality item, [since the same reward would be achieved for a lower price]. 【要点】被动语态的翻译 【句法】复合句。句子主干为short-term economics would argue 全文翻译 人们常常批评经济学，说它是一门只关注短期利益的学科，完全不考虑短期目标对长期结果的影响。的确，经济学关注的焦点往往是资源短期收益最大化，但同时必须记住，长期目标从未被忽视过。26）经济学领域一个最根本的概念就是博弈理论，该理论所审视的就是一个人眼前的各种选择对随后出现的可选项的范围会产生什么样的影响。 例如，一位企业经理必须决定要不要生产劣质产品，他知道不懂行的顾客不管质量优劣还是会购买同样that…。（1）Assume引导一个条件状语从句，翻译为“假设?”（2）that引导argue的宾语从句，该从句中还包含一个since引导的原因状语从句。原因状语从句用的是被动语态。翻译时将英语原文中by，in，for等作状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语，而原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。 【词法】argue一词在此处不能理解为“争论，辩论”，根据其后宾语从句的内容，而应翻译为“主张，认为”。 28.[While creating a shoddy product in the long term would boost short-term profits], it would also cause buyers not to purchase from the manager’s company in the future, [resulting in a significant loss in long-term profits]. 【要点】现在分词短语的翻译 【句法】复合句。句子的主干为it would also cause buyers…。while引导的让步状语从句，翻译为“尽管?，但是?”。“resulting in...”是现在分词短语作结果状语，翻译时采用转换法，处理成独立的句子。 29.[Having examined the way (in which game theory is applied)], its name now makes sense —Game theory is similar to a chess game, (in which the effects of one’s choices on the other players in “the game” must be considered prior to action). 【要点】its的指代关系；which引导的非限制性定语从句的翻译 【句法】复合句。现在分词的完成形式Having examined...用在状语中，表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，翻译时要体现出来；其中包括which引导的定语从句，修饰the way。（1）“its name”指的是“game theory”这一名称。（2）破折号后面的内容是对前面内容的解释说明，其中which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰限定chess game，该从句本身比较长，翻译时可采取“分译后置法”，译为独立的并列分句，以使句子结构保持平衡。 30.One must always be thinking [ahead] and anticipating future scenarios (based on current situations), [for although economics is concerned with maximization, maximization is a long-term, not a short-term goal]. 【要点】for引导原因状语从句的翻译 【句法】复合句。for引导一个原因状语从句，该从句中包含了一个although引导的让步状语从句。for引导的原因状语从句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开，只提供一些辅助性的补充说明。 【词法】scenarios本义指“情景，场面”，根据future一词，进行词义引申，指未来的“事态”。

多的商品，因为他们对此一无所知。27）假设生产劣质产品比制造优质产品的成本低，短期经济学可能会主张：经理最好生产劣质产品，因为较低的成本也可以得到同样的回报。 但是，如果想把经济学运用得更为得当的话，就要三思而行，把长期利益考虑在内。28）尽管长期生产劣质产品会提高短期收益，但同样也会导致顾客将来不再购买该公司的产品，而这对于公司的长期收益是一个重大损失。因此，必须对短期收益的增长和长期收益的损失加以利弊权衡，为决策过程提供更现实、更可行的帮助。如果运用博弈理论，经济学就会成为现实世界中一个更加有用的工具。 29）研究过博弈理论的运用方法后，其名称也就说得通了：博弈理论就像在下象棋，一方的决定在一局棋中对对手产生的影响必须在走棋前就考虑清楚。在这个意义上，经济学在实际决策中的应用就变得更加复杂也更加明智了。30）人们总是必须提前打算，在现实基础上预想未来事态的发展，因为尽管经济学关注的是效益的最大化，但是最大化是一个长期而非短期的目标。

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