Chinas Tourism Industry Analysis of Industrial Organization_

China's Tourism Industry Analysis of Industrial Organization

Paper Keywords: Tourism industry, the market structure of industrial organization market conduct market performance

Abstract: In this paper, the theory of industrial organization to explore the tourism industry, market structure, market behavior and market performance of three basic categories for China's tourism industry has on the issue, raised a number of industrial organization policy recommendations.

Since reform and opening up, China's tourism industry to the rapid development, however, China's tourism industry is still the Provisional with many development issues. Tourism industry as a relatively independent economic sectors, with strong correlation relying on sex and industry, and its development involves many sectors and industries. Therefore, to explore China's internal mechanism for development of tourism industry, industrial enterprises and the market within a reasonable organizational relationships is of great significance.

Tourism Industry and Industrial Organization Theory

Study of the theoretical system of industrial organization began in the last century 30's, Bain, published in 1959, "industrial organization" works, marks the first modern theory of industrial organization system formation. The basic theory of industrial organization theory of industrial organization includes two basic categories and the corresponding industrial organization policy, which refers to two basic areas of market structure, market behavior and market performance.

(A) Market Structure

Industry's market structure refers to the market economic activities that constitute the industrial market, between the various

components of relations, which comprehensively reflect the market competition and monopoly relationships. The main factors affecting the market structure are: the market advance and retreat barriers, market concentration and the degree of product differentiation.

For the tourism industry, the first is still an obstacle to research firm has an important significance. On the one hand, tourism industry, barriers to entry are too high is not conducive to the development of the tourism industry, in particular, is not conducive to the development of the emerging tourism industry. Threshold is too low, will lead to the disorder in the development of the tourism industry, blindly on the project, the opportunity cost of a high return on investment is very low. On the other hand, tourism industry, barriers to exit are also greater, because the development of the tourism industry

will not be out of business due to a stop. Second, the market concentration issue. If the over-dispersion is not conducive to the formation of the intensity of the tourism industry and economies of scale. For the tourism industry is concerned, as soon as possible to make the development of the tourism industry to meet the needs of socio-economic development, we must emphasize the Group operations, the pursuit of economies of scale. The second is the product differentiation problem. For business, product differentiation is a non-price competition, operating tactics. The tourism industry is the 1000 Provisional force a poor natural conditions and a variety of other needs, thus requiring persification of tourism products and services persification.

For a long time, the basic characteristics of China's tourism industry is small in scale, industry concentration is low, large and small and complete markedly, corporate diseconomies of scale, the enterprise's real competitiveness is not strong. By 2000, China's total tourist enterprises 24574, total amount of 357.009 billion yuan in fixed assets. Company average turnover is 8.1078 million yuan, the average assets of 14.5279 million yuan. Clearly, China's tourism industry organizations, small-scale, redundant construction is serious. To the hotel industry as an example, China's hotel industry was among the first in the service standards and corporate management hierarchy into line with the international hotel industry, an industry, the earliest form of the opening up of China's Hotel Industry Bureau of the, but the hotel industry, also found "small, scattered, weak and poor "characteristics, not the restructuring of large conglomerates of the hotel industry, the existing market share may be perted.

Tourism products are services and products, in form and content, different types of tourism products there is a certain difference, and the supply of tourism products due to the different objects, the product arising from the utility are different. In this sense, tourism products have greater degree of product differentiation. Variety of tourism products in China is mainly manifested in two aspects: on the one hand the traditional tourism product maturity. Tourism, vacations, visiting relatives or friends has been a large number of traditional tourism

projects have a certain production scale, to meet different types of tourism consumers. On the other hand the new travel products appear. Modern tourists, especially repeat visitors increase, indicating that people can no longer meet the popular tourist spending, plus the history of the pursuit of uniqueness, fun and healthy personalized tourist spending. FIT proportion of travel to reach 80%. Since 1992 China has successfully launched a series of thematic tourism, this endless variety of special tourism products: conduct of business travel, business tourism, sports tourism, education tourism, adventure tourism, etc. tourism product to adapt to different age structure, different income structure different cultural structure of tourism consumers.

However, in China's tourism market, with the establishment of industry standards, making travel products have a tendency toward standardized. At the same time, due to less innovation capability of industrial organization, a lack of intellectual property protection, tourism products, tourism, the contents of the form of identical products, product differentiation and small. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for

free download http://

(B) market behavior

Market behavior, is an enterprise to achieve the purposes of

their business environment in the market to act accordingly behavior, which mainly refers to the enterprise market environment where the

industry's market structure, market structure, market behavior is the main business constraints, but at the same enterprise market behavior also counter-productive in the market structure. For the tourism industry is concerned, how to form a fair and reasonable price mechanism, how to improve tourism products, marketing efforts to improve efficiency are the tourism industry need to be resolved.

Overall, the tourism industry's market behavior for the travel industry market order to be very chaotic, market rules, market imperfections management tools, market management, relevant laws and regulations system has not been established, the lack of strong supervision and management measures and means to affect the the tourism industry, sustained and healthy development. Caused by China's Tourism industry market with this situation and the main reasons are: on the one hand is the management structure is chaotic. Tourism industry, large span, attached to the complex relationships, which belonged to different departments, different systems, different economic systems, while the systems have different industrial policy, technology and management conditions, compartmentalization is serious. In the absence of clear authority, the lack of a unified development strategy and implementation of regulatory agencies, resulting in the overall development of the

tourism industry in the direction of, access to sources of investment, policy and market support, industrial technology development, etc. Basically, tend to go their own way to fend for themselves the state of . On the other hand is a serious local protectionism. Local protectionism and departmental monopolies and engage in self-protection market, closed system, giving rise to unfair competition in the market and to the high commission, false advertising, unfair competition means to disturb the tourist market, so that the lack of tourist enterprises market environment for fair competition , such a direct impact on the improvement of the industrial organizational structure, leading to the tourism market competition, and appalling conditions. With China's accession to the World Trade Organization, the tourism market to further improve the rule of law and the rules of competition, travel companies are to move away from the vicious circle of price competition, from the strengthening of management, product innovation and improve product quality and to proceed to the new round of international and domestic market competition.

