美国文学史复习资料

美国文学史复习（colonialism)

第一部分 殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述

1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land

2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians

4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想：

1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位

3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝

4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William

他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet

7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南：

1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘

Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the \of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.

2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.

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4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese.

美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution) (2009-01-17 15:54:25) 一、美国的性质： The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。 二、代表作家：

1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-1790

1）\Poor Richard's Almanac\穷人查理德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集 It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation

2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题

3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。

4）first applied the terms \5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。

6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、

7）The Way to Wealth 致富之道 The Autobiography自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传 2、Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因 1737-1809 \最平凡的人 1）famous pamphlet \Common Sense\著名的政治小册子《常识》 it boldly advocated a

\拥护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机。

2）\American Crisis\《美国危机》，signed \Common Sense\第一段）

The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代

3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊

1）drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言

2）与清教徒不同，主张追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness. 人人生而平等，他们都从“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。

4、Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺 poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者 1）perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period. 2)has been called the \美国诗歌之父

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The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 学习指南：

1、Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next great suject to command the attention of the best minds.

2、Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit. 美国文学史复习3（Romanticisms) (2009-01-17 18:58:09) 一、文学特征： 1、Environment:

1)shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陆新环境

2）array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditons of Europe 欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮 2、美国文学特点：

pluralistic多元化 manifestations varied 表现形式多样 Individualistic个人主义 conflicting 矛盾

3、Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。 4、Transcendentalism 超验主义 1）as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。

2)they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。

3）they believe in the transcendence of \from which all things come and of which all things are a part. 相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。

4）it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.” The natural implication of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.

5）代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善 Thoreau 梭 罗，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕” 5、Literary forms文学形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。

6、Imaginative literature想象类文学

7、the wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。

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8、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. 逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。

9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America’s language. In 1828 Noah Webster published “An American Dictionary of the English Language”. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. 受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。

10、At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England.” Led by Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England → Transcendentalism, 从新英格兰文学到超验主义。

二、代表作家：

1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contribution

① the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家 ②“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。

③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。

④“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》

A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；

The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉

2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀

①contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories → the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。 ②“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。

③the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小说的中心人物，纳蒂.班波 Judge Temple: man remain savage without law and order

The Spy 间谍 The Pilot 领航者 The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿 3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特 poet 诗人

①as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention.当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达到相当高的水平。

②He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。

③ “To a Waterfowl”《致水鸟》the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。

4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡

①show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic. 编辑、诗人、文学评论家。

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②Graham’s Magazine 格雷厄姆杂志（坡的工作场所）

③“The Fall of the House of Usher”《鄂谢府崩溃记》、“The Raven”《乌鸦》the title poem of a collection,

“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”《述异集》first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。

④often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。 5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生

①be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。

②Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强.

③作品：“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》、 “The American Scholar”《美国学者》, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。

④his most important works are “Representative Men ”《代表》and “English Traits”《英国人》、“Poems”《诗集》 ⑤摘自《论自然》：Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的约束没有了。

6、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗

①Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson’s theories 爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。

②“In Walden”《沃尔登》成名作。“Civil Disobedience”《平民反抗》essay 随笔。非暴力不合作

③教义：I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find out his own way, not his neighbor’s or his parents. 我不希望人们接受我的生活模式，每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式，不是邻居的，也不是他父母的。 ★7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑

①background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hawthorne, who harm a person.曾经有个做法官的祖辈害人。

②“The House of the Seven Gables”七尖角阁房，是霍桑著名神秘小说中的一个房屋名称。

③he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the persecutions.对清教徒阴暗面的深切关注，认为清教徒的戒行过于森严，对不同信仰人的迫害过于残酷。

④“Mosses from an Old Manse”《古厦青苔》、“The Marble Faun”《玉石神像》 ⑤特点⑴unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. 独特才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。

⑵his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories. 短篇小说里，通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。

⑶to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。

⑥（课堂笔记提及的）“The Scarlet Letter”《红字》

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6、Playwrights戏剧、剧作家：Eugene O’Neill “The Emperor Jones”《琼斯国王》、“Anna Christie”《安娜.克里斯蒂》、“The Hairy Ape”《毛猿》

7、The Jazz Age(享乐时代)：when New Orleans musicians moved “up the river” to Chicago, and the theatre of New York’s Harlem pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times. Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of “the beautiful and damned”, drowning in their pleasures. 二、代表作家：

1、Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德 诗人

①Imagism 意象派的代表人物。Pound and Eliot became the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrument. 庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表现手法的早期诗人。

②major work of poetry is the long poem called “The Cantos” 2、Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主义诗人 poet ①诗歌特点和内容：(1)rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new.” He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative. (2)He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol.

