2018年高考英语真题分类汇编专题11：说明文类阅读理解

2018年高考英语真题分类汇编专题11：说明文类阅读理解

一、阅读理解（共12题；共90分）

1.（2018?卷Ⅰ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。C

Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit(联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.

Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better

communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.

At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are （中位数）spoken by fewer people than that.

Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.

（1）What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times? A. They developed very fast. B. They were large in number. C. They had similar patterns. D. They were closely connected.

（2）Which of the following best explains \ A. Complex. B. Advanced C. Powerful. D. Modern. （3）How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present? A. About 6,800. B. About 3,400. C. About 2,400. D. About 1,200. （4）What is the main idea of the text?

A. New languages will be created. B. People's lifestyles are reflected in languages. C. Human development results in fewer languages. D. Geography determines language evolution. 【答案】（1）B （2）C

（3）B （4）C

【考点】主旨大意题，词义猜测题，细节理解题，社会文化类，说明文

【解析】【分析】本文属于社科类说明文，介绍了世界语言随着人类的发展，许多语种已消失或正面临灭绝，世界语言种类越来越少。

⑴B 推理判断。 第一段第二三句When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small ,tightly knit groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other。故答案为B。

⑵C 词义猜测。 根据第二段划线部分句子句中的such as English Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over 可知，强大的语言如英语，西班牙语和汉语正在快速地接管，与前一句许多语言消失形成对比。故答案为C。

⑶B 细节计算。 根据倒数第二段第一句知现在世界语言种类总数有6800，及最后一句half of the total world languages可知6800的一半即3400，故答案为B。

⑷C 主旨大意。 第一段讲述了多年来语言的发展有新的语言产生也有一些语言消失，在人类以打猎为生的时代，语言种类很多;第二段主要描述了随着人类过上定居生活，语言的种类就逐渐减少，特别是近几十年来商业化，工业化及全球化的发展导致许多小语种消亡，许多语言被强大的英语汉语等取代;第三段介绍了世界6800多种语言的地理分布情况最后讲述了400多种语言正面临消亡。 故答案为C

【点评】本文属于说明文，阅读时在文章首段确定文章的中心句，然后快速浏览文章内容。阅读问题，找到问题中的关键词。在文章中定位问题中的关键词，答案就在关键词附近。

2.（2018?卷Ⅰ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。D

We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style. That's bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life – from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007. As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones.\replaced and gets planted in the kid's room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,\said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices-we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TV's with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions(排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.

So what's the solution(解决方案)?The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function,

such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tables instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%. （1）What does the author think of new devices?

A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old. C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly. （2）Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?

A. To reduce the cost of minerals. B. To test the life cycle of a product.

C. To update consumers on new technology. D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices. （3）Which of the following uses the least energy?

A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet. C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer. （4）What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices? A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart. C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them. 【答案】（1）A （2）D （3）B （4）A

【考点】推理判断题，细节理解题，科普环保类，说明文

【解析】【分析】这是一篇科普环保类阅读。文章介绍了人们继续使用一些老旧电器对环境的坏处，这不仅增加能源的消耗，而且也不利于环保，因此作者建议及时更新那些过时的电子设备。

⑴A 推理判断。根据第1段最后一句…as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.这些过时的装置比新装置消耗更多的能量，因而判断新装置消耗的能量少，所以环保。故答案为A。

⑵D 细节理解。根据第2段第一句To figure out how much power these devices are using, …故选D，为了查明这些装置的电消耗量。

⑶B 细节理解。由整个文章的最后一句They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers cut energy consumption by 44%.可知在tablets(平板电脑)而不是电视和台式电脑上观看娱乐节目能够减少44%的能源消耗。故平板电脑使用最少的能源，选B。

⑷A 细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句…but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics…及最后一句 They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers cut energy consumption by 44%.研究者们探索用新电器代替旧产品，结果发现新的装置能够减少44%的能源消耗。故选A。

【点评】本文属于说明文，阅读时在文章首段确定文章的中心句，然后快速浏览文章内容。阅读问题，找到问题中的关键词。在文章中定位问题中的关键词，答案就在关键词附近。

3.（2018?卷Ⅱ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。C Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.

While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children's lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading. According to the report's key findings, \比例) who say they 'hardly ever' read for fun has gone

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