合同法第二次重述

RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS 合同法第二次重述

Chapter 1

MEANING OF TERMS 第一章 合同条款的含义

§1. CONTRACT DEFINED

A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.

§1.合同指的是一个允诺或一组允诺，如果违反此允诺，则法律给与救济；如果 其履行了允诺，则法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。 §2. PROMISE; PROMISOR; PROMISEE.

(1) A promise is a manifestation of intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified way, so made as to justify a promisee in understanding that a commitment has been made.

(2) The person manifesting the intention is the promisor.

(3) The person to whom the manifestation is addressed is the promisee.... (4) Where performance will benefits a person other than the promisee, that person is beneficiary. §2. 允诺；允诺人；受允诺人

（1）允诺就是以特定方式实施或禁止实施某种行为的意思表示，这种意思表示 使受允诺人正当地认为一个允诺已经作出。 （2）作出该意思表示的人是允诺人

（3）该意思表示所指向的人为受允诺人。

（4）如果该允诺的履行使除受允诺人之外的他人获利，则该人为受益人。

§3. AGREEMENT DEFINED; BARGAIN DEFINED

An agreement is a manifestation of mutual assent on the part of two or more persons. A bargain is an agreement to exchange promises or to exchange a promise for a performance or to exchange performances.

§3. 协议的定义；交易磋商约定的定义 一个协议就是两个或两个以上的人一致的意思表示。一个交易磋商约定是为允诺

与允诺之间的交换，或为允诺与义务履行的交换，或为义务履行之间的交换而 达成的协议。 §4. How a Promise May Be Made §4. 允诺如何作出

A promise may be stated in words either oral or written, or may be inferred w holly or partly from conduct.

一个允诺可以用口头言词或书面文字作出，也可以完全或部分地从行为中推断 而得。

§5. Terms of Promise, Agreement, or Contract

(1) A term of promise or agreement is that portion of the intention or assent manifested which relates to a particular matter.

(2) A term of contract is that portion of the legal relations resulting from the promise or set of promises which relates to a particular matter, whether or not the parties manifest an intention to create those relations. §5. 允诺，协议或合同的条件

（1）允诺或协议的条件就是当事人就特定的事项表示了部分的缔约意图或对缔 约的赞同。

（2）合同的条件就是由于当事人就特定事项作出了一个或一系列的允诺，由此 引起他们之间部分法律关系的存在，不管当事人是否作出意思表示要建立这些 法律关系。

§6. Formal Contracts

The following types of contracts are subject in some respects to special rules that depend on their formal characteristics and differ from those governing contracts in general:

(1) Contracts under seal, (2) Recognizances,

(3) Negotiable instruments and documents, (4) Letters of credit. §6. 要式合同

下列类型的合同根据其形式上的特征，在某些方面受不同于一般合同规则的法 律规则的调整：

（1） 盖印合同

（2）保证书

（3）可流通票据和单据

（4）信用证

§7. Voidable contracts

A voidable contract is one where one or more parties have the power, by a manifestation of election to do so, to avoid the legal relations created by the contract, or by ratification of the contract to extinguish the power of avoidance.

§7.可撤消的合同 如果合同的一方或多方当事人有权通过意思表示，或通过订立一个取消撤消权

的合同，撤消该合同已经建立的法律关系，则该合同为可撤消的合同。 §8. Unenforceable Contracts

An unenforceable contract is one for the breach of which neither the remedy of damages nor the remedy of specific performance is available, but which is recognized in some other way as creating a duty of performance, though there has been no ratification.

§8. 不能强制执行的合同 不可强制执行的合同是指这样一种合同，即违反该合同导致损害赔偿救济和强

制履行救济均不可适用，但是却被认为是以其他方式创设了并没有获得认可的 履行义务。

Chapter 2

FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS------PARTIES AND CAPACITY 第二章 合同的订立——当事人及其缔约能力

§9. Parties Required

There must be at least two parties to a contract, a promisor and a promisee, but there may be any greater number.

§9. 合同当事人 合同必须至少有两个当事人，即允诺人和受允诺人，但是也可以有两个以上更 多的当事人。

§10. Multiple Promisors and Promisees of the Same Performance

(1) Where there are more promisors than one in a contract, some or all of them may promise the same performance, whether or not there are also promises for separate performances.

