2012届高考英语考前冲刺精选阅读理解

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2012届高考英语考前冲刺精选阅读理解

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Not long after the telephone was invented, I assume, a call was placed. The caller was a parent saying, “your child is bullying my child, and I want it stopped!” The bully's parent replied, “you must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel.”

A trillion phone calls later, the conversation is the same. When children are teased or tyrannized, the parental impulse is to grab the phone and rant. But these days, as studies in the U.S. show bullying on the rise and parental supervision on the decline, researchers who study bullying say that calling moms and dads is more futile than ever. Such calls often lead to playground recriminations and don't really teach our kids any lessons about how to navigate the world and resolve conflicts.

When you call parents, you want them to “extract the cruelty”from their bullying children, says Laura Kavesh, a child psychologist in Evanston, Illinois. “But many parents are blown away by the idea of their child being cruel. They won t believe it.”In a recent police department survey in Oak Harbor, Washington, 89% of local high school students said they had engaged in bullying behavior. Yet only 18% of parents thought their children would act as bullies.

In a new U.S.PTA survey, 5% of parents support contacting other parents to deal with bullying. But many educators warn that those conversations can be misinterpreted, causing tempers to flare. Instead, they say, parents should get objective outsiders, like principals, to mediate. Meanwhile, if you get a call from a parent who is angry about your child's bullying, listen without getting defensive. That's what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13-year-old son had spit in another boy's food.Her son had confessed, but the victim's mom “wanted to make sure my son hadn't given her son a nasty disease,” says McHugh, who apologized and promised to get her son tested for AIDS and other diseases. She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHugh's son that his bad behaviour was being taken seriously. McHugh, founder of Parents Coach Kids, a group that teaches parenting skills, sent the mom the test results. All were negative.

Remember: once you make a call, you might not like what you hear. If you have an itchy dialing finger, resist temptation. Put it in your pocket. [419 words]

1.The word “bullying” probably means______.

[A]frightening and hurting [B]teasing

[C]behaving like a tyrant [D]laughing at

2. Calling to a bully's parent.______.

[A]has long existed but changed its content [B]is often done with careful thinking

[C]often leads to blaming and misunderstanding [D]is used to warn the child not to do it again 3. According to the surveys in the U.S., _______.

[A]bullying among adults is also rising

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[B]parents are not supervising their children well

[C]parents seldom believe bullies

[D]most parents resort to calling to deal with bullying

4. When bullying occurs, parents should_______.

[A]help the bulling child get rid of cruelty [B]resort to the mediator

[C]avoid getting too protective [D]resist the temptation of calling b75dad2b7375a417866f8f74ura McHugh promised to get the bullied boy tested for diseases because________.

[A]her son confessed to being wrong [B]she was afraid to annoy the boy's parent

[C]he was likely to be affected by these diseases[D]she wanted to teach her own son a lesson 核心词汇

blow away *①to completely surprise sb., to affect intensely; overwhelm使大为惊讶;强烈影响,征服例:That concert blew me away.音乐会震撼了我。②to defeat sb. completely, esp. in a game (尤指在比赛中)彻底战胜例:Nancy blew away the rest of the skaters.南希战胜了其他的滑冰运动员。

bully n. [C]恃强凌弱者;流氓,暴徒

vt. ①to threaten to hurt or frighten sb. weaker 欺侮例:He was bullied by the older boys at school. 他在学校里受到大孩子的欺负。②to use your strength or power to make sb. do sht. 恐吓, 胁迫例:The manager tried to bully his men into working harder by threatening them with dismissal. 经理企图以解雇相威胁, 迫使职工更卖力气。

Contract n..[C]契约;合同

vi. to become smaller or narrower缩小;收缩例:Metal contracts as it becomes cool. 金属冷却时收缩。

*vt. to begin to have an illness患(病)例:He contracted pneumonia.他得了肺炎。

flare vi. (也作flare up)①to suddenly begin to burn, or to burn more brightly for a short time 突然燃烧起来;(短暂地)烧旺例:The match flared in the darkness.火柴在黑暗中突然着了一小会儿。*②(感情等)突然爆发例:Violence has flared up again in the Middle East. 中东又突然爆发了暴力事件。③(疾病)突然加剧例:My asthma tends to flare up on smoggy days. 在烟雾天我的气喘往往会加剧。

n. [C]①闪光,瞬时的明亮火焰②信号灯(弹)

resolve vt. * ①to find a satisfactory way of dealing with a problem or difficulty解决例:There weren t enough beds, but the matter was resolved by George sleeping on the sofa.床不够用,但乔治睡到沙发上问题就解决了。②to make a definite decision to do sth.(某人)决心,决定例:After the porce she resolved never to marry again.离婚以后,她下决心永不再嫁。③(委员会、会议等通过投票)作出决议,表决例:The Senate resolved to accept the President's budget proposals by 70 votes to 30.参议院以70票对30票通过决议,同意总统的预算草案。

vi. 下决心,决定例:He resolved on/against (making) an early start. 他决定(不)早出发. 超纲词汇

itchy a. 使人发痒的

mediate *v. 斡旋,调停a. 居中的,间接的

rant n./v. 怒吼,咆哮,大声抱怨

recrimination n. *①反诘,互相指责②反控告

tyrannize vt. ①对……施行暴政*②专横地对待

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长难句分析

1.That's what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13 year-old son had spit in another boy's food.

该句主干是That's what...。在what引导的表语从句中,其主干成分为Laura McHugh did,of Castro Valley, California是一个介词短语,做后置定语,修饰主语Laura McHugh; when引导的时间状语从句修饰谓语did。

2.She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHugh s son that his bad behavior was being taken seriously.

该句是由but引导的并列句。前一分句的主干是She knew (that)...,宾语从句中的主干为the chance was remote,介词短语of... this way做后置定语修饰主语chance;后一句的主句是her promise calmed the mother and showed McHugh s son that...,that引导的宾语从句做动词show的宾语,构成show sb. sth.的结构,sb.为间接宾语,sth.为直接宾语,这里的直接宾语为that从句。

语篇分析

本文题材涉及儿童教育,作者试图教导家长如何正确处理孩子被欺负这一问题。它是一篇现象解释型文章,按照“指出现象—解释现象—提出解决方案”的脉络展开论述,可以分成三大部分。

第一段为第一部分,指出现象:受欺负的孩子的家长打电话投诉,希望对方家长能管教好自己的孩子,但对方家长不以为然。句子You must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel体现了欺负人的孩子的家长对此问题的态度。

[b第二、三段为第二部分,解释现象:打电话投诉的方式对解决孩子之间的冲突起不了作用。

第二段:引用了两类研究结果。一类研究结果表明:仗势欺人现象在增多而家长管教却在减少(bullying on the rise and parental supervision on the decline)。另一类研究结果表明:①家长的投诉电话毫无用处(more futile than ever);②这种电话常导致相互指责(lead to recriminations);③达不到教育孩子的目的(not teach our kids any lessons)。

第三段:引用心理学家Laura Kavesh的观点指出,一方面,受欺负的孩子的家长打电话的目的是希望对方家长帮助其孩子改掉坏毛病(extract the cruelty);另一方面,接到电话的家长却很少相信(blow away)自己的孩子会欺负别人。作者进而用警察局调查结果的数据(89% students engaged in bullying,18% parents thought children bully)支持Laura的观点。

第四、五、六段为第三部分,解决问题:建议家长双方正确对待这一问题。

第四段:提出了第一种解决方法,即希望通过客观的局外人(objective outsider)来调解(mediate),而不是当事人双方直接联系。

第五段:提出了第二种解决方法,即家长学会耐心倾听(listen without getting defensive)。列举了“父母教导孩子组织”的创始人Laura McHugh处理问题的实例进而教育家长该怎么做:①认真倾听;②积极处理;③通过严肃处理事情借以教育孩子,这与第二段末句中“don t really teach our kids any lessons”对应起来了。

