刘意青《简明英国文学史》笔记和课后习题详解-第7部分 世纪末和

第20章现代主义文学

20.1 复习笔记

Ⅰ. Background Knowledge（背景知识）

The Russian Revolution of 1917 further unsettled the European political scene. However, the 1920s and 1930s offered an exceptionally good chance for communism and socialism to recruit their believers. Economic depression affected almost all social classes, leaving the rich less comfortable and the poor even more desperate.

1917年俄国十月革命进一步打破了欧洲政治格局。1929-1933年的经济大萧条有利于共产主义和社会主义在世界范围内的发展，这场危机影响了几乎所有的社会阶层，它让富人的生活水平下降，让穷人的生活更加捉襟见肘。

Ⅱ. The Modernist Novel and Novelists（现代主义小说和小说家）

1. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) （弗吉利亚伍尔夫（1882-1941））

(1) His Life and Literary Career（生平及创作生涯）

Born in 1882, Virginia Woolf was the third child of Leslie Stephen, one of the prestigious Victorian men of letters. From 1915 to 1941, Woolf brought out all her major novels. In 1941, after the completion of her last novel, she committed suicide.

弗吉利亚伍尔夫生于1882年，在家排行老三，是维多利亚时期最著名的作家之一。1915-1941年间，她创作了大量的作品。1941年，在完成了最后一部作品后，她投河自尽。

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(2) Major Works（主要作品）

Mrs. Dalloway

《达洛维夫人》

To the Lighthouse

《到灯塔去》

The Common Reader

《普通读者》

A Room of One’s Own

《一间自己的房间》

(3) Appreciation of Works（作品赏析）

◆Mrs. Dalloway（《达洛维夫人》）

The whole book covers the time span of a single day, when Mrs. Dalloway’s roaming consciousness is amplified disproportionately against the routines of her daily life. Given the free flow of consciousness, one can hardly give a coherent account of the plot.

小说描述了主人公达洛维在一战后英国一天的生活细节。这是一部意识流的作品，读者很难对情节有一个完整而连贯的表述。

For the most part, the text is pided between Mrs. Dalloway’s interior monologues and Smith’s troubled ramblings. By recording the myriad impressions her ordinary characters receive on an ordinary day, Woolf captures the evanescent reality of human consciousness, which is, for her, a reality that truly matters.

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这部作品主要是关于达洛维夫人的内心独白，伍尔夫善于描写人的心理活动。

◆To the Lighthouse（《到灯塔去》）

It is a short novel that displays the maturity of her narrative techniques, Woolf has the actual happenings of several years condensed into two lines and brackets them off from the main body of the text.

小说以到灯塔去为贯穿全书的中心线索，写了拉姆齐一家人和几位客人在第一次世界大战前后的片段生活经历。

2. D. H. Lawrence（戴维赫伯特劳伦斯）

(1)His Life（生平）

Born into a miner’s family, David Herbert Lawrence had an early experience very similar to that of Paul’s in Sons and Lovers, his first major novelistic success. The constant bickering between his parents and the close bond with his mother resulted in his estrangement from his father and t he miner’s life.

劳伦斯出生在一个矿工家庭，其作为矿工的父亲与作为老师的母亲常年争吵，他从小与父亲关系疏远，与母亲关系则尤为亲密。

(2)Major Works（主要作品）

Sons and Lovers

《儿子与情人》

The Rainbow

《虹》

Lady Chatterley’s Lover

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《查泰莱夫人的情人》

3. James Joyce（詹姆斯乔伊斯）

(1)His Life（生平）

As a Dubliner, James Augustine Aloysius Joyce had mixed feelings towards the religious and nationalist issues of his native country. Educated at Jesuit schools and then University College, Dublin, Joyce displayed a strong interest in languages.

詹姆斯乔伊斯是都柏林人，他在都柏林基督教学校读书，对语言有极其浓厚的兴趣，这为他以后的创作生涯打下了坚实的基础。

(2)Major Works（主要作品）

Dubliners

《都柏林人》

Ulysses

《尤利西斯》

Finnegans Wake

《芬尼根的觉醒》

Ⅲ. Modernist Poetry（现代主义诗歌）

1. Ezra Pound（埃兹拉庞德）

Pound is one of the most famous poets in the modernist period. He advocated using no superfluous word, no adjective, which does not reveal something. Don’t use such an expression as “dim lands of peace”. Cantos is his masterpiece.

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庞德是现代主义时期最具代表性的诗人之一。他也是意象主义诗歌创始人，强调诗歌中意象的重要性。《诗章》是他的代表作。

2. T. S. Eliot（艾略特）

(1) Major Works（主要作品）

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

《阿尔弗雷德·普罗弗洛克的情歌》

The Waste Land

《荒原》

Four Quartets

《四个四重奏》

(2) Appreciation of Works（作品赏析）

◆The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock（《阿尔弗雷德·普罗弗洛克的情歌》）

“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” portrays a modern world of spiritual sloth and inertia, where man is hopelessly trapped in his own mediocrity and lack of action. The imaginary Prufrock, a typical modern anti-hero, roams the evening street and frequents upper- class salons without the courage and strength to “force the moment to its crisis” and accomplish the single act that can give meaning to his hollow existence.

普罗弗洛克是一个病态形象，他爱上了一个姑娘却一直犹豫不敢跟她表白，暗示人们任何在现代存在的人和事物都是虚空的、无意义的。

◆The Waste Land（《荒原》）

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The Waste Land, with the support and advice of Ezra Pound. It is this poem that helps define the reality of the West between the two world wars, and shapes the consciousness of a generation of poets. Comparing Western civilisation to a barren land blighted by drought, the poem undergoes a revitalising ritual to restore water and fertility to the land.

在庞德的建议与支持下，艾略特完成了《荒原》，这首诗让人们对两次世界大战期间的西方世界有了新的了解，若西方文明是干旱肆虐的贫瘠的土地，这首诗则能灌溉这片土地并使其肥沃。

The Waste Land puts into spotlight the spiritual desert of contemporary Europe. April, usually the season of hope and life, is regarded as “the cruelest season”, because it arouses dull roots with spring rain from their warm sleep under “forgetful snow”.

当代欧洲是精神的沙漠，《荒原》将这片沙漠放到了聚光灯下。四月是充满生机和希望的季节，而在这首诗中，四月是最残酷的季节，因为它唤醒了在遗忘之雪覆盖下沉睡的树根。

◆Four Quartets（《四个四重奏》）

In Four Quartets, Eliot explores religious questions and their vital relevance to the modern “waste land” situation in a quieter and more controlled language.

在《四个四重奏》里，艾略特关注了宗教问题，并探索了宗教与现代荒原的重要联系。

3. William Butler Yeats（叶芝）

(1)His Life（生平）

Born in Dublin, Yeats spent most of his life away from Ireland, and shared with

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