(2) Where there are more promises than one in a contract, a promise may be made to some or all of them as a unit, whether or not the same or another performance is separately promised to one or more of them. §10. 针对同一项履行的多个允诺人和受允诺人

（1）如果一个合同中有多个允诺人，则部分或全部的允诺人可以就同一项履行 作出允诺，不管他们是否就个别的义务履行作出允诺。

（2）如果一个合同中不只有一个允诺，则部分或全部的允诺人可以一个单位作 出允诺，不管相同或另外的履行义务是否被单独地对一个或一个以上的允诺人 允诺。

§11. When a Person May Be Both Promisor and Promisee

A contract may be formed between two or more persons acting as a unit and one or more but fewer than all of these persons, acting either singly or with other persons.

§11. 何时允诺人和受允诺人可以同为一人

在由两个或两个以上的人共同代表的一个单位和这些人中的一个或部分多数之 间可以缔结合同，这些人可以单独地或者同他人一起行事。

§12. Capacity to Contract

(1) No one can be bound by contract who has not legal capacity to incur at least voidable contractual duties, Capacity to contract may be partial and its existence in respect of a particular transaction may depend upon the nature of the transaction or upon other circumstances.

(2) A natural person who manifests assent to a transaction has full legal capacity to incur contractual duties thereby unless he is (a) under guardianship,or (b) an infant, or

(c) mentally ill or defective, or (d) intoxicated. §12. 缔约能力

(1) 没有法律行为能力的缔约人所缔结的合同所产生的义务是可撤消的，该合 同对缔约人并没有约束力。是否享有部分缔约能力以及是否就某一特定交易享有 缔约能力取决于该交易的本质或者其他一些情况。 (2) 一个自然人如果就某项 交易作出同意的意思表示，则该自然人享有完全合法的创设合同义务的缔约能 力，除非该自然人是 (a) 处于监护之中，或

(b) 为成年人，或

(c) 有精神疾病或精神缺陷者，或

(d) 醉酒者。

§13. Persons Affected by Guardianship

A person has no capacity to incur contractual duties if his property is under guardianship by reason of an adjudication of mental illness or defect.

§13. 受监护的人 如果一个人由于被判决存在精神疾病或精神缺陷，其财产处 于监管之中，则该人没有创设合同义务的行为能力。

§14. Infants

Unless a statute provides otherwise , a natual person has the capacity to incur only voidable contractual duties until the beginning of the day before the person’s eighteenth birthday. §14. 未成年人

除非法令另有规定，自然人在 18 岁生日之前只具有创设可撤消合同义务的行为 能力。

§15. Mental Illness or Defect

(1) A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if by reason of mental illness or defect

(a) he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of the transaction, or

(b) he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to the transaction and the other party has reson to know of his condition.

(2) Where the contract is made on fair terms and the other party is without knowledge of the mental illness or defect, the power of a voidance under Subsection (1) terminates to the extent that the contract has been so preformed in whole or in part or the circumstances have so changed that a voidance would be unjust. In such a case a court may grant relief as justice requires.

§15. 有精神病或精神缺陷的人

(1) 在下列情况下，一个存在精神疾病或精神缺陷的人，在从事交易活动时所 创设的合同义务是可以撤消的：

(a) 他不能以正常方式理解此项交易的性质以及会产生的后果，或者

(b) 他不能像正常人那样从事此项交易，并且交易的相对方有合理的理由知道 这一事实。

(2) 如果合同的缔结是基于公平的条款，并且他方当事人不知道该缔约人患有 精神疾病或存在精神缺陷，那么，如果该合同已经被全部或部分地履行或者情

势变更，以至撤消该合同有失公平，则在(1)小节中所规定的撤消权不再适用。 在这种情况下，法院可以依公平正义之需判决给与当事人救济。

§16. Intoxicate Persons

A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if the other party has reason to know that by reason of intoxication

(a) he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of the transaction, or

(b) he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to the transaction, §16. 醉酒的人 如果缔约他方当事人有合理的理由知道一方当事人由于醉酒存在下列情况，则

该当事人在从事交易活动时所创设的合同义务是可以撤消的。

(a) 他不能以正常方式理解此项交易的性质以及会产生的后果，或者

(b) 他不能像正常人那样从事此项交易。

Chapter 3

FORMATION OF CONTRACTS---MUTUAL ASSENT 第三章 合同的订立——意思表示一致

TOPIC 1. IN GENRERAL 主题一 一般规定

§17. Requirement of a Bargain

(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), the formation of a contract requires a bargain in which there is a manifestation of mutual assent to the exchange an d a consideration.