第六段:呼应开始部分,用警句的形式,告诫家长不要采取打电话投诉这种解决方式。

试题命制分析

通过对文章的整体分析,我们可以从以下几个方面命题,考查考生的阅读理解能力。

1. 事实细节题

(1)可以考查“打电话投诉”这种行为的结果,参见试题2。

(2)在文中,作者列举了两类研究结果(第二段)、两个专家的观点(第三段和第五段)以及两个调查结果(第三段和第四段),可以综合考查,参见试题3。

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(3)针对文中提出的解决方案,可以综合考查,参见考题4。此外,也可以采用判断正误的形式进行考查,如:以下哪一项是错误的?[A]想打电话的家长要克制自己的行为;[B]受欺负的孩子的家长应该直接联系当事人;[C]接听电话的家长需要耐心倾听;[D]需通过客观的局外人来调解。(答案:[B])

(4)可以考查Laura McHugh的身份,如:[A]儿童心理学家;[B]研究父母如何教育孩子的专家;[C]一个欺负人的孩子的母亲;[D]某个社区组织的创始人。(答案:[C])(5)还可以考查最后一段中所举实例的具体细节,参见试题5。

2. 推理引申题

(1) 针对第一段末句You must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel考查接到电话的家长的态度。

(2) 可以考查第二段第一句的暗含信息,即,家长之间的投诉电话长久以来就存在,而且其内容没有改变。

(3) 针对两次调查结果的数据(89% of students and only 18% of parents;5% parents),可以推理家长的态度。

3. 词义句意题

(1) bully一词在全文反复出现,可以就其语意进行考查。参见试题1。

(2) 可以考查考生根据上下文推测第二段末句中playground recrimination的具体含义。

4. 作者写作目的题

可以考查末段中引用Laura McHugh的实例的目的。

1. 单词bullying可能的含义是________。

[A]恐吓和伤害[B]取笑[C]表现得像暴君一样[D]嘲笑

[精解]答案A本题考查根据上下文猜测词义。文章首段双方家长的对话中出现的“bullying my child”与“My child is a little angel”相互对照,说明bullying是坏孩子的行为。第三段中提到打电话的目的是“想让对方改掉他们孩子的残忍行为”,cruelty一词说明了bullying的特点。此外第五段给出了bullying的具体事例:把痰吐到另外一个孩子的饭里。因此可推知[A]项“恐吓伤害”为正确答案。[B]项虽然出现在第二段中,[D]项与其近义,但却都只是其中一种形式,不足以概括所有的行为。[C]项含义不正确。

2. 打电话给恃强欺弱者的父母________。

[A](这种做法)长期存在但内容有了改变[B]经常是通过仔细考虑后才做

[C]常常导致责备和误解[D]被用来警告这个孩子不要再做

[精解]答案C本题考查事实细节。第一段提到,打电话给恃强欺弱者的父母的做法自有电话以来就长期存在了。第二段首句提到,这样的电话不计其数,但谈话内容却一样。由此排除[A]项。第二段第二句提到,冲动的父母抓起电话,大声抱怨。排除[B]项。第二段末句提到,这样的电话常常只导致责备;第四段第二句提到,专家指出它可能会被误解,使对方勃然大怒。由此可知[C]项正确。[D]项未提。

3. 根据美国的调查表明,______。

[A]成人中的恃强欺弱现象也在增加[B]父母没有很好地看管他们的孩子

[C]父母很少相信恃强欺弱者[D]大部分父母打电话解决恃强欺弱问题[精解]答案B本题考查事实细节。第二段第三句提到,研究表明恃强欺弱现象增加,父母看管减少,因此[B]项正确,[A]项无从得知。第三段最后用数据说明,父母很少相信自己的孩子会恃强欺弱。[C]项换成了不相信恃强欺弱者本身,错误。第四段首句提到,研究表明5%的父母支持找家长解决恃强欺弱问题。[D]项错在most(大部分),与事实不符。

4. 当恃强欺弱问题发生时,父母应该_______。

[A]帮助恃强欺弱的孩子改掉残忍的行为[B]求助调停者的帮助

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[C]避免变得太过自我保护[D]抵挡打电话的诱惑

[精解]答案B本题考查作者观点。第三段首句提到,受欺负的孩子的家长打电话是希望对方家长能改正其孩子恃强欺弱的毛病。可见,[A]项并不是作者的观点。第五段首句提到,接到电话的家长不要自我保护。第六段提到,如果你想拨电话,一定要忍住诱惑。显然[C]和[D]项是分别针对“接到电话”和“打电话”的家长而言的。只有[B]项在第四段提到,是教育者对双方家长给出的建议,因此也是作者同意的观点。

5. 劳拉?麦休许诺让受到欺负的孩子做疾病测试是因为_________。

[A]她儿子承认他错了[B]她害怕惹怒男孩的家长

[C]他可能会被这些疾病感染[D]她想给儿子一个教训

[精解]答案D本题考查第五段的细节。该段举例说明应如何正确对待一位愤怒的家长的电话。该段倒数第三句提到,麦休许诺让受欺负的孩子做疾病测试,不仅让其母亲平静下来,也让自己的儿子知道父母是非常严肃地对待他的恶劣行为。由此可知[D]项正确。

全文翻译

我认为,电话发明后不久,就有人就打这样的电话。打电话的是一位家长,他(她)说:“你的孩子在欺负我的孩子,我希望这样的事情不要再发生!”而这位仗势欺人的孩子的家长却回答到:“你一定拨错号码了,我的孩子是个小天使。”

自此以后,这样的电话不计其数,但电话内容却没有改变。当孩子遭到取笑或被蛮横对待时,父母的本能反应都是抓起电话,大声抱怨。但是最近,当美国的研究表明以强凌弱现象在增多而父母的管教在减少时,以强凌弱现象的研究者们却发现给父母打电话毫无用处。这样的电话常常只导致责备,并不能真正教育孩子如何在世界上生存和解决冲突。

伊利诺斯州伊文斯顿市区的儿童心理学家劳拉?卡维许说,“当你打电话给仗势欺人的孩子的父母时,你是想让对方改正他们孩子的残忍行为。但是许多父母对自己孩子有这样的行为感到非常震惊,他们不愿意相信”。最近警察部门在华盛顿橡木港口进行的调查显示,当地89%的高中生承认有过仗势欺人的行为。但只有18%的家长认为他们的孩子会成为仗势欺人者。在美国家长与教师联合会新的调查中,5%的家长认为应当通过与其他家长联系来解决以强凌弱问题。但是很多专家警告说这样的对话可能会被误解,使对方勃然大怒。相反,他们认为家长应该找较客观的旁观者如学校校长等来进行调解。

同时,如果接到了一位对你的孩子仗势欺人的行为感到愤怒的家长的电话,你应该倾听,而不是一心想自卫。当加里福尼亚卡斯楚谷市的劳拉?麦休接到电话,被告知她13岁的儿子朝另外一个孩子的食物中吐吐沫时,她就这样做了。她儿子已经承认了。麦休说,“但受害者的母亲想确保我儿子没有传染给她儿子什么严重的疾病”。她道歉并许诺让这个男孩做艾滋和其他严重疾病的测试。她知道通过那种方式传染疾病的几率非常小,但她的许诺使对方母亲平静了下来,并且也让自己的儿子知道父母非常严肃地对待他的恶劣行为。麦休是教授父母技能的“父母教导孩子”组织的创始人。她将测试结果送给那位母亲,所有项目都显示阴性。

记住:一旦打电话,你可能会听到不想听的话。如果你手指发痒,忍住。把手放在口袋里。Text 2

“I've never met a human worth cloning,” says cloni ng expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&M University. “It's a stupid endeavor.” That's an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy later this year—or perhaps not for another five years. It seems the reproductive system of man's best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.

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Westhusin's experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work on the Missyplicity project, using hundreds upon hundreds of canine eggs, the A&M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missy's DNA. None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother. The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when you're dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not wi th humans. “Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous,” he says.

Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff. Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusin's phone at A&M College of Veterinary Medicine has been ringing busily. Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missy's mysterious owner, who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy. He's plopped down $3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missy s fine qualities after she dies. But he knows her clone may not have her temperament. In a statement of purpose, Missy's owner and the A&M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways that her clone differs from Missy.”