(3)His concern with nature reflected deep moral uncertainties, and his poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed.

②he become a national bard美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer Prizes获得了四次普利兹奖.

③“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑

3、Wallace Stevens 华莱士.斯蒂文斯 诗人

①His work is primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order,” that is ,true ideas, correspond with an innate order in nature and universe, and that it is the high privilege of individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence. 作品动机起源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序，是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权。 ②代表作：“The Man with the Blue Guitar”《带蓝吉他的人》；

“Necessary Angel”《必要的天使》，collection of his occasional lectures on poetry诗歌的评论.

“Anecdote of the Jar”《坛子的轶事》jar – man made – art, wildness – nature, jar bring order/meaning to the nature, 艺术到自然的秩序， integrated 统一体

③特点：(1)he adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles.尝试过多种实验性的写作风格。

(2)he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional values and sought to come to terms with the confusions of his time. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry.理想和现实中所交叉的矛盾。 (3)a series of oppositions between inner and outer worlds – between subject and object, perceiver and perceived, fiction and fact, “imagination and reality”(想象与现实)

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★4、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特 现代主义代言人 ①多重身份：poet诗人, critic评论家, playwright剧作家 ②代表作：

“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems，holds its place in the development of Eliot’s poetry as a whole.

“Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,随笔《传统和个人天才》, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己的审美观点. provided a useful instrument for modern criticism.成为现代评论极为有效的评判标准。

“The Waste Land”《荒原》one of the major works of modern literature. Use a new form — the orchestration of related themes in successive movement. 新的文学形式即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果。

“Four Quartets”《四个四重奏》poem

“Murder in the Cathedral”，poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama(戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力的戏剧 ③作品特点：

(1) concerns various aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of individual character as seen in perspective with the decay of states, peoples, and religious faith.触及人性中的软弱沮丧的弱点，正确思索了国家、人民、宗教信仰等的丧失。

(2)poem conceived as a made object, an organic thing in itself, whose concrete elements are true correlatives of the artist’s imagination and experience with respect to that poem.诗歌是客观成型的东西，诗歌的具体元素与艺术家的想象和经历密切相关，也与诗歌相一致。

(3)The degree to which fusion and concentration of intellect, feeling, and experience were achieved was Eliot’s criterion for judging the poem.知识、情感、体验的融合与集中程度是爱略特判定诗歌好坏的标准。

5、F. Scott Fitzgerald F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德 novelist 小说家

①作品：“This Side of Paradise”《人间天堂》，the first novel. “The Great Gatsby” 《了不起的盖茨比》 novel “Tender Is the Night” 《夜色温柔》 novel ②第二本小说的开展过程：dream梦想 → Daisy self-centered 理想化的淑女，自我为中心 → disenchantment, disillusion魔法消失，(因阶级差异)梦想破灭 → sense of failure and despair (light)失败和绝望

Ash 灰(象征) → forest树木，西部开发，树木变成灰了

③limited point of view有限视角 → suspense悬念 + mystery神秘真实性→reliable可信的，不偏，不评价

6、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威 novelist 小说家

①写作特点：(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simply sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.推动了报告文学的发展，认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要简练，要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语调。 (2) His primary concern was an individual’s “moment of truth,” and his fascination with the threat of physical, emotional, of psychic death is reflected in his lifelong preoccupation with stories of war.主题强调换个体“真理的瞬时性”，痴迷于描写肉体情感方面面临的威胁和心灵死亡等主题。

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(3) man’s greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure作品主题, or purity of line through the maximum of exposure最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成为一个纯粹的人. ②代表作：“The Sun Also Rises” Hemingway became the spokesman for “a lost generation” “A Farewell to Arms”、“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、“The Old Man and the Sea”

7、John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克

①the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。 ②代表作：

“Of Mice and Men”《人鼠之间》 portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers “The Grapes of Wrath”《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作。 8、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳

①作品的主题：the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。 ②作品：“The Sound and the Fury”《喧嚣与骚动》成名作、“Absalom, Absalom!”、“Go Down, Moses”

③narrative method叙述方法:1、stream of consciousness 意识流

2、multiple point of view, narrator多角度，多个叙述者

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