(AWL)朗文词典权威推荐-学术高频词汇表

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Academic Word List

An Introduction to the Academic Word List

Averil Coxhead, Massey University, New Zealand

to recognise other family members such as maximised when you encounter them in your reading. These words are closely related and the meaning is likely to be the same or similar. When you are looking for words in this dictionary, think about other word family members too.

What is the Academic Word List?

Finally, there are some academic words that The Academic Word List (AWL) is a list of 570 word families that are commonly found in academic texts. This list was selected by examining a large corpus (or collection) of written academic texts and selecting the words that occurred:

1 In texts from all four academic faculty sections: Arts, Commerce, Law and Science. 2 Over 100 times in the corpus overall. 3 At least 10 times in each academic faculty section. 4 Outside the 2000 most frequent words on Michael West’s General Service List (GSL). The GSL includes everyday words such as I, house and do. These principles ensured that only words that occurred reasonably frequently in a variety of study areas were selected.

The AWL targets vocabulary that occurs most often in written academic texts. These words also occur in newspapers but not as often as they do in textbooks. The AWL words appear even less in fiction. If your focus is learning academic vocabulary, you need to make sure you read academic textbooks so that you encounter these words in context.

How is the AWL organized?

The AWL is organized into Word Families. Word families are made up of the ‘parent word’ and ‘family members’. Take for example the word maximise. Its family members include inflections of the verb such as maximised,

maximises and maximising as well as the noun maximum. The word family also includes the British spelling of the noun maximisation, as well as maximization, the US spelling.

If you learn the verb maximise, you will be able

do not have a word family. These words occur on their own and do not have any inflections. Examples include nonetheless, so-called and behalf.

Why is the AWL important?

The AWL is intended as a reference for students who are studying or preparing to study at a tertiary level in English. As a university lecturer, I was aware of the difficulties that students had in mastering the vocabulary necessary for written assignments. The AWL does not include ‘content’ vocabulary for particular subjects which students obviously need to learn as well. The AWL focuses instead on the non-subject-specific vocabulary that students of any discipline will need to master in order to produce coherently-structured written assignments.

The AWL covers up to 10% of the vocabulary covered in written academic texts. This means that, on average, one word in 10 in an academic textbook is in the AWL. Look at the following extract from an academic text:

EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

Environmental issues are truly global. Many of the problems, like the releasing of CFCs into the atmosphere, have global effects and require global action. Some problems link to the exploitation of global commons – the resources shared by the international community such as ocean beds and the atmosphere. Sometimes small local problems, such as poisonous gases leaking from landfills and water pollution, are multiplied so many times in any local contexts that they become major world hazards. The environment is a global concern requiring global policies.

Academic Word List

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The highlighted words are all on the AWL. This sample illustrates clearly that the AWL can help with decisions about which words are important for you to learn if you are studying in an English-speaking country.

How can the AWL help me with my academic studies?

Knowledge of academic vocabulary is vital for students studying at an English-speaking university, particularly for reading and writing. If you compare estimates of how many words a native English speaker might know by the age of 18 (approximately 18,000 to 20,000 words) and how many a learner who has had two or three hours of schooling in English over

several years (roughly 2000 to 3000 words depending on the language background of the student), this gap is enormous. In order to read and write successfully you need to be able to recognize as many words as possible in your textbooks and use as many as possible in your essays. The bigger your vocabulary, the more you will be able to cope with the high reading and writing demands of your studies.

phrases that are highlighted. These show you the key grammatical patterns and collocations for that word. Collocations are words that commonly occur together or near each other in a text, for example ‘effect on’. Collocations and phrases are important because they help with fluency in writing and indicate that you are working at a higher level with academic vocabulary than just using a word from your own language and its translation. The collocations in the following text have been highlighted in blue.

DECLINING BIODIVERSITY

Whatever the effects on this planet’s climate, rain-forest clearance has another undeniable impact. The disappearance of rain forests is a major factor eroding the earth’s biodiversity, or, more simply causing many thousands of species of plant and animal life to disappear forever. While rain forests account for just seven percent of the earth’s surface, they are home to almost half of this planet’s living species. Estimates of the total number of species of animals and plants range from 1.5 million to as high as 30 million. Researchers, in fact, have identified more than 1,000 species of ants alone (Wilson, 1991).

Academic writing tends to be quite formal in style. The vocabulary items that you use in your writing can affect the level of formality. Writers need to know whether a word can be used in a particular situation. Take for example consequent.

This is marked as formal. You would probably not choose to use this word when speaking with friends but you should use it in written English to take your language to a higher level of formality. The AWL will help you to focus on issues of formality. Look out for the formal label in this dictionary.