The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhusin's work. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems. “Why would you ever want to clone humans,”Westhusin asks, “when we re not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?”[397 words]

6. Mr. Westhusin thinks cloning is dangerous because_____ .

[A]animals are tortured to death in the experiments

[B]the public has expressed strong disapproval

[C]too many lives are wasted for laboratory use

[D]cloning becomes a quest only for profit

7. What is the problem confronting the Missyplicity project?

[A]The client holds a suspicious view toward it.

[B]There is a lack of funds to support the research.

[C]The owner is unwilling to disclose the information.

[D]Cloning dogs is a difficult biological problem.

8. Which of the following is true about animal cloning?

[A]Few private cloning companies could afford it

[B]Few people have realized its significance.

[C]An exact copy of a cat or bull can be made.

[D]It is becoming a prosperous industry.

9. From the passage we can infer that _____.

[A]Mr. Westhusin is going to clone a dog soon

[B]scientists are pessimistic about human cloning

[C]human reproductive system has not been understood

[D]rich people are only interested in cloning animals

10. Mr. Westhusin seems to believe that cloning______.

[A]is stupid and should be abandoned [B]has been close to success

[C]should be taken cautiously [D]is now in a dilemma

核心词汇

confines n. limits or borders范围,界限;边界例:the confines of human knowledge 人类第 6 页共60 页金太阳新课标资源网b75dad2b7375a417866f8f74

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的知识范围/ the confines of family life 家庭生活的范围

超纲词汇

aborted a. *①流产的②出问题的,出故障的

canine a. 犬的,犬科的

cramped a. 狭窄的,拥挤的例:working in cramped conditions 在拥挤的环境里工作embryo n. 胚胎

fetus n. 胎,胎儿

Missyplicity n.这是个临时造的词,是三个部分的合成:Missy指文中提到的那条狗密斯,duplicate意为“复制”, ity为名词后缀

plop vi.&vt.(使)扑通一声落下例:Can you plop some ice in my drink? 能在我的饮料中放点冰块吗?文中是比喻用法,指“投入资金”

surrogate n.代理, 代理人,代用品vt.使代理, 使代替;*surrogate mother 代理母体veterinary a.兽医的例:veterinary medicine/science兽医学

vexed a.*①气恼的,烦恼的例:the vexed parents of an unruly teenager因孩子难管教而气恼的父母②(问题等)争论不休的,难于解决的例:vexed question/issue棘手的问题viably ad. ①可实施地,切实可行地*②能存活地,能生长发育地

长难句分析

1. That's an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy.

该句主干是That's an interesting choice of adjective。现在分词短语coming from... 做后置定语,修饰前面的名词choice,相当于一个定语从句(which is)coming from... ;在分词短语中,定语从句who... 也做后置定语,修饰先行词a man。

2. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems.

该句主干是He knows that... 。that引导的宾语从句是一个主从复合句,且从句位于主句之前,主句是the offspring will face the problems... ;从句是让步状语从句:even if he gets a dog viably pregnant;should they survive是个省略了if的条件状语从句,为插入语,修饰主句。另外,主句的宾语the problems后接有过去分词短语shown... 做后置定语,相当于一个定义从句(that)are shown... ;冒号后的名词短语做the problems的同位语。

语篇分析

本文题材涉及生物技术。作者从克隆动物这个角度间接论证克隆人的不可行性,主张应该慎重对待克隆人研究。它是一篇观点论证型文章,按照“提出观点—论证观点—重申观点”的脉络展开论述,可分成三部分。

第一段为第一部分,提出观点:克隆人是不可行的。

引用专家Mark Westhusin和一位试图克隆其爱犬的富人的话(never met a human worth cloning,a stupid endeavor)表达作者的观点。接着介绍Mark Westhusin所进行的克隆动物的实验(two calves,a cat and a dog),并特别指出对狗的克隆最具难度(one of the mysteries of modern science)。

第二、三段为第二部分,论证观点。

第二段:指出Mark Westhusin克隆动物的经验使他极力反对克隆人(vexed by talking of human cloning)。首句是段落主题句。段中详细介绍了一个克隆狗的项目(the Missyplicity project)中出现的状况:①从成百上千的卵中只获得一打左右基因匹配的胚胎;②转移到母体时没有一个胚胎存活下来。从这些细节中可以推出,克隆是低效而且危险的。这在末句“Cloning is

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incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous”得到了证实。该段最后还给出了Mark Westhusin的观点:动物实验中的浪费现象在人的研究中不能被接受。因此,该段将Mark Westhusin反对克隆人的态度表露无疑。

第三段:分析指出,(虽然克隆是危险的)克隆狗仍然存在巨大的商机(a commercial opportunity)。首句是段落主题句,其中even so是转折标志词,表明该段与上一段在含义上存在转折。该段描述了“商机”的具体表现:电话频频响起(ringing busily)。接着分析存在商机的原因:①以Missy的主人为例指出,人们不惜花费巨资(cost is no obstacle; plopped down $3.7 billion);②同样以Missy的主人为例指出,客户与研究者能够达成共识(both looking forward to studying the ways)。

第四段为第三部分,重申观点:在克隆动物还远没有成功的情况下,克隆人是不可行的。首先说明克隆狗存在的问题(face the problems shown at birth),然后引用专家Mark Westhusin的话否认目前存在克隆人的可行性(not close to getting worked out in animals yet, why want to clone humans)。

文章总体特点:①开始和结尾都摆出了明确的观点,形成首尾呼应。②作者在文章中没有直接发表评论,而是借他人之语表达自己的观点和评价。③虽然作者的最终目的是反对克隆人,但却通过论证动物克隆技术的不成熟间接论证克隆人的不可行性。

试题命制分析

通过对文章的整体分析,我们可以从以下几个方面命题,考查考生的阅读理解能力。

1. 事实细节题

围绕狗Missy的细节:①年龄13岁;②还没有被成功地克隆;③克隆它的项目中已经使用了成百上千的犬科动物的卵,但只获得了一打左右有匹配基因的胚胎;④其主人为克隆它已经投入了370万美元;⑤其克隆体并不一定有同样的脾气和秉性。

关于克隆狗的概括性事实:①狗的生殖系统是现代科学中的一个神秘领域;②它是低效而且危险的;③具有很大的商机。

目前克隆动物存在的问题:①存活几率低(none have survived);②有先天性疾病(problems shown at birth; abnormalities)。

围绕Missy主人的细节:①富有并积极投资;②希望匿名以保护自己的隐私;③与研究团队达成共识,共同期待能研究Missy的克隆体与Missy本身的差异之处。

根据以上内容可以命制综合细节题,参见试题6和7;也可以命制正误判断题,参见试题8。

2. 作者观点、态度题

本文作者主要借Mark Westhusin的话来表达自己的观点,因此该人物的观点和态度与作者完全一致。

从全文第一句、第二段第一句和全文最后一句可以推出,Mark Westhusin(或作者)对克隆人持明确的否定态度。由第一段末话可知,作者认为,狗的克隆是生物学上的难题(one of the mysteries of modern science)。由于Mark Westhusin一直在从事动物克隆的研究,因此作者不可能对动物克隆持完全否定态度,但文中Mark Westhusin也多次提到动物克隆存在的危险,因此作者的态度应该是谨慎的。参见试题10。也可以考查Mark Westhusin(或作者)对待克隆的总体态度,如:[A]克隆动物是愚蠢的;[B]人类克隆还没有接近成功;[C]克隆是低效的,应该被完全禁止;[D]动物克隆可以,克隆人则不行。(答案:[D])3. 人物观点题。

文中还有一个次要人物就是狗Missy的主人,从他的言论及行为可以推出该人物的观点:①克隆人是愚蠢的行为;②狗的克隆应该得到大力支持。

4. 词义句意题

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如:[A]实验室研究人员需要非常小心才能克隆成功;[B]克隆动物可能死于疾病或感染;[C]实验过程中浪费很多生命;[D]克隆动物比正常的动物体质差。(答案:[C])试题精解

6.威斯苏森先生认为克隆是危险的,因为_____。

[A]实验中的动物被折磨至死[B]公众表达了强烈的不满

[C]实验浪费了很多生命[D]克隆成为仅仅追求利益的行为

[精解]答案C本题考查因果细节。根据题干定位到第二段末“Cloning... also dangerous”。其上文即该段倒数第二句中,威斯苏森先生指出,在猫或牛的克隆试验中,对动物卵的浪费以及许多动物的自然性流产都可以接受,但是克隆人就不行。因此可知,[C]是“危险”的真正含义。[A]中torture(折磨)一词无从推知;[B]项文中未提及;第三段首句虽然提到,狗的克隆有很大的商机,但不能由此推出[D]正确。

7.克隆密斯项目面临的问题是什么?