(2) Whether or not there is a bargain a contract may be formed under special rules applicable to formal contracts or under the rules stated in §§82-94. §17. 交易磋商的条件

(1) 除(2)小节的规定外，合同的订立要求当事人就允诺与允诺、允诺与义务履行、

以及义务履行之间的交换和约因意思表示一致。

(2) 合同可以依据适用于正式合同中的特殊规则或依据§§82-94 中的规则订立， 不管有没有交易磋商。

TOPIC 2, MANIFESTATION OF ASSENT IN GERNERAL §18. Manifestation of Mutual Assent

Manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange requires that each party make a promise or begin or render a performance. 主题二 意思表示的一般条款

§18. 意思表示一致 对一个交换作出一致的意思表示要求各方当事人作出允诺或开始或实施一项义 务履行。

§19. Conduct as Manifestation of Assent

(1) The manifestation of assent may be made wholly or partly by written or spoken words or by other acts or by failure to act.

(2) The conduct of a party is not effective as a manifestation of his assent unless he intends to engage in the conduct and knows or has reason to know that the other party may infer from his conduct that he assents.

(3) The conduct of a party may manifest assent even though he does not in fact assent. In such cases a resulting contract may be voidable because of fraud, mistake, or other invalidation cause. §19. 依意思表示实施的行为

(1) 意思表示可以完全或部分地通过书面或口头、或其他作为或不作为作出。

(2) 一方当事人以行为作出的意思表示是无效的，除非他有意实施这一行为， 并且知道或有理由知道他方当事人可以从他的行为中推断出他有此缔约意思。 (3) 一方当事人的行为可以作为意思表示，虽然事实上他并没有此缔约意思。在 这种情况下所缔结的合同可以基于欺诈、错误或其他无效的理由被撤消。 §20. EFFECT OF MISUNDERSTANDING

(1) There is no manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange if the parties attach materially different meanings to their manifestations and

(a) neither party knows or has reason to know the meaning attached by the other; or

(b) each party knows or each party has reason to know the meaning attached by the other.

(2) The manifestations of the parties are operative in accordance with the meaning attached to them by one of the parties if

(a) that party does not know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other knows the meaning attached by the first party; or

(b) that party has no reason to know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other has reason to know the meaning attached by the first party.

§20. 误解的效力

(1) 如果当事人就他们的意思表示赋予了实质上不同的理解，并且有如下情况 存在时，则表明他们就磋商的交换没有达成一致：

(a) 双方当事人任一方都不知道或没有理由知道对方的意思表示所赋予的含义； 或

(b) 任一当事方知道或有理由知道对方的意思表示所赋予的含义。

(2)一方当事人可以依据该意思表示所指的含义执行该意思表示，如果

(a) 该当事人不知道另一方当事人所指的不同含义，而另一方当事人知道第一方 当事人所指的含义。 (b) 该当事人没有理由知道另一方当事人所指的不同含义， 而另一方当事人有理由知道第一方当事人所指的含义。 §21. INTENTION TO BE LEGALLY BOUND

Neither real nor apparent intention that a promise be legally binding is essential to the formation of a contract, but a manifestation of intention that a promise shall not affect legal relations may prevent the formation of a contract.

§21. 具有法律拘束力的意图

当事人有关允诺具有法律拘束力的意图无论是真实的还是表面的，对于合同的 缔结并不重要，但是如果当事人作出允诺并不影响当事人法律关系的意思表示， 则当事人之间的合同并不成立。

§22. Mode of Assent: Offer and Acceptance

(1) The manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange ordinarily takes the form of an offer or proposal by one party followed by an acceptance by the other party or parties.

(2) A manifestation of mutual assent may be made even though neither offer nor acceptance can be identified and even though the moment of formation cannot be determined. §22. 合意的模式： 要约与承诺

(1) 双方当事人就交换达成合意的意思表示通常是由一方当事人提出要约或提 议，然后由另一方当事人或另一方多数当事人作出承诺。

(2) 即使要约和承诺都无法被识别，并且合同成立的时间也无法确定，双方当 事人也可以作出合意的意思表示。

§23. Necessity That Manifestation Have Reference to Each Other

It is essential to a bargain that each party manifest assent with reference to the manifestation of the other. §23. 作出意思表示应相互参考的必要性

任何当事人作出意思表示都应参考对方的意思表示，这一点对交易磋商很重要。

TOPIC 3. MAKING OF OFFERS 主题三 要约的发出

§24. Offer Defined

An offer is the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made a s to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is i nvited and will conclude it.

