句型转换解题技巧及分类评析
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中考英语
句型转换解题技巧及分类评析
一.根据要求改写句子
(一)主动句变被动句
1.主动句变被动句第一步:要看时态,时态必须保持一致。第二步:把主动句的宾语改为被动句的主语,谓语动词由主动形式改为被动形式,主动句的主语成为介词by的宾语,放在句尾。For example:
People keep sheep for producing wool.
Sheep for producing wool people.
答案解析:在主动句中people 是主语,是动词keep动作的执行者,sheep就是keep的承受者。在变被动语态时,把主动句中的宾语sheep变成被动句中的主语,主动句中的主语变被动句的宾语,其前加介词by。谓语动词变过去分词。故正确答案为:are,kept,by。
2.主动句改为被动句,要注意谓语动词由主动形式变为被动形式时的各种变化,具体有以下几种变化:
一般现在时的被动语态:am/is/are + 过去分词
一般过去时的被动语态:was/were + 过去分词
现在完成时的被动语态:have/has +been + 过去分词
情态动词的被动语态:can/may/must/...+be + 过去分词
一般将来时的被动语态:will/shall +be + 过去分词
现在进行时的被动语态:am/is/are +being + 过去分词
过去进行时的被动语态:was/were +being+ 过去分词
过去完成时的被动语态:had + been+ 过去分词
For example:(1)Li Lei mended the bike。(改为被动语态)
The bike ___ ____ by Li Lei.
答案解析:根据主句的时态,应转换为一般过去时的被动语态。结构为:was/were +过去分词。由于主语“the bike”是单数,故第一空填was;第二空填:mended.
(2)We should plant trees in spring.(2005年四川考题)
Trees should ____ ______in spring.
解析:本题要求是变成含有情态动词的被动语态,根据结构公式:情态动词+be +过去分词。正确答案为:be +planted。
3.含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时,一般把间接宾语改为被动句的主语,或者把直接宾语改为被动句的主语,在be done 后需加to或for。
NOTE:
(1)把直接宾语改为被动句的主语,间接宾语前加介词to的动词有:
send/pass/write/give/show/bring/lend/sell/hand/tell等。
(2)间接宾语前加介词for的动词有:buy/cook/make/order/choose/get/draw等。
For example:My mother bought me a beautiful skirt yesterday.
I ____ ______ a beautiful skirt by my mother yesterday.
A beautiful skirt ____bought ______ me by my mother yesterday.
答案解析:第一句是把间接宾语改为被动句的主语;应填:was,bought;第二句是把直接宾语改为被动句的主语,后要在间接宾语前加for,属于固定搭配,即:buy sth .for sb.
4.在被动句中,感官动词(see,hear,watch等),使役动词(let,make,have等)后作宾语补足语的不定式前不加to,但在被动句中做主语补足语的不定式前必须加上to。
For example:Jim heard his friend sing a song an hour ago。
His friend ____ ____ _____sing a song by Jim。
答案解析:hear是感官动词,在被动句中后面做主语补足语的不定式前要加to。故正确答案为:was,heard,to。
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中考英语
(二)直接引语变间接引语
在做直接引语变间接引语时必须掌握它的一些规律,下面来归纳一下:
1.变化人称的一般规律:
(1)直接引语中的第一人称变间接引语时,其人称与主句的主语一致。
(2)直接引语中的第二人称变间接引语时,其人称与主句的宾语一致。
(3)直接引语中的第三人称变间接引语时,其人称不变。
For example:
An English teacher asked his students,“Are you interested in my lessons?”
An English teacher asked his students if ____ were interested in _____ lessons。
解析:根据语境,直接引语的第二人称you变间接引语时,其人称与主句的宾语一致,即变为they;直接引语中的第一人称my变为间接引语时其人称与主句的主语一致,即改为his。故正确答案为:they;his。
For example:
The teacher said angrily,“Where have you been all these days?”