[A]客户对它持怀疑态度。[B]没有足够的资金支持这项研究。

[C]狗的主人不愿意透漏信息。[D]狗的克隆是一个生物难题。

[精解]答案D本题考查事实细节。题干中the Missyplicity project指克隆一只名叫密斯的狗的项目。第一段倒数第二句指出,克隆密斯可能成功也可能失败。该段最后一句解释其原因是:狗的生殖系统似乎是现代科学中一个神秘的领域。因此[D]为正确项。

第三段首句提到,克隆狗是一个商机,能带来丰厚的科研报酬。该段第三句又提到,对于像密斯的主人这样的消费者来说,高额的花销并不是什么障碍。由此可知,[B]不是项目存在的问题。[C]属于答非所问,第三段第三句提到,密斯的主人希望匿名以保护自己的隐私。但这对项目本身并不造成任何影响。[A]无从推知。

8.下面哪一项是关于动物克隆的正确说法?

[A]很少有私人克隆公司能够承担。[B]很少有人意识到它的意义。[C]可以制造出与猫或牛一模一样的复制品。[D]它正成为一个欣欣向荣的产业。

[精解]答案D本题考查事实细节。第三段首句提到,克隆狗是能带来丰厚科研报酬的商机。下文无论是提到动医学院频繁接到的电话,还是举出一掷千金想克隆爱犬的富人的例子都是为了说明首句的观点。因此[D]正确。

第三段最后两句提到,密斯(狗)的克隆体与它本身存在差异之处。至于猫和牛的情况如何,文中没有涉及,排除[C]。[A]和[B]在文中也没有提及。

9.从文中我们可以推知_______。

[A]威斯苏森很快将克隆出一只狗[B]科学家对克隆人持悲观态度

[C]人类的生殖系统还没有被了解[D]富有的人只对克隆动物感兴趣

[精解]答案B本题考查推理。文章一开始就引用专家威斯苏森的话,指出克隆人是愚蠢的尝试。第二段最后两句提到,克隆实验的低效性和危险性在克隆人中不可接受。文章末尾再次引用该专家的话,指出现在动物的研究还没成功,没有必要想到克隆人。由此可见以威斯苏森为代表的科学家对克隆人是持悲观态度的。[B]为正确项。

第一段最后两句提到,威斯苏森和他的团队可能会在年底成功克隆出密斯,也可能再过五年都不会成功。因此狗的克隆的成功是尚未确定的事情,排除[A]。第一段末句提到,狗的生殖系统是现代科学中神秘的领域。“人的生殖系统”在文中没有涉及,[C]无从推知。文中只提到一位富人有意克隆他的狗,但没有指出富人对克隆人不感兴趣,排除[D]。

10.威斯苏森先生似乎认为克隆________。

[A]是愚蠢的,应该被放弃[B]已经接近成功

[C]应该谨慎对待[D]现在正处于进退维谷的境地

[精解]答案C本题考查文中人物观点。注意题干问的是“克隆”,它包括了克隆人和克隆第9 页共60 页金太阳新课标资源网b75dad2b7375a417866f8f74

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动物两个方面。第二段末句中,威斯苏森先生强调了克隆的低效性和危险性;文末他又指出,克隆动物的研究还没有接近成功时,更别提克隆人。因此,[C]概括了他对于克隆的整体态度。

文章第二句出现的a stupid endeavor是威斯苏森先生对克隆人的看法,不包括克隆动物,因此排除[A]。[B]与文章末句not yet close to getting it worked out相矛盾。从第二段倒数第二句可知,威斯苏森先生对于克隆动物是默许的,并不认为克隆处于进退维谷的境地,排除[D]。

全文翻译

“我还没有遇到一个值得克隆的人。”克隆专家马克?威斯苏森在德克萨斯州农业机械大学空间狭小的实验室里说。“那是一种愚蠢的尝试。”有趣的是,这种用来形容克隆人的言辞竟然来自一位已花费数百万美金试图克隆一只13岁的名叫密斯的狗的人。到目前为止,他和他的团队还没有获得成功,尽管他们已经克隆出了两只牛并且正计划在短期内克隆出一只猫。他们可能会在年底成功克隆出密斯,也可能再过五年都不会成功。人类最亲密的朋友——狗的生殖系统似乎是现代科学中一个神秘的领域。

威斯苏森克隆动物的经验使他对克隆人的种种说法十分恼火。在研究“克隆密斯项目”的三年时间里,农业机械大学的团队使用了成百上千只犬科动物的卵,却仅仅获得了一打左右的带有密斯基因的胚胎,并且没有一个在被转移至克隆母体时存活下来。威斯苏森教授争辩道,在研究猫或牛的克隆试验中,对动物卵的浪费以及许多动物的自然性流产都是可以为人们所接受的,但是对于研究人来说就不行。他表示说,“克隆是十分低效的,而且也相当危险。”尽管如此,克隆狗仍是一个商机,能带来丰厚的科研报酬。自从1997年多利羊克隆成功后,威斯苏森教授在农业机械大学兽医学院的电话就频频响起。对于像密斯的神秘主人这样的消费者来说,高额的花销并不是什么难题,他只是希望匿名以保护自己的隐私。到目前为止,他已经投入了370万美金来资助这项研究,因为他想要一个密斯的孪生子在它死后继承其优良品质。但是这位主人知道,密斯的克隆体不一定能有与它一样的脾气秉性。在一份用途声明中,密斯的主人和农业机械大学的团队表示,他们“共同期待能研究密斯的克隆体与它本身的差异之处。”

用于实验的狗的命运将由威斯苏森教授的工作来决定。他知道即使有一只狗能成功怀孕,它的后代,如果能幸存下来,一出生就要面对其他克隆动物所面临的问题:像肺部和心脏发育不全造成的畸形以及体重问题等等。威斯苏森教授质问道,“在我们克隆动物的研究还没有接近成功时,为什么还想到要克隆人呢?”

Text 3

The marvelous telephone and television network that has now enmeshed the whole world, making all men neighbours, cannot be extended into space. It will never be possible to converse with anyone on another planet. Even with today's radio equipment, the messages will take minutes—sometimes hours—on their journey, because radio and light waves travel at the same limited speed of 186, 000 miles a second.

Twenty years from now you will be able to listen to a friend on Mars, but the words you hear will have left his mouth at least three minutes earlier, and your reply will take a corresponding time to reach him. In such circumstances, an exchange of verbal messages is possible—but not a conversation.

To a culture which has come to take instantaneous communication for granted, as part of the very structure of civilized life, this “time barrier” may have a profound psychological impact. It will be a perpetual reminder of universal laws and limitations against which not all our

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technology can ever prevail. For it seems as certain as anything can be that no signal—still less any material object—can ever travel faster than light.

The velocity of light is the ultimate speed limit, being part of the very structure of space and time. Within the narrow confines of the solar system, it will not handicap us too severely. At the worst, these will amount to twenty hours—the time it takes a radio signal to span the orbit of Pluto, the outer-most planet.

It is when we move out beyond the confines of the solar system that we come face to face with an altogether new order of cosmic reality. Even today, many otherwise educated men—like those savages who can count to three but lump together all numbers beyond four—cannot grasp the profound distinction between solar and stellar space. The first is the space enclosing our neighbouring worlds, the planets; the second is that which embraces those distant suns, the stars, and it is literally millions of times greater. There is no such abrupt change of scale in the terrestrial affairs.

Many conservative scientists, appalled by these cosmic gulfs, have denied that they can ever be crossed. Some people never learn; those who sixty years ago scoffed at the possibility of flight, and ten years ago laughed at the idea of travel to the planets, are now quite sure that the stars will always be beyond our reach. And again they are wrong, for they have failed to grasp the great lesson of our age—that if something is possible in theory, and no fundamental scientific laws oppose its realization, then sooner or later it will be achieved.