Remember that the AWL covers approximately 10% of all vocabulary in a piece of academic writing. You should aim to have roughly the same percentage in your own academic writing too. If you go to the AWL highlighter website by Sandra Haywood (http://www.nottingham. ac.uk/~alzsh3/acvocab/awlhighlighter.html) you can copy and paste your text into it and it will highlight the AWL words for you. This will enable you to see how many AWL words you are using overall and whether you repeat the same words many times in your writing.

When looking up words from the AWL in this dictionary you should also focus on the bold

What strategies can I use to help learn the AWL words?

Remember that building your vocabulary takes time. You are not likely to learn everything you need to know about a word the very first time you see it. And don’t expect to remember everything about a word after looking it up in a dictionary once. Try some of these ideas to help you with vocabulary building:

? Make the most of the information given in this dictionary to build up your knowledge of a word. Look at the bold phrases highlighted in the entry. These show important grammatical patterns and collocations. Learn these rather than the word in isolation. ? Even if you think you already ‘know’ a word, look it up in the dictionary to see if there is any additional information that you don’t know. ? Research has shown that repetition helps people to remember things. Make sure you build repetition into your learning. You could do this through using word cards to test yourself or by keeping a vocabulary notebook.

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Academic Word List

? Studying words ‘actively’ will help your learning. People do learn words through reading but the chances of remembering vocabulary is higher when you focus on the words and make a conscious effort to learn them. ? Look out for common collocations, phrases and grammatical patterns of words when you are reading academic texts. ? Work with the AWL alongside you when you are writing. Try to use words from the list that are relevant to your writing.

How is the AWL shown in this dictionary?

The words on the AWL are marked with AC in this dictionary.

The AWL does not include the 2000 most frequent words used in general everyday English. In this dictionary, however, the 3000 most frequent words in written English are also marked with W1 W2 and W3 and the 3000 most frequent words in spoken English are marked with S1 S2 and S3 . In some cases, these overlap with the AWL.

Averil Coxhead is a lecturer in English for Academic Purposes at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. She

compiled the AWL in 2000. For further information on the AWL go to Averil’s website at http://language.massey.ac.nz/staff/awl/ index.shtml.

Acknowledgement: Extracts on the subject of European environmental policy and declining biodiversity are reproduced with permission from Sociology: A Global Introduction, third edition, by John J. Macionis and Ken Plummer, ? Pearson Education Limited 2005.

Academic Word List

The following is a list of the words from the Academic Word List that are highlighted in this dictionary. Words shown in bold are one of the ‘parent words’.

abandon1 v abandoned adj abnormal adj abstract1 adj abstract2 n abstract3 v abstraction n academic1 adj academic2 n academy n access1 n access2 v accessible adj accommodate v accommodation n accompaniment n accompany v accumulate v accuracy n accurate adj achieve v

achievement n acknowledge v

acknowledgement n acquire v acquisition n adapt v

adaptable adj adaptation n adequate adj adjacent adj adjust v

adjustment n administration n administrative adj adult1 n adult2 adj advocacy n advocate1 v advocate2 n affect v

aggregate1 n aggregate2 adj aggregate3 v aid1 n aid2 v albeit conj allocate v allocation n alter v

alteration n alternate1 adj alternate2 v alternative1 adj alternative2 n ambiguity n ambiguous adj amend v

amendment n analogous adj analogy n analyse v analysis n analyst n analytical adj analyze v annual1 adj anticipate v anticipation n apparent adj append v appendix n appreciable adj appreciate v appreciation n approach1 v approach2 n appropriate1 adj approximate1 adj approximate2 v approximation n arbitrary adj area n aspect n assemble v assembly n assess v assessment n assign v assignment n

assist1 v assistance n assume v assuming conj assumption n assurance n assure v attach v

attachment n attain v

attainment n attitude n

attributable adj attribute1 v attribute2 n author1 n author2 v

authoritative adj authority n authorship n automate v automated adj automatic1 adj automatically adv automation n available adj aware adj awareness n

Academic Word List

behalf n

beneficial adj beneficiary n benefit1 2 n benefitv bias1 n bias2 v biased adj bond1 n bond2 v brevity n brief1 adj brief2 n brief3 v briefing n briefly adv bulk1 n bulky adj

capability n capable adj capacity n category n cease1 v challenge1 n challenge2 v challenging adj channel1 n channel2 v chapter n chart1 n chart2 v chemical1 n chemical2 adj circumstance n citation n cite v civil adj

clarification n clarify v clarity n classic1 adj classic2 n classical adj clause n code1 n code2 v coded adj coding n coherence n coherent adj coincide v coincidence n coincident adj coincidental adj collapse1 v collapse2 n colleague n commence v

commencement n

comment1 n comment2 v commentary n commentator n commission1 n commission2 v commit v

commitment n committed adj commodity n

communicable adj communicate v communication n communicative adj community n compatibility n compatible1 adj compensate v compensation n compensatory adj compilation n compile v