The teacher asked me angrily where I ____ ______ all those days。
解析:根据直接引语改为间接引语要注意时态变化的原则,现在完成时应变为过去完成时,因此have been变为had been。故正确答案为:had ,been。
3.指示代词的变化。
直接引语中的this变为间接引语时应改为that,复数these改为those.
For example:
Tim said to me,“This is the School Computer Center..”
Tim said to me ____ ______ was the School Computer Center.
分析:句中出现了两个that.第一个that是连接词,第二个that是指示代词。由直接引语中的this 而变的。故正确答案为:that; that.
4.时间状语的变化
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中考英语
For example:
Jane asked me,“Have you got anything on this evening?”(变间接引语)
Jane asked me ____ I ____ _____ anything on _____.
解析:根据直接引语是一般疑问句来判断连接词为if/whether.故第一空填if/whether;直接引语中的时态为现在完成时时变间接引语时应改为过去完成时,故第二,三空填had ,got;同时时间状语也要作相应的变化,this evening变为that evening. 第四,五空填:that, evening.
5.直接引语变间接引语的引导词与由简单句变为宾语从句一样。有三种情况:that引导陈述句;一般疑问句或反意疑问句用if或whether;特殊疑问句用特殊疑问词来引导。这三种句型的语序都是用陈述语序。
6.直接引语是祈使句,改为间接引语时成为不定式短语,而且谓语动词通常用
ask/order等“祈求,命令”的动词。For example:
Her mother said to her,“Finish your homework before watching TV.”
Her mother asked her finish homework before watching TV.
答案解析:根据直接引语变间接引语的规则,前面的said变为asked,第一空填to;第二空要随宾语的变化而变化,故填her。
NOTE:
直接引语在下列三种情况时,即使主句是过去时,变间接引语时时态仍不变。
a. 表示客观真理的一般现在时.如:
The physics teacher said,“Light travels much faster than sound.”
The physics teacher said ____ light ___ much faster than sound.
解析:直接引语表示的是客观真理,变间接引语时时态不变,仍然用一般现在时,因此第二空填travels;第一空要用that来引导。故填:that.
b. 表示客观事实或经常发生的,习惯性的动作时时态不变。如:
Mike said,“My aunt is a worker.”
Mike said that ____ aunt ____ a worker.
解析:第一空根据语境,把my改为his;第二空填is不变。
c. 直接引语是过去完成时,过去进行时,变间接引语时时态不变。如:
She said,“I had finished working before supper.”
She said that she ____ ______working before supper.
解析:根据直接引语中的时态是过去完成时,变间接引语时不变,所以仍填had ;finished. (三)单数句子变复数句子
1.单数句子变复数句子就是把句在中的名词或代词变成复数形式。如果主语变成了复数,相应地谓语动词也要注意其变化。如:
This is an English book.(变复数句子)
___ ___ ___ English _____.
解析:主语this应变为these。因此谓语动词由单数is变为复数are; an变为some用在肯定句中。名词book由单数变为books复数形式。
2.在单数句子中,有表示性别的名词修饰名词时,变复数句子时两个名词同时变
复数,不是表示性别的名词修饰时只变后面的名词为复数形式。如:
There is a woman teacher in the office.
There are some ______ ______ in the office.
解析:根据句意得知woman在此修饰名词teacher,是表示性别的名词,因此两个名词同时变复数形式。故填:women;teacher.
二.对划线部分提问
该类型的题目主要是考查学生对疑问句的结构,语序以及某些特定疑问句类型的掌握情况。
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中考英语
解答这类题目,正确选择疑问词是关键:考生必须准确把握常见疑问词所提问题的侧重点。在中考中常见的提问句式有以下几种情况:
对主语或表语的人提问时用who...语序分两种情况:(1)对主语提问时,语序为陈述语序。即:Who+谓语动词+...?(2)对表语提问时,语序为一般疑问句语序。即:
Who+系动词+主语+...?
For example:
Tim looks like _his father.