One day we shall discover a really efficient means of propelling our space vehicles. Every technical device is always developed to its limit and the ultimate speed for spaceships is the velocity of light. They will never reach that goal, but they will get very near it. And then the nearest star will be less than five years voyaging from the earth.[514 words]

11.For light to travel across the solar system, it will take_______.

[A]a year [B]nearly a day [C]two months [D]thirty minutes

12.The fact that it will never be possible to converse with someone on another planet shows that________

[A]radio messages do not travel fast enough

[B]no object can ever travel faster than light

[C]western culture has a special idea of communication

[D]certain universal laws cannot be prevailed against

13.Confronted with the new order of cosmic reality, many educated men________.

[A]become ignorant savage again [B]find the “time barrier”unbearable [C]will not combine solar and stellar space[D]cannot adapt to the abrupt change of scale 14.Conservative scientists who deny that cosmic gulfs can ever be crossed will________

[A]laugh at the very idea of flight [B]learn a lesson as they did ten years ago [C]find space travel beyond their reach[D]oppose the fundamental scientific laws

15.The author of the passage intends to show__________.

[A]the limitations of our technology [B]the vastness of the cosmic reality

[C]the prospect of planetary travel [D]the psychological impact of time and space 核心词汇

enclose vt. *①[常用被动态]to surround sth., especially with a fence or wall, in order to make it separate(尤指用篱笆或围墙)围起来例:A high wall enclosed the courtyard. 一堵高墙

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把院子围了起来。②随信附上,随信装入例:Please enclose a check with your order. 请您随定单附上支票。

en- 是构成动词的前缀,表示①“使处于某种状态,使有某种特征,使成为……”例:danger使陷入危险中,危害,危及,enlarge使变大,扩大,enslave使成为奴隶,奴役②“把……包住;包涵”例:encircle围绕,环绕,包围,encase把……放入箱(盒、袋等)内

lump n. ①a small piece of something solid, without a particular shape(不定形的)块例:There were lumps in the sauce. 酱汁中有块状的东西。②方糖例:One lump or two? 要一块还是两块方糖?vt. to accept a situation or decision you do not like because you cannot change it 无奈地接受例:I m going to that party! Like it or lump it! 我打算去参加那个聚会!不管喜欢还是不喜欢!

[短语搭配]*lump sth. together 把……合在一起考虑;算在一起例:Pacifists, atheists and journalists were all lumped together as “troublemakers”. 和平主义者、无神论者和记者都被归为“捣乱分子”。

超纲词汇

enmesh vt. *①用网捕捉,使陷入网中;文中指“以电话和电视网络将整个世界联系起来”

②使陷入,使卷入例:be enmeshed in difficulties陷入困难中

stellar a.*①恒星的,与星有关的②极好的例:the company s stellar growth公司的良好发展

terrestrial a. ①陆地的*②地球上的

长难句分析

1. The marvelous telephone and television network that has now enmeshed the whole world, makingall men neighbors, cannot be extended into space.

该句主干是一个被动句The marvelous telephone and television network... cannot be extended into space。其中that引导的定语从句做后置定语修饰network;分词短语making all men neighbors当结果状语,修饰整个定语从句。

2. To a culture which has come to take instantaneous communication for granted, as part of the very structure of civilized life, this “time barrier” may have a profound psychological impact.

该句主干是This “time barriers”may have a profound psychological impact。介词短语to a culture which... 充当状语成分,修饰句子主干,其中which引导的定语从句修饰a culture;介词短语as... 与前面的动词take构成“动词+复合宾语”的结构take sth. as sth.(把……看作……)。

3. Those who sixty years ago scoffed at the possibility of flight, and ten years ago laughed at the idea of travel to the planets, are now quite sure that the stars will always be beyond our reach.

该句主干是Those... are now quite sure that... 。who引导的定语从句修饰主语those;连词and 连接的两个动词短语scoffed...和laughed... 是并列关系,一起充当定语从句的谓语。that 引导的从句充当表语。

语篇分析

本文题材涉及星际通信。作者告诉读者虽然人类在宇宙中的交流受到速度的限制,但是跨越宇宙鸿沟的可能性是存在的。它是一篇现象解释型文章,按照“指出现象—解释现象—提出新观点”脉络展开论述,可分成三部分。

第一、二段为第一部分,指出现象:星际之间的通信受到速度的限制。

第一段:开篇指出,地球上的通信系统无法延伸到太空中,因此人类无法实现星际之间的对第12 页共60 页金太阳新课标资源网

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话。接着分析原因:无线电波和光波传播速度的限制(the same limited speed)使信息需要花很长时间才能到达(the messages will take minutes—sometimes hours—on their journey)。第二段:以火星为例,具体说明星际之间无法实现通常意义上的“对话”(a conversation is impossible)。由此可以推知,未来星际之间的交流将采用延时通信(communication delay)的方式。

第三、四段,分析现象带来的影响。

第三段:指出“时间障碍”对人们造成的心理影响(a profound psychological impact),即人们意识到技术不能战胜宇宙的普遍规律和限制(universal laws and limitations against which not all our technology can ever prevail)。

第四段:指出速度限制在狭小的太阳系内(the narrow confines of the solar system)不会给人们带来不便(will not handicap us too severely),并且以冥王星为例说明速度的限制在太阳系内最多造成20个小时的延迟。

第五至七段:作者就星际之间的通信问题提出新的观点。

第五段:提出观点一,即,人们应该认识到太阳系之外的宇宙更浩瀚,天体规模的变化更突然(greater,abrupt change of scale)。该段批评了一些人对宇宙的无知(like savages,cannot grasp the profound distinction),并且对太阳系和恒星系两个概念给予了界定。

第六段:批评那些否认跨越宇宙鸿沟的可能性(appalled by these cosmic gulfs, denied that they can ever be crossed)的保守的科学家。从理论上进行论证:人类的发展证明,只要是理论上证明可能的事情,人类迟早能够实现(If something is possible in theory, then sooner or later it will be achieved)。

第七段:提出观点二,即,技术的发展将使跨越宇宙鸿沟变为可能。该段指出未来的航天器驱动方式(a really efficient means of propelling our space vehicles)将会接近速度的极限。全文最后以展望星际旅行的前景结束。

文章总体特点:全文内容分为两大部分,前面部分围绕“宇宙速度限制”展开,后面部分围绕“跨越宇宙鸿沟的可能性”展开。前面部分是铺垫,后面部分才是作者观点的论述,即全文的重心。

试题命制分析

通过对文章的整体分析,我们可以从以下几个方面命题,考查考生的阅读理解能力。

1. 事实细节题

(1) 文中出现多处数字,包括:无线电波或者光波的传播速度都是每秒186, 000英里;无线电信号达到冥王星的时间是20小时;未来乘坐航天器达到最近的恒星需要大约5年的时间。针对这些细节可以命制数字细节题,参见试题11。

(2) 第一段含有两个层次的因果关系:人类无法实现星际之间的对话是因为信号传送时间长;信号传送时间长是因为无线电波或者光波传播速度的限制。这里可以命制因果细节题,参见试题12。

(3) 结合第三段和第四段考查“速度限制或时间障碍”造成的影响。如:[A]人类不再盲目崇拜技术;[B]给人类生活带来诸多不便;[C]星际之间无法进行交流;[D]诱发人类一些心理疾病。(答案:[A])

2. 推理引申题

(1) 针对第二段关于与火星上的人交流的描述考查未来星际之间的交流方式。

(2) 针对第四段末句考查太阳系内通信延迟的时间最长可以达多久。

3. 人物观点、态度题

第五段和第六段提到了两类保守的人,根据文中的描述,可以命制人物观点题,参见试题第13 页共60 页金太阳新课标资源网

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13和14。也可以考查他们看待时间障碍问题的态度,如:[A]肯定的;[B]否定的;[C]中立的;[D]含糊不清的。(答案:[A])

4. 作者观点、态度题

(1) 考查作者对文中提到的两类人的态度,如:[A]褒扬;[B]批判;[C]同情;[D]厌恶。(答案:[B])

(2) 根据第五段至第七段,考查作者观点,如:[A]人类在浩瀚的宇宙中十分渺小;[B]人们应该了解太阳系之外的宇宙;[C]技术的力量是无穷无尽的;[D]宇宙速度的限制迟早会被突破。(答案:[B])

5. 词义句意题

(1) 考查第五段lump together的含义。

(2) 根据上文推测第六段末句If something is possible in theory... then sooner or later it will be achieved的含义,如:[A]未来的人类终将跨越宇宙鸿沟;[B]任何设想都不要违背自然规律;[C]保守的人永远不能正确预见未来;[D]理论与实际的距离只是时间问题。(答案:[A])

试题精解

11.光穿过太阳系需要多长时间?