complement1 n complement2 v complementary adj complex1 adj complex2 n complexity n component1 n component2 adj compound1 n compound2 v compound3 adj comprehensive adj comprise v computation n compute v computer n computing n conceivable adj conceive v concentrate1 v concentration n concept n conception n conceptual adj conclude v concluding adj conclusion n conclusive adj concurrent adj conduct1 v conduct2 n confer v

conference n confine v confined adj confirm v

confirmation n conflict1 n 4

conflict2 v conform v

conformation n conformist adj conformity n consensus n consent1 n consent2 v consequence n consequent adj consequently adv considerable adj considerably adv consist v consistency n consistent adj constancy n constant1 adj constant2 n constantly adv constituency n constituent1 n constituent2 adj constitute v constitution n constitutional1 adj constrain v constrained adj constraint n construct1 v construct2 n construction n constructive adj consult v consultancy n consultant n consultation n consultative adj consume v consumer n consumption n contact1 n contact2 v contact3 adj

contemporary1 adj contemporary2 n context n contextual adj contextualize v contract1 n contract2 v contractor n contradict v contradiction n contradictory adj contrary1 n contrary2 adj contrast1 n contrast2 v contrasting adj

contribute v contribution n contributor n controversial adj controversy n convene v convention n conventional adj converse3 adj conversely adv conversion n convert1 v

convertible 1 adj convince v convinced adj convincing adj cooperate v cooperation n cooperative1 adj coordinate1 v coordinate2 n coordinate3 adj coordination n coordinator n core1 n core2 adj core3 v

corporate adj corporation n correspond v

correspondence n corresponding adj couple1 n couple2 v create v creation n creative1 adj creativity n creator n credit1 n credit2 v creditor n criterion n crucial adj cultural adj culturally adv culture1 n currency n cycle1 n cycle2 v cyclic adj

data n

debatable adj debate1 n debate2 v decade n decline1 n decline2 v deduce v

deduction n define v definite adj definitely adv definition n definitive adj demonstrable adj demonstrate v demonstration n demonstrative adj demonstrator n denial n denote v deny v depress v depression n derivation n derivative1 n derivative2 adj derive v design1 n design2 v designer1 n despite prep detect v detection n detective n detector n deviate1 v deviation n device n devote v devoted adj devotion n differentiate v dimension n diminish v diminution n discrete adj discretion n

discretionary adj discriminate v discrimination n disestablish v displace v

displacement n display1 n display2 v disposable adj disposal n dispose v

disproportion n

disproportionate adj dissimilar adj distinct adj distinction n distinctive adj distinctly adv distort v distribute v

distribution n distributive adj diverse adj diversify v diversity n document1 n document2 v documentation n domain n domestic1 adj domesticate v domesticated adj dominance n dominant1 adj dominate v draft1 n draft2 v draft3 adj drama n dramatic adj dramatist n dramatize v duration n dynamic1 adj dynamic2 n

economic adj economical adj economically adv economics n economist n economy1 n edit v edition n editor n editorial1 adj editorial2 n element n eliminate v elimination n emerge v emergence n emergent adj emerging adj emphasis n emphasize v emphatic adj empirical adj empiricism n enable v enabling adj encounter1 v encounter2 n energetic adj energy n enforce v enforced adj enforcement n enhance v enhanced adj

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enormity n enormous adj enormously adv ensure v entity n

environment n environmental adj environmentalist n equate v equation n equip v

equipment n equivalent1 adj equivalent2 n erode v erosion n erroneous adj error n establish v established adj establishment n estate n estimate1 n estimate2 v estimation n ethic n ethical adj ethnic1 adj ethnic2 n evaluate v evaluation n eventual adj eventuality n eventually adv evidence1 n evident adj evidential adj evidently adv evolution n

evolutionary adj evolve v exceed v exclude v

excluding prep exclusion n exclusive1 adj exclusively adv exhibit1 v exhibit2 n exhibition n expand v expansion n expansionism n expansive adj expert1 n expert2 adj expertise n explicit adj exploit1 v exploitation n

Academic Word List

export1 n export2 v exporter n expose v exposed adj exposure n external adj externalize v extract1 v extract2 n extraction n

facilitate v facilitator n facility n factor1 n factor2 v feature1 n feature2 v federal adj federation n fee 1 n filen file2 v filing n final1 adj final2 n finality n finalize v finally adv finance1 n finance2 v financial adj financier n finite adj flexibility n flexible adj fluctuate v fluctuation n focus1 v focus2 n focussed adj format1 n format2 v formula n formulate v forthcoming adj found2 v foundation n founder1 n founding n framework n function1 n function2 v functional adj fund1 n fund2 v

fundamental adj fundamentally adv funding n

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