____ _____ Tim _____ like?
解析:在原句中look是系动词,his father 指人做look的表语,对其提问故用who。语序为一般疑问句语序。根据时态是现在时因此助动词用does,系动词looks变为原形look.正确答案为:Who; does ;look.
(2)对宾语人提问用whom,口语中可用who来代替。For example:
We should learn from Comrade Leifeng.
_____ _____ ____ Learn from?
思路解析:根据题意得知:划线部分做动词短语learn from的宾语,指人。故用特殊疑问词whom 或who;在此注意的是第一人称的we变为第二人称的you.因此正确答案为:Whom/who ; should ;you.
2.对物主代词或名词所有格提问,用特殊疑问词whose.For example:
The teacher is my brother’s friend. _____ _____ is the teacher?
解析:在本题中名词friend前是一个名词所有格,对此提问应用whose. 句式结构为:Whose+名词+一般疑问句语序?故正确答案为:Whose; friend.
3.对地点提问用where. For example:
The little boys played football on the playground yesterday.(2005年济南考题)
_____ ______The little boys _______ football yesterday?
解析:划线部分的短语是表地点的。因此对此提问用where。句式结构为Where + 助动词+主语+谓语动词原形+...?根据时态得知助动词为did。其正确答案为:Where ;did ;play
4.对定语进行提用which。句型结构公式为:Which +名词+一般疑问句语序?For example: The girl who is reading English under the tree is my sister.
_____ ______ is your sister?
解析:本题考查对定语的提问。故用特殊疑问词which+名词girl.正确答案为:Which; girl.
5.对时间提问when/what time. When是对不具体时间提问;what time是对具体时间(点钟)提问;有时对具体时间提问也可用when. For example:
(1) I arrived in Beijing last week.(对划线部分提问)
_____ _______You arrive in Beijing?
思路解析:划线部分last week是时间状语,对此提问用when,且为一般过去时,故助动词为did.其正确答案为:When; did.
(2) We usually get up at half past five in the morning.(对划线部分提问)
____ ____ _____You usually get up in the morning?
解析:划线部分是具体时间早上的五点半。因此用特殊疑问词what time.且时态为一般现在时,故助动词为do.其正确答案为:What time ;do.
6.对星期名称提问用what day.句型结构为:What day +一般疑问句语序?For example:
It was Monday yesterday.(对划线部分提问)
_____ _____Was it yesterday?
答案解析:Monday是表示星期名称的词,对此提问用What day.故正确答案为:What day. 7.对颜色提问用特殊疑问词what color…(什么颜色)。结构公式为:what color +
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中考英语
一般疑问句语序?For example:
She likes red clothes.(对划线部分提问)
____ _____ _____She ____clothes?
答案解析:在本题中划线部分是表示颜色的单词,对此提问用what color.结构公式为:What color + be/助动词+主语+谓语动词原形?其正确答案为:What , color, does, like.
8.对数量提问有两个特殊疑问词:how many/how much; how many是对可数名词前的数量进行提问;而how much是对不可数名词前的数量进行提问。除此之外how much还对价钱进行提问。结构公式:
(1)How many +可数名词复数+ 一般疑问句语序?
(2)How much +不可数名词+一般疑问句语序?
(3)How much +一般疑问句语序?(对价钱提问)
For example:
1.There are forty workers in the factory.(对划线部分提问)
____ _____workers are there in the factory?
2. The computer is 4980 yuan.
. ____ _____ is the computer?
3.There is some water in the bottle.
______ ______ _______ Is there in the bottle?
答案解析:在(1)中workers是名词复数,对此提问用how many.在(2)中划线部分是价格,因此应用特殊疑问词:how much..。第(3)题是考查对不可数名词前的数量提问,故用How much +不可数名词+一般疑问句语序?因此正确答案为:How; much ; water.
9.对方式,程度,身体状况的词提问用特殊疑问词how 。结构公式为:How + 助动词+主语+谓语动词原形?
For example:They went to the Summer Palace by bus two days ago.