[A]一年。[B]将近一天。[C]两个月。[D]30分钟。

[精解]答案B本题考查考生的数字推理能力。原文中没有直接的回答,但是第一段末句指出:“无线电和光的传播速度相同。”第四段最后一句又指出,无线电传到太阳系中最远的冥王星,要20小时。所以[B]项正确。

12.人无法和另外一个星球的人进行对话这一事实表明_____。

[A]无线电的传播速度不够快[B]没有物体能比光的速度快

[C]西方文化有特别的交流观念[D]某些普遍规律不能被战胜

[精解]答案A本题考查事实细节。第一段后两句指出,“永远不可能和另一个星球人进行对话。即使有今天的无线电设备,信息传播也需要好几分钟,甚至好几个小时,因为无线电和光波都是以有限速度传播。”第二段中举了一个和火星人交流的例子,得出的结论是:“交换语言信息是可能的,但是不可能对话。”[A]项指的是传播速度的限制,为正确项。[B]是第三段末句的改写,是事实,但它与无法实现星际对话没有必然的联系。[C]项在第三段提到,但“认为即刻交流是理所当然的文化”是人思维局限的表现,而“人无法和另外一个星球的人进行对话”是自然规律事实,后者不能表明前者。该段也提到,“时间的局限性”(即无法和外星人进行对话)提醒我们不是所有的技术都能战胜普遍规律和限制,因此这里说明的是“技术的局限性”,而不是[D]项中的“规律的不可战胜性”。

13.面对宇宙现实的新秩序,许多受过教育的人士________。

[A]又变成无知的野人[B]发现“时间局限性”不可容忍

[C]将不会把太阳系和恒星系结合起来[D]不能适应这种突然的大规模的变化

[精解]答案D本题考查事实细节。文章第五段第二句提到,“许多在别的方面受过教育的人,像只能数到三的野人,无法明白太阳系和恒星系的巨大不同。……(后者比前者)确实大几百万倍,地球上的事物在规模上没有这样巨大的变化。”可见,他们无法适应如此巨大的规模变化,选择[D]。[A]项拘泥于字面含义,没有理解文中举出“野人”只是为了说明那些受过教育的人在变化面前的无知,而不是真的变成了野人。[B]项文中未提,[C]项中“结合”应换成“区分”,才符合文意。

14.否认人们可能跨越巨大宇宙鸿沟的那些保守科学家将会_______。

[A]嘲笑飞行的想法[B]像10年前一样吸取教训

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[C]发现太空旅行非他们所能及[D]反对基本的科学规律

[精解]答案C本题考查事实细节。倒数第二段谈到这些保守科学家时,作者指出:“一些人从来不吸取教训;他们60年前怀疑飞行的可能性,10年前耻笑飞往其他行星的想法,现在又满有把握地说恒星是我们永远不能及的。”据此,最为相近的答案应该是[C]。

15.从课文中,我们可以推出作者的意图是要说明_______。

[A]我们技术的局限性[B]宇宙现实的广阔性

[C]星际旅行的前景[D]时间和空间对心理上的影响

[精解]答案C本题考查写作目的。综观全文,作者从无线电和光速谈起,批评了很多持保守态度的人,进而论证人类终将跨越宇宙鸿沟。文章最后描述未来星际旅行标志了人类跨越宇宙鸿沟的实现。可见,[C]是作者要说明的问题。

全文翻译

神奇的电话和电视网络将整个世界连结在一起,使所有的人都成了邻居,但是却不能延伸到宇宙中。你永远不可能和另一个星球上的人进行对话。即使有今天的无线电设备,信息传播也需要好几分钟,有时候甚至好几个小时,因为无线电和光波都是以每秒186, 000英里的有限速度传播。

20年后你能够听来自火星上的朋友说话,但是话从他口中说出至少要经过三分钟你才可以听到,你的回答也将经过相同的时间才能到达他耳中。在这样的状况下,交换语言信息是可能的,但是不可能对话。

对于一个认为即刻交流理所当然,并将其视为文明生活完整结构的一部分的文化来说,这种“时间障碍”可能会有深刻的心理影响。时间障碍(即无法和外星人进行对话)永远提醒我们不是所有的技术都能战胜普遍规律和限制。看起来非常确定的事情是:没有信号,更不用说物质,可以比光传播的速度快。

作为时空结构的一部分,光速是终极速度极限。在太阳系狭小的范围内,它不会给我们带来太严重的不便。最糟糕的情况也就是20小时,即无线电信号越过最远的冥王星的轨迹的时间。

正是当我们走到太阳系的界限之外的时候,我们开始面对着一个全新的宇宙秩序。即使在今天,许多在别的方面受过教育的人,像只能数到三而把三以上的数字都统称为四的野人,他们无法明白太阳系和恒星系的巨大不同。前者是围绕我们邻近的世界即行星的宇宙,后者是围绕那些遥远的恒星的宇宙。(后者比前者)确实大几百万倍,地球上的事物在规模上没有这样巨大的变化。

许多保守的科学家惊讶于这些宇宙鸿沟之大,因此否认跨越它们的可能性。有些人永远也不会进步:他们60年前怀疑飞行的可能性,10年前耻笑飞往其他行星的想法,现在又满有把握地说恒星是我们永远不能及的。他们再一次地错了,因为他们没有领悟我们这一时代的教训——如果某些东西从理论上说是可能的,并且没有一些基本的科学法则反对它的实现的话,它早晚都会实现。

有一天,我们会发现一种真正有效的航天器驱动方式。每一个技术发明都会发展到极限,而宇宙飞船的最终速度是光速。它们永远不会达到这个速度,但是它们将会与这个速度非常接近。那时,离地球最近的恒星用不了5年就可以到达。

Text 4

One great benefit of the Web is that it allows us to move information online that now resides in paper form. Several states in America are using the Web in a profound way. You can apply for various permits or submit applications for business licences. Some states are putting up listings of jobs—not just state government jobs, but all the jobs available in the state. I believe, over time,

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that all the information that governments print, and all those paper forms they now have, will be moved on to the Internet.

Electronic commerce notches up month-by-month too. It is difficult to measure, because a lot of electronic commerce involves existing buyers and sellers who are simply moving paperbased transactions to the Web. That is not new business. Microsoft, for example, purchases millions of dollars of PCs online instead of by paper. However, that is not a fundamental change; it has just improved the efficiency of an existing process. The biggest impact has occurred where electronic commerce matches buyers and sellers who would not previously have found each other. When you go to a book site and find an obscure book that you never would have found in a physical bookstore, that is a new type of commerce.

Today, about half of all PCs are still not connected to the Web. Getting communications costs down and making all the software simpler will bring in those people. And that, in turn, will move us closer to the critical mass that will make the Web lifestyle everyone's lifestyle. One element that people underestimate is the degree to which the hardware and software will improve. Just take one aspect: screen technology. I do my e-mail on a 20-inch liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor. It is not available at a reasonable price yet, but in two years it will be. In ten years, a 20-inch LCD with much higher resolution will be commonplace. The boundary between a television set and a PC will be blurred because even the set-top box that you connect up to your cable or satellite will have a processor more powerful than what we have today in the most expensive PC. This will, in effect, make your television a computer.

Interaction with the Web also will improve, making it much easier for people to be involved. Today the keywords we use to search the Web often return to too many articles to sort through, many of them out of context. If you want to learn about the fastest computer chip available, you might end up getting responses instead about potato chips being delivered in fast trucks. In the future, we shall be either speaking or typing sentences into the computer. If you ask about the speed of chips, the result will be about computers, not potatoes. Speech recognition also means that you will be able to call in on a phone and ask if you have any new messages, or check on a flight, or check on the weather.