§24. 要约的定义 要约就是以交易磋商为目的而为意思表示，使得他人合理地认为该意思表示被

(d) 要约人或受要约人死亡或丧失行为能力。

(2) 除此之外，如果受要约人对要约条款未作任何承诺，则该受要约人的承诺 能力终止。

§37. Termination of Power of Acceptance Under Option Contract

Notwithstanding §§38-49, the power of acceptance under an option contract is not terminated by rejection or counter-offer, by revocation, or by death or incapacity of the offeror, unless the requirements are met for the discharge of a contractual duty.

§37. 选择权合同项下承诺能力的终止

虽然有§§38-49 的规定，但是选择权合同项下的承诺能力并不因受要约人拒绝 要约或提出反要约、或要约人撤回要约、或要约人的死亡或丧失行为能力而终止， 除非解除合同义务的条件已经成就。

§38. Rejection

(1) An offeree’s power of acceptance is terminated by his rejection of the offer, unless the offeror has manifested a contrary intention.

(2) A manifestation of intention not to accept an offer is a rejection unless the offeree manifests an intention to take it under further advisement. §38. 要约的拒绝

(1) 受要约人如果拒绝要约，则其承诺的能力终止，除非要约人有相反的意思 表示。

(2) 未作出承诺的意思表示也属于对要约的拒绝，除非受要约人表示要作进一 步的考虑。

§39. Counter-offers

(1) A counter-offer is an offer made by an offeree to his offeror relating to the same matter as the original offer and proposing a substituted bargain differing from that proposed by the original offer.

(2) An offeree's power of acceptance is terminated by his making of a counter-offer, unless the offeror has manifested a contrary intention or unless the counter-offer manifests a contrary intention of the offeree.

§39. 反要约

(1) 如果受要约人对与原要约相同事项的实质性内容作出了修改，并提出一项 新的替代交易回复给要约人，则该项提议为反要约。

(2) 受要约人如果提出反要约，则该受要约人的承诺能力终止，除非要约人有 相反的意思表示、或反要约代表了受要约人相反的意思表示。

§40. Time When Rejection or Courter-offer Terminates the Power of Acceptance

Rejection or counter-offer by mail or telegram does not terminate the power of acceptance until received by the offeror, but limits the power so that a letter or telegram of acceptance started after the sending of an otherwise effective rejection or counter-offer is only a counter-offer unless the acceptance is received by the offeror before he receives the rejection or counter-offer.

§40. 拒绝或反要约终止承诺能力的时间 如果受约人通过邮件或电报拒绝要约或提出反要约，则在要约人收到之前，受

要约人的承诺能力虽然并不终止，但是有所限制，以便于承诺的邮件或电报在 相反、有效的要约拒绝或反要约发送之后是唯一的反要约，除非要约人在收到要 约拒绝或反要约之前收到此承诺。

§41. Lapse of Time

(1) An offeree's power of acceptance is terminated at the time specified in the offer, or, if no time is specified, at the end of a reasonable time.

(2) What is a reasonable time is a question of fact, depending on all the circu mstances existing when the offer and attempted acceptance are made. (3) Unless otherwise indicated by the language or the circumstances, and sub ject to the rule stated in §49, an offer sent by mail is reasonably accepted if a n acceptance is mailed at any time before midnight on the day on which the o ffer is received. §41. 期间届满

(1) 要约中应明确受要约人承诺能力的终止时间，或者如果没有明确时间，则 其承诺能力应在合理的时间之后终止。

(2) 什么是合理的时间，这属于一个事实问题，要随发出要约和试图作出承诺

时的情况而定。

(3) 除非有相反的规定或情形，依据§49 中的规定，如果一个承诺是在受要约人 收到要约当日的午夜之前的任何时候发出的，则该通过邮件的要约就应是被合 理承诺的要约。

§42. Revocation by Communication From Offeror Received By offeree

An offeree's power of acceptance is terminated when the offeree receives fro m the offeror a manifestation of an intention not to enter into the proposed c ontract.