________ _______they ______ to the Summer Palace?
答案解析:本题对方式状语提问。对其提问用how。因原句中的时态为过去时,
助动词应用did .那么第三空填went动词原形go.故正确答案为:How; did; go.
10.对时间段提问用how long.(多久)如:for +时间段。since +句子。
For example:
I have taught in a Middle School since I came here.
______ ______ ______ I taught in a Middle School?
答案解析:根据划线部分的题意得知间接的表示的是时间段。因此应用how long.原句是时态为现在完成时,时态不变。正确答案为:How; long; have
11.对将来的时间提问用how soon(多久)如:in+时间段
We will finish work in four days.
______ _______will you finish work?
答案解析:本题是对将来的时间段提问,故用How soon..
12.对频率副词或短语及单位时间内的次数提问用how often (多久一次)
For example:
Henry went to visit his grandma every six days.
______ _______did Henry go to visit his grandma?
解析:该题考查“Henry 多久去看望grandma 一次?故用how often.正确答案:How often.
13.对重量,距离,长,宽等提问用how.句型为:How + 形容词(heavy/far/long/wide….)
For example: It’s about ten minutes’ walk from my home to school.
______ _______ is it from your home to school?
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中考英语
解析:本题考查对距离的提问(大约十分钟的路程),对此提问用how far.答案为:How far.
14.对because引导的原因状语从句提问用why(为什么)
For example:
Mrs. Read didn’t sleep well last night because the wind made too much noise.
_______ ________ Mrs. Read _______ well last night?
解析:本题是对because引导的原因状语从句提问应用疑问词why.答案为:Why didn’t sleep.
三. 同义句的相互转换
这是句子改写的一种重要形式,它涉及面广,语言点多,方式灵活,是中考命题的热点。同义句的相互转换除了考查主动句与被动句,复合句与简单句之间的转换,直接引语变间接引语外,还有一些词或短语的替换,仅仅通过替换几个词或短语,而使句子意思不变,就能达到异曲同工之妙。常用方法有以下几种情况:
1.用同义词(组)或近义词(组)改写,如:enjoy oneself = have a good time; over = more than
2.用反义词(组)改写,如:the same as/different from; catch up with/fall behind 等
3.运用派生词或多义词改写:如:
(1)The snow was heavy last night.(改写同义句)
(2)It snowed heavily last night.
思路解析:在(1)中snow是名词在句中做主语,was是be动词后跟形容词做表语。在(2)中snow是谓语动词,动词用副词来修饰。在本题中snow是多义词。
4.用意义相同或相近,但结构不同的句式改写。如:not...so/as...与less...than; than any other与最高级;take(花费)与cost, spend, pay for 之间的改写。两类感叹句的转换;以及it 做形式主语等;
5.合并分句法,包括用either...or, both...and, neither...nor, not only...but also 等关联词合并,注意动词形式的变化。
下面针对例题进行分析:
1.They enjoyed themselves at the party. They ______ ______ ______ ______ at the party.
答案解析:根据题意得知,本题是考查同义词组的转换。Enjoy oneself = have a good time;故正确答案为:had a good time.同义句间的转换时态不变。
2.Tom borrowed a story book from the boy just now.
The boy _____a story book _____Tom just now.
答案解析:这两个句子的主语做了变化,由此不难看出本题考查的是反义词组的
转换。Borrow…from…与lend…. To…之间的转换。因此正确答案为:lent, to
3.The rain was heavy yesterday evening. It ______ _______ yesterday evening.
答案解析:句中出现了rain一词,它是多义词,在第一句中做主语,而第二句中做主语的是it,这时rain就做了谓语动词,用副词来修饰。故答案为:rained, heavily
4.John is the tallest student in his class. John is ______than ____ _____ _____in his class.
答案解析:本题考查最高级与比较级之间的转换。原句为最高级,要改成比较级。根据句意“班里最高”也就是“比班里其他人都高”因此答案为:taller, any, other, student.