To predict that it will take over ten years for these changes to happen is probably pessimistic. We usually overestimate what we can do in two years and underestimate what we can do in ten. It will not be too long before the Web becomes as much a way of life as the car.[558 words]16. Electronic commerce becomes a new type of commerce when______.

[A]paperbased transactions are moved on to the Web

[B]the efficiency of the existing process is improved by Internet

[C]new buyers and sellers find each other on the Internet

[D] a book site offers the books several bookstores have altogether

17. The use of computer will be as common as the use of cars when_______.

[A]governments begin to move administration on-line

[B]electronic commerce causes a fundamental change

[C]computer and communication become simpler and cheaper

[D]the boundary between the computer and the TV disappears

18. What is the current problem with the Web according to the passage?

[A]Too much information. [B]Lack of response.

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[C]Ineffective interaction. [D]Slowness of speed.

19. The example of potato chips is used to illustrate_____.

[A]the defect of computers at the present stage of development

[B]the similarity between a computer chip and a potato chip

[C]the richness of information available on the web

[D]the irrelevant responses the web sometimes offers

20. The passage is mainly trying to show that______.

[A]the web is becoming a way of conveying information

[B]the web will bring about a new way of life

[C]electronic commerce develops with the internet

[D]interaction with the Web will become easier

核心词汇

bring in *①to allow or invite someone to become involved in a discussion, investigation, etc 让……参与例:They brought the police in when it all became serious. 当事态变得很严重时,他们叫来了警察。②to introduce(legislation, a custom, fashion, topic etc)提出(新法案);引入(时尚、习俗、话题等)③to earn or produce a particular amount of profit赢利,赚钱例:The sale of the house only brought in about $45,000. 卖房子只赚了约4.5万美元。

measure vt. ①to find the size, length or amount of sth. using standard units测量,度量*②to judge the importance, value, or true nature of sth.估量,判定(重要性、价值或影响等)例:Education should not be measured purely by examination results. 教育不应该只用考试成绩来衡量。

n. ①尺寸,大小②[常用复数]措施,办法例:take measures to do sth. 采取措施应对(某种情况)

obscure a. *①not well known and usually not very important 默默无闻的,没有名气的例:an obscure poet 名不见经传的诗人②difficult to understand 难理解的,晦涩的例:The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. 环境显然很重要,但它的作用却仍不为人所知。(2002考研翻译)

vt. to make sth. difficult to know or understand 搞混,使难理解例:Recent successes obscure the fact that the company is still in trouble. 近来的一些成功使人看不清公司依然处于困境。resolution n. ①[C]正式决定, 决议②[U](问题、纷争的)解决例:The lawyer s advice led to the resolution of the problem. 律师的忠告使这个问题得以解决。*③[C, U](电视、显微镜等的)清晰度;分辨率

超纲词汇

notch n. ①(表面或边缘的)V形刻痕、槽口;圆形切口②(记数等用的)刻痕③等级,档次例:a notch above others比其他的高一等vt. ①开槽口;(用凹口)嵌入②刻痕迹*③notch up赢得,获得(胜利等)例:With this performance, she has notched up her third championship title.她因这一成绩而获得第三个冠军称号。

长难句分析

The boundary between a television set and a PC will be blurred because even the set top box that you connect up to your cable or satellite will have a processor more powerful than what we have today in the most expensive PC.

该句主干是The boundary …will be blurred。介词短语between... and... 充当后置定语,修饰主语boundary。because引导的原因状语从句修饰主句;在because从句中,主干是the set

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top box... will have a processor,定语从句that... 修饰the set top box;形容词短语more powerful than... 修饰a processor,都是后置定语;其中,连词than连接了一个what引导的名词性从句,与前面的名词a processor构成比较。

语篇分析

本文题材涉及网络生活。作者论述了网络即将给人们生活带来的变化。从结构上看,本文是一篇归纳推理型文章,由分到总,先对所要论述的问题分几个方面剖析,再顺理成章地归纳总结出结论。

第一段:论证分论点一,即,网络将纸张保存的信息转移到网上(move information online that now resides in paper form)。首句提出观点,接着以美国几个州的做法为例具体说明,人们可以在网上很方便地获得表格和求职信息。末句重申观点,预测未来的所有信息都可以在网上获得。

第二段:论证分论点二,即,新形式的电子商务将带来更大便利。该段对新旧电子商务进行了比较。传统电子商务是买卖双方把以纸张为基础的交易转移到网上进行(moving paper based transactions to the web),其好处仅限于提高交易效率(improve the efficiency)。该部分以微软为例予以说明。新型电子商务则是把以前不可能找到对方的买方和卖方匹配起来(matches buyers and sellers who would not previously have found each other),该部分以买书为例予以说明。

第三段:论证分论点三,即,随着通讯费用的降低以及软件和硬件(communications costs down, the hardware and software will improve)的发展,网络将很快得到普及。该段以屏幕技术(screen technology)的发展为例说明电脑技术的迅速发展,从而支持了网络将很快普及的论点。

第四段:论证分论点四,即,人们与网络进行的互动交流(Interaction with the web also will improve)将得到改善。首先指出现在网络搜索的低效性,然后比较指出未来状况会得到改善,并以网上搜索关键词和打电话询问信息为例。

第五段:总结结论。指出以上这些变化将很快能够实现,网络将成为一种普遍的生活方式(will be as much a way of life as the car)。

试题命制分析

通过对文章的整体分析,我们可以从以下几个方面命题,考查考生的阅读理解能力。

1. 事实细节题

(1) 根据第二段考查什么是新型的电子商务,参见试题16。

(2) 根据第三段考查网络普及的关键条件,参见考题17。

(3) 根据第四段,考查目前与网络交流存在的问题,参见考题18。

(4) 纵观全文,可以综合考查网络的优点,命制正误判断题,如:以下哪项不是网络的优点?[A]提高人们交流的质量;[B]有效地保存信息;[C]提高市场交易的效率;[D]改变人们的生活方式。(答案:[A])

2. 文章主旨题

针对结尾段,我们可以考查文章主旨题,参见试题20。

3. 作者观点题

(1) 考查考生从第一段one great benefit和I believe, over time, that all the information will be moved on to the internet推出,作者认为信息应该被转移到网上。

(2) 分别考查文中作者对网上办公、电子商务、网络关键词搜索的观点。如:作者如何看待传统类型的电子商务?[A]没有效率;[B]取代了纸张为基础的交易;[C]开拓了新业务;[D]本质上与一般交易没有区别。(答案:[D])

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4. 写作目的题

(1) 本文最突出的论证手段是举例论证,文中每一个分论点都有举例说明,因此可以考查作者举例的目的是为了说明什么,参见试题19。又如:作者举出电脑显示器的例子是为了说明什么?[A]人们低估了硬件更新的速度;[B]电脑技术日新月异;[C]网络给人们生活方式带来了很大变化;[D]通信成本将很快下降。(答案:[B])

此外,作者还使用了比较论证(新旧电子商务)和类比论证(网络像汽车一样普及)手段,也可以考查写作目的。

5. 词义句意题

根据上下文猜测第二段末句中obscure一词的含义。

试题精解

16.当_____时候,电子商务成为一种新的商务方式。

[A]以纸张为基础的交易被移到网上进行[B]现有交易过程的效率通过网络得到提高

[C]新的买者和卖者可以通过网络找到对方[D]一个购书网站提供数家书店共同拥有的书

[精解]答案C本题考查事实细节。整个第二段围绕电子商务展开论述。该段第二句谈到:许多电子商务仅仅是现有的买家和卖家把以纸张为基础的交易移到网上进行。紧接着一句说:“这不是一种新的贸易”。所以[A]项可排除。该段第四句举例指出,微软每年在线购买数百万美元的电脑,而不是通过纸张进行。文章接着提到,“这不是个根本的变化,只是提高了现有交易过程的效率”。所以也可排除[B]项。第二段第五句提到,“当电子商务把以前不可能找到对方的买方和卖方匹配起来时,网上交易的最大影响力才出现。”因此[C]项是新的商务方式的表现。紧接着该段末句举例提到,当你去购书网站找到一本在有形的书店不能找到的毫无名气的书,那就是新形式的商务。[D]项强调书的数量,与原文不符。

17. 当_____的时候,计算机的使用会和汽车的使用一样普及。

[A]政府部门开始把行政事务移到网上进行[B]电子交易引起了一个根本的变化

[C]计算机和通讯变得更加简单和便宜[D]计算机和电视之间的界限消失

[精解]答案C本题考查事实细节。[A]项是第一段举出的例子,只是说明了网络带来的益处。[B]项是第二段论述中关于网上商务的内容,但它和计算机普及之间也没有根本的联系,所以也可排除。第三段前两句提到:“通讯费用的降低以及所有软件的简易化会使没有和网络连接的个人电脑实现连接,从而更接近让网络方式成为所有人的生活方式的临界点。”所以应选[C]项。[D]项在第三段最后提到,是举例说明软件(如处理器)发展的前景。

18. 根据文章内容,目前网络的问题是什么?