§42. 要约人通知受要约人撤回要约 如果受要约人收到了要约人不愿缔结计划中的合同的意思表示，则受要约人的 承诺能力终止。

§43. Indirect Communication of Revocation

An offeree's power of acceptance is terminated when the offeror takes definit e action inconsistent with an intention to enter into the proposed contract and the offeree acquires reliable information to that effect. §43. 撤回要约的间接通知

如果要约人采取了明确的、与缔结合同的意思表示不一致的行为，并且受要约人 获得了有关此事实的可靠信息，则受要约人的承诺能力终止。

§44. Effect of Deposit on Revocability of Offer

An offer’s power of revocation is not limited by the deposit of money or other property to be forfeited in the event of revocation, but the deposit may be for feited to the extent that it is not a penalty.

§44. 存款对要约撤回的效力 如果撤回要约，则存款或其他要被没收的财产并不会限制要约的撤回，但是该

项存款可能要被没收，只是这种没收不属于惩罚。

§45. Option Contract Created By Party Performance of Tender

(1) Where an offer invites an offeree to accept by rendering a performance an d does not invite a promissory acceptance, an option contract is created when the offeree tenders or begins the invited performance or tenders a beginning

of it.

(2) The offeror's duty of performance under any option contract so created is conditional on completion or tender of the invited performance in accordance with the terms of the offer.

§45.一方当事人以履行义务缔结选择合同

(1) 如果一个要约邀请受要与人以履行义务的方式作出承诺，而不需要作出允 诺性的承诺，则如果受要约人履行或开始履行被邀请的义务，那么选择权合同 就算缔结。

(2) 要约人在选择权合同项下的义务是附随性的，取决于被邀请义务是否依据 要约条款被实现或被履行。 §46. Revocation of General Offer

Where an offer is made by advertisement in a newspaper of other general not ification to the public or to a number of persons whose identity is unknown to the offeror, the offeree’s power of acceptance is terminated when a notice of t ermination is given publicity by advertisement or other general notification eq ual to that given to the offer and no better means of notification is reasonably available.

§46. 一般要约的撤回

如果要约通过广告在其他通常向公众、或要约人并不知晓其身份的人公布信息的 报纸上发出，则如果终止承诺能力的通知书通过广告或发给要约人的其他类似 通知书向公众发布，并且没有更好的通知方式可以合理地加以利用，那么，受 要约人的承诺能力终止。

§47. Revocation of Divisible Offer

An offer contemplating a series of independent contracts by separate accepta nces may be effectively revoked so as to terminate the power to create future contracts, though one or more of the proposed contracts have already been f ormed by the offeree’s acceptance. §47.可分要约的撤回

如果一个要约预计通过独立的承诺达成一系列独立的合同，则要约人可以有效 地撤该要约以终止受要约人的承诺能力，尽管一个或一个以上被提议的合同已 经由受要约人作出承诺而成立。

§48. Death or Incapacity of Offeror or Offeree

An offeree’s power of acceptance is terminated when the offeree or offeror di es or is deprived of legal capacity to enter into the proposed contract. §48. 要约人或受要约人死亡或丧失行为能力 如果受要约人或要约人希望或被剥夺缔结合约的法律能力，则受要约人的承诺 能力终止。

§49. effect of Delay in Communication of Offer

If communication of an offer to the offeree is delayed, the period within which a contract can be created by acceptance is not thereby extended if the offere d knows or has reason to know of the delay, though it is due to the fault of th e offeror; but if the delay is due to the fault of the offeror or to the means of t ransmission adopted by him, and the offeree neither knows nor has reason to know that there has been delay, a contract can be created by acceptance with in the period which would have been permissible if the offer had been dispatc hed at the time that its arrival seems to indicate.

§49. 要约传达过程中延迟的效力 如果一个针对受要约人的要约在传达过程中出现延迟，那么，如果受要约人知

道或有理由知道此延迟，则其作出承诺缔结合同的期限并不因此延期，即使延 期是由于要约人的过错所导致的；但是如果延期是由于要约人的过错所致，或 者是由于要约人所采用的发送方式所导致的，并且受要约人不知道或没有合理 的理由知道延迟的存在，则如果要约是在它应到达时的日期被发送，那么，受 要约人可以在可允许的期间内作出承诺缔结合同。

TOPIC 5. ACCEPTANCE OF OFFERS 主题五 要约的承诺

§50. Acceptance of Offer Defined; Acceptance by Performance; Acceptance by Promise

(1) Acceptance of an offer is a manifestation of assent to the term thereof ma de by the offeree in a manner invited or required by the offer.

(2) Acceptance by performance requires that at least part of what the offer re quests be performed or tendered and includes acceptance by a performance which operates as a return promise.

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