语言学资料（机密级）

定义（Definition） Phonetics: It is the scientific study of speech sounds. It studies how speech sounds are articulated, transmitted, and received. Phonology: It is the study of how speech sounds function in a language. It studies the ways speech sounds are organized. Morphology: It is the study of the formation of words. It is a branch of linguistics which breaks words into morphemes.

***Syntax: It deals with the combination of words into phrases, clauses and sentences. It is the grammar of sentence construction. Semantics: It is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with the study of meaning in all its formal aspects. Words have several types of meaning. A sentence needs to be well formed both syntactically and semantically.

Pragmatics: It can be defined as the study of language in use. It deals with how speakers use language in ways which cannot be predicted from linguistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers.

Linguistics: It can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is a science in the sense that it scientifically studies the rules, systems and principles of human languages. It deals with a wide range of linguistic phenomena, analyzes them, and makes general statements about them.

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Language: It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

术语翻译（terms translation） linguistics 语言学 philology 语文学 phonetics 语音学 phonology 音位学 morphology 形态学 syntax 句法学 semantics 语义学 pragmatics 语用学 sociolinguistics 社会语言学 psycholinguistics 心理语言学 macrolinguistics 宏观语言学 stylistics 文体学

text linguistics 文本语言学 computational linguistics 计算语言学

cognitive linguistics 认知语言学 applied linguistics 应用语言学 language 语言

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arbitrariness 随意性 duality 二重性 productivity 创造性 interchangeability 互换性 displacement 位移性 specialization 特殊性

cultural transmission 文化的传递性

synchronic linguistics 共时语言学

diachronic linguistics 历时语言学

langue 语言 parole 言语

competence 语言能力 performance 语言行为 psychological construct 心理构建

syntagmatic relations 横组合关系

paradigmatic relations 纵聚合关系

functionalism 功能主义 formalism 形式主义 speech organs 发音器官 articulatory phonetics 发声语音学

acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 articulators 发音器官 voiced sounds 浊音 voiceless sounds 清音 variations of sounds 音的变体 elision 省音 assimilation 同化 phonemes 音位

minimal pairs 最小对立体 minimal sets 最小集合 free variation 自由变体 distinctive features 区别特征

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syllables 音节

consonant clusters 辅音丛 suprasegmental features 超音段特征 stress 重音 intonation 语调

free morphemes 自由词素 bound morphemes 黏着词素 compounding 合成 derivation 派生 conversion 转类 backformation 逆构词 clipping 截短构词法 blending 混合

acronym 首字母拼音词 initialism 首字母拼写词 word classes 词类

structural analysis 结构分析 immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析

ideational function 意念功能 interpersonal function 人际功能

textual function 语篇功能 naming theory 命名理论 semantic triangle 语义三角 stimulus response theory 刺激反应论 sense 意义 reference 指称

conceptual meaning 概念意义 connotative meaning 内涵意义 social meaning 社会意义 affective meaning 情感意义 reflective meaning 反射意义 collocative meaning 搭配意义 thematic meaning 主位意义 semantic fields 语义场 componential analysis 成分分析

homonymy 同形异义 polysemy 一词多义 homophony 同音异形异义 synonymy 同义关系 antonymy 反义关系

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hyponymy 上下义关系 meronymy 整体部分关系 entailment 蕴含关系 presupposition 前提关系 inconsistency 矛盾关系 implicature 暗含关系 micropragmatics 微观语用学 deixis 指示语 anaphora 回指

macropragmatics 宏观语用学 iteratives 重复词语 cleft sentences 断裂句 locutionary act 言内行为 illocutionary act 言外行为 perlocutionary act 言后行为 the Cooperative Principle 合作原则

conversational implicatures 会话含意

the Politeness Principle 礼貌原则

given information 已知信息

new information 新信息 topic 话题 comment 述题 contrast 对比 cohesion 衔接 substitution 替代 ellipsis 省略 conjunction 连词 lexical cohesion 词汇衔接 coherence 连贯

discourse markers 话语标记 adjacency 相邻对

preference structure 优选结构 presequences 前序列 language varieties 语言的变体standard language 标准方言 dialects 方言 registers 语域 pidgins 洋泾浜 creoles 克里奥耳语 lingua franca 共通语 language planning 语言规划

diglossia 双言 bilingualism 双语制 multilingualism 多语制 code-switching 语码转换 linguistic taboos 语言禁忌 euphemisms 委婉语 categorization 范畴化 prototype theory 典型理论 levels of categorization 范畴的层次

conceptual metaphor 概念隐喻 conceptual domain 概念域 target domain 目标域 source domain 始发域；原域 conceptual metonymy 概念转喻

figures and ground 图形与背景 the

frame

and

attention

approach 框架与注意 iconicity 象似性

grammaticalization 语法化 lexical

change

and

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