[A]太多的信息。[B]缺少回应。[C]低效的交流。[D]缓慢的速度。

[精解]答案C本题考查推理引申。第四段前两句提到,与网络的交流将得到改善,使人们更容易参与其中。如今用关键词搜索网络会搜出太多无关内容。接着该段举了“计算机芯片”与“薯片”的例子加以说明。[A]项具有迷惑性,可本质问题在于信息的“质”而非“量”。因此[C]项正确。[B]项与文意相反,不是“缺少”,而是“太多”。[D]项文中没有提及。

19. 举薯片的例子是用来说明_____。

[A]计算机目前发展中的缺陷[B]计算机芯片和薯片之间相似之处

[C]网络上可获得丰富的信息[D]计算机有时提供的是不相关的信息

[精解]答案D本题考查写作目的。第四段中的相关内容指出,当我们在网上查询最快的计算机芯片时,计算机给我们的却是薯片的信息,可见计算机提供了不相关的信息,应选[D]

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项。[A]项错在computer,应换成web。[B]项是举例中的细节,注意,计算机芯片和薯片在英语中是同一个单词chip。[C]项与作者意图相反,不是“丰富”,而是“泛滥”。20. 这篇文章主要要表达的是_____。

[A]网络正在成为一种新的信息传输方式[B]网络将带来一种新的生活方式

[C]电子商务随着网络的发展而发展[D]与网络的交流将变得更容易

[精解]答案B本题考查文章主旨。[A]、[C]和[D]项分别是第一段、第二段和第四段的主旨内容。但从全文来看,第一、二段主要介绍了网络给信息传输和商务带来的变化,第三段前半部分提到,通讯费用的降低及软件的改善可以使网络成为更多人的生活方式。该段后半部分则介绍了软件和硬件确实都在改善。因此,该段主要论述了网络成为生活方式的可能性。第四段论述了未来人与网络的交互也将得到改善,信息更准确,可以通过言语交流。第五段则总结到网络成为生活方式的的日子不会太遥远。因此[B]项是全文主旨。

全文翻译

网络的一个很大的好处是它允许我们把如今停留在纸上的信息转移到网上。美国几个州正在以一种意义深远的方式使用网络。人们能申请各种许可证或递交营业执照的申请表。一些州正在公布一系列工作,不仅包括州政府的工作,而且包括州内所有的工作。我认为,随着时间的推移,所有政府打印的信息以及所有他们现有的保存在纸上的表格,都会转移到网络上。电子商务也越来越成功。但它很难估量,因为许多电子商务仅仅是现有的买家和卖家把以纸张为基础的交易移到网上进行。这不是一种新的贸易形式。比如,微软每年在线购买数百万美元的电脑,而不是通过纸张进行。然而,这不是根本的变化,只是提高了现有交易的效率。当电子商务把以前不可能找到对方的买方和卖方匹配起来时,网络的最大影响力才出现。当你去购书网站找到一本在有形的书店不能找到的毫无名气的书,那就是新的商务形式。

如今,几乎一半的个人电脑仍然没有与网络连接。降低通讯费用以及简化软件可以把这些人和网络连接起来。而这又将使我们更接近让网络生活方式成为所有人的生活方式的临界点。人们低估硬件和软件将会改进到何种程度。比如,屏幕技术方面。现在我在20英寸的液晶显示器上发电子邮件。虽然现在它还不能以合理的价格购得,但是两年后将可以。十年后,更高清晰度的20英寸液晶显示器将成为普通的事物。电视和个人电脑之间的界限将变得模糊,因为甚至是连着有线或卫星的电视机上的盒子中都会有比如今最昂贵的个人电脑更强大的的处理器。实际上,你的电视将成为一台电脑。

与网络的交流也将得到改善,这使人们更容易参与其中。如今,搜索网络时输入的关键词总会搜出太多的选项让你选择,而其中很多项与你所找的内容无关。当你想知道现有的最快的计算机芯片时,却得到在快速通道上运送的薯片的信息。将来,我们可以对着电脑讲话或者往电脑中输入句子。如果问芯片的速度,结果将是关于电脑,而不是土豆。语音识别也意味着你能够打电话给电脑询问是否有新的信息,或者查询航班和天气。

预计要花上十多年时间这些变化才会发生可能太悲观了。我们经常高估两年内能做到的事,而低估十年之内能做的事。不久以后,网络会像汽车一样成为一种生活方式。

Part B

Directions:

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order for Questions 21-25, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A]If you are in the frightening position of waking in the middle of the night and think you can hear an intruder, then on no account should you approach the intruder. Far better to telephone

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the police and wait for help.

[B]But what could happen if, in spite of the aforementioned precautions, a burglar or intruder has decided to target your home. Windows are usually the first point of entry for many intruders. Downstairs windows provide easy access while upstairs windows can be reached with a ladder or by climbing up the drainpipe. Before going to bed you should double-check that all windows and shutters are locked. No matter how small your windows may be, it is surprising what a narrow gap a determined burglar can manage to get through. For extra security, fit window locks to the inside of the window.

[C]The first fact is that burglars and other intruders prefer easy opportunities, like a house which is very obviously empty. This is much less of a challenge than an occupied house, and one which is well-protected. A burglar will wonder if it is worth the bother. There are some general tips on how to avoid your home becoming another crime statistic. Avoid leaving signs that your house is empty. When you have to go out, leave at least one light on as well as a radio or television, and do not leave any curtains wide open. The sight of your latest music center or computer is enough to tempt any burglar.

[D]A sobering fact is that not all intruders have to break and enter into a property. Why go to the trouble of breaking in if you can just knock and be invited in? Beware of bogus officials or workmen and, particularly if you are elderly, fit a chain and an eye hole so you can scrutinize callers at your leisure. When you do have callers never let anybody into your home unless you are absolutely sure they are genuine. Ask to see an identity card, for example.

[E]What about entry via doors? Your back door and patio doors, which are easily forced open, should have top quality security locks fitted. Even though this is expensive it will be money well spent. Install a burglar alarm if you can afford it as another line of defence against intruders. [F]A recent survey of crime statistics shows that we are all more likely to be burgled now than 20 years ago and the police advise everyone to take a few simple precautions to protect their homes.

[G]Never leave a spare key in a convenient hiding place. The first place a burglar will look is under the doormat or in a flower pot and even somewhere more imaginative could soon be uncovered by the intruder. It is much safer to leave a key with a neighbour you can trust. But if your house is in a quiet, desolate area be aware that this will be a burglar s dream, so deter any potential criminal from approaching your house by fitting security lights to the outside of your house.[526 words]

Order:

F→21 →22 →23 →24 →25 →A

核心词汇

at your leisure 有空时,方便时例:Take the leaflets home and read them at your leisure.把这些宣传册拿回家,闲暇时慢慢看。

break in *①强行闯入(以行窃)例:Burglars had broken in while we were away on holiday. 我们外出度假时, 小偷闯入屋内行窃。②to make a person or animal get used to a certain way of behavior or working使(人或动物)习惯于某种行为或工作,使驯服,训练成为例:Don t worry about doing the accounts,we ll break you in gently.别担心会计工作,我们会让你慢慢熟悉的。③打断,插嘴(后常跟介词on)例:Please don t break in on our conversation.请不要打断我们的谈话。

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