(C) the market performance

Market performance refers to the operating efficiency of the market, it refers to a certain market structure, market conduct by certain of the formation of income, costs, profits, product quality and technological advancement in the party and the ultimate economic success. Evaluation of market performance is good or bad, mainly related to the following aspects, such as the efficiency of resource allocation, the market balance between supply and demand, enterprise scale, raising the level of science and technology, etc.; and evaluate the performance of the tourism industry market, the ultimate standard is tourism revenues and tourism profits.

The overall efficiency of China's tourism industry market ideals, in 2000, the total tourism revenue of the national struggle 51.9 billion yuan, up 12.9%, of which international tourism income reached 16.224

billion U.S. dollars, up 15.1% Chau tourism revenues reached 3175.54 100 million U.S. dollars, up 12.1%; the total tourism revenue in GDP of 5% over the previous year increased by 3.5% in GDP growth than in other industries, maintain a good trend. In addition, from our tourism industry in all areas of the circumstances, development is also uneven. Travel agencies, hotel industry has become the backbone of the tourism industry, in 2000, China Travel Service 8993, of which 1268 international travel, domestic travel agencies 7725, an increase of 7.7%, tourism, hotels 10500, an increase of 21 over 1999 %.

However, our tourism industry, there are still a variety of system-walled spring, limiting entry and exit of tourism enterprises, tourism and industrial investment, capital operation is also under severe constraints. This will inevitably reduce the efficiency of resource allocation of the tourism industry. In particular the development of information technology to the increasing influence of tourism enterprises,

China's tourism industry organizations, the prevailing power shortage of information technology, lack of effective demand for information, information systems, closed and ill-structured problems, is not conducive to the coordination of information technology, market development and the structural relationship between the allocation of resources is not conducive to the promotion of the structural capacity of the remaining digest, is not conducive to the tourism industry to improve economic efficiency.

Second, the main tourism industry should be taken to organizational policy

Industrial organization policy is the Government to address the contradiction between enterprises within the industry for the realization of economies of scale and compete effectively carry out a series of policies formulated by the general term. Therefore, the industrial organization policy, including market structure, market behavior and market performance, two aspects of policy content. Market performance constitute the policy objectives of industrial organization, market structure and market behavior is to achieve industrial organization policy is predicated on the conditions and channels. Thus, the tourism industry organization's policies should include creating a level playing field, encourage and protect competition and raise the level of corporate economies of scale to achieve the advancement of industrial structure. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download http://

(A) to develop the tourism industry in line with China's national conditions organizational policy

Different industries have different laws of development, tourism, industry, policy formulation should be targeted, in line with the actual needs of industrial development. First, we must follow the objective law of industrial development. This is already the practice of tourism development at home and abroad have repeatedly proven that we conform to laws of development of tourism economy is absorbing and drawing on domestic and international tourism development in both positive and negative experiences, mainly international practices and practices (such as simplifying the entry visas, overseas tourists, shopping rebates, etc.), national development of tourism experiences, as well as the impact of tourism development in the prevention and avoidance of various unfavorable factors. Secondly, the development of China's tourism industry should be consistent with the status quo. Due to different national conditions, socio-economic environment is different at different stages of tourism development, industrial policy, the specific contents differ. At present, China's tourism industry organizations, policy-making should take into account the problem is that China is a developing country, is now in

the primary stage of socialism, although to a market economy is accelerating direction, but the basis for the development of tourism depends on the conditions supporting facilities, integrated environment, with the market economy compared to more developed countries is still a considerable gap, in this case, industrial policy must deal with the role of government-led and market allocation of resources to the basic role.

(B) reduce the barriers to the tourism industry advance and retreat, forming an open, better travel industry market

Tourism industry organizations, policy formulation and implementation can not be carried out in isolation, and to reduce barriers to tourism industry advance and retreat, forming a more perfect travel industry market. First of all, the development needs of the tourism industry in a relatively sound economic system, without producing any established market economy system, there is no real sense of the tourism industry organizational policies. Secondly, it is necessary for the development of the tourism industry to create a fair competitive environment, bringing people of different sizes, between enterprises of different ownership, a fair and reasonable competition conditions. The specification of the competitive environment must be guaranteed by the legal system, not only have a dedicated development of tourism industry regulations, but also in economic law, civil law, criminal law, administrative law, labor law and other laws also involves the development of tourism industry content.

(C) increasing the level of the tourism industry of the economies of scale, promote tourism Industrial Structure

Industrial organization theory to address the core problem is

that both companies to achieve economies of scale, but also to prevent monopoly, to achieve effective competition. The scale of China's tourism industry is the production of the main issues on the fragmentation of reach economies of scale. To raise the level of China's tourism industry economies of scale to achieve the advancement of industrial structure would require industrial organization through the development of rational policies to guide the direction of social capital investment to achieve optimal combination of funds to re-develop standards for the production scale of enterprises; limited backward equipment, use of technology, through the protection of policies to support some emerging enterprises, through financial, credit and taxation policies to guide the flow of funds. The economies of scale of China's tourism industry level and advancement of industrial structure are complementary relationship is to achieve economies of scale, raising the level of industrial advancement of the condition, while the industrial advancement of the economies of scale also play a catalytic role in raising the level of. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download http://

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