5.He hasn’t been to France. I haven’t been to France, either.(合成一句,意思不变)
____ he _____I ______ been to France.
答案解析:本题考查合并法变同义句。根据句意,我们得知我和他都没去过法国,因此用关联词neither…nor(既不...也不...)合并。在这个短语中谓语动词要跟与nor邻近的主保持一致。故正确答案为:Neither, nor, have.
模拟演练
1. Are you tired today? My mother asked me.(变为间接引语)
My mother asked me _____ I ______ tired ____ _____.
2. Are you going to watch the football match next Sunday?” Father asked me.(同1)
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中考英语
Father asked me ______ ______ _______ going to watch the football match the next Sunday.
3. Linda asked John,“Where did you buy this new bicycle?”(同1)
Linda asked John where ______ _____ ______that new bicycle.
4.You should speak to the old people politely.(变被动语态)
The old people should ______ _____ to politely.
5. Who ate my bread? (同4)
By whom ______ my bread _______?
6.Miss King saw Bill helping a blind man cross the street yesterday afternoon.(同4
Yesterday afternoon Bill ____ ____ ____ a blind man cross the street _____ _____ _____.
7.There is a woman d ress on the bed in Kate’s bedroom.(改为复数句子)
There ____ _____ _____ _____on the bed in Kate’s bedroom.
8.They are empty boxes.(改为单数句子)
_____ ______ empty _______.
9.Not only Jack but also Mike has been to that island.(改为同义句)
_____Jack _______ Mike ______ been to that island.
10.My cousin didn’t draw as well as Mike.(同9)
My cousin _____ ______than Mike.
11.It`s time for dinner.(同9)
It’s time _____ ______ dinner.
12.The river is 10 meters wide.(对划线部分提问)
_____ ____ is the river?
13.Henry has stayed there for three years.(同12)
_____ ______ has Henry stayed there ?
14.Our school is one kilometer away from the market.(同12)
_____ ______ is your school from the market?
15.My father often goes to work by bus.(同12)
______ _______ _______ your father ______ to work by bus?
答案评析:
1.if/whether; was; that day.本题考查直接引语是一般疑问句时变间接引语的引导词为
if/whether;时态做相应的变化,即一般过去时。时间状语today变为that day.
2.if/whether; I; was.本题考查的是一般疑问句的直接引语变间接引语,时态由一般将来时变为过去将来时;第二人称的you 要和主句中的宾语一致,为I。
3.he; had; bought.根据直接引语变间接引语时态的变化规律,得知:间接引语中应用过去完成时。
4.be ; spoken.根据含有情态动词的主动句变被动句的变化规则。答案为:be; spoken
5.was; eaten.根据变被动语态的时态结构公式,很明显答案为:was; eaten.
6.was;seen;helping;by;Miss;King.方法同5题。当主动句中的主语做被动句的宾语时,其前用介词by。
7.are;some;women;dresses.本题考查单数句子变复数句子时,谓语动词,名词,代词,及不定冠词都要做相应的变化。不定冠词a,/an通常变为some/any. some用在肯定句中,而any用在否定句中。带有性别的名词修饰名词时同时变复数形式。
8.It’s; an; box.在做由复数句子变单数句子特别要注意的是:some/any是变成a;还是an,关键看名词的第一个音素是辅音还是元音。a用在辅音音素前;而an用在元音音素前。
9.Both;and;have.根据句意我们知道本题表示的两者都...显然用both...and...。谓语动词用复数形式。
10.drew; worse. 根据题意“我的表弟不如迈克画的好”这意味着“他比迈克画的差”考查比较级的
7
中考英语
用法。
11.to; have.本题考查句型间的相互转换。It’s time for +名词(短语)=It’s time to +动词原形。
12.How; wide.本题考查对宽度提问。答案为:How;wide.
13.本题考查对“for +时间段”的提问。故答案为:How; long.
14.此题考查对距离的提问。其正确答案为:How; far.
15.考查对频度副词“often”的提问。答案为:How; often.
8
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