高考英语300组常用词语辨析140页

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1 a bit/ a little

这两个词都意为“一点儿”有时可以互换,但有时不能。

Ⅰ.二者作程度副词修饰形容词、副词、动词或比较级时,意义相同,为“一点儿” “有些”。如: ① I am a bit / a little hungry. 我有点饿。 ② He walked a bit / a little slowly. 他走路有点慢。 Ⅱ.二者都可以作名词词组,充当主语或宾语。如: ① A little / bit is enough for me. 我有一点儿就够了。

② I know only a little / a bit about her. 我对她的情况只了解一点。 Ⅲ。a little可直接修饰名词;a bit后须加of才可以。如: ①. There is a little water in the bottle. = There is a bit of water in the bottle. [注意] a little of 后的名词通常特指,表“??中的一些”,如: ①May I have a little of your tea? Ⅳ. 否定形式 not a little 作状语,相当于very/ quite, “很”, “非常”;作定语和宾语时,相当于much, 意为 “许多”。而not a bit 作状语时,相当于not at all, 意为“一点也不”,作宾语时则相当于not much. Eg: ① He is not a little (=very) hungry. 他饿极了。 ② He is not a bit (=not at all) hungry.他一点也不饿。 ③ She ate not a little (=much). 她吃得很多。

Ⅴ. Not a bit 中的not 可以分开使用;not a little中的not 则不能分开。Eg: ① He felt not a bit tired. = He didn?t feel a bit tired. 他觉得一点也不累。 ② He felt not a little tired. 他觉得非常累。但不能说:He didn?t fell a little tired.

§2 a few/ few/ a little/ little

Ⅰ. a few和few修饰可数名词,a little和little修饰不可数名词;a few和a little表示肯定意义,few和little表示否定意义,可受only修饰。如: ① Few people will agree to the plan because it?s too dangerous.

②This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it. ③ There is little water left in glass. Will you please give me some ④ Don?t worry, we have a little time left. ⑤

§3 about/ on

Ⅰ.about “关于”表示的内容较为普通或指人时用它。侧重于叙事,多用于叙述个人经历和事迹,故事内容涉及一些较浅的问题。是非正式用语。

Ⅱ.on “关于”侧重于论述政治理论,国际形势,学术报告等。也就是说,当表示这本书,这篇文章或演说是严肃的或学术性的可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读时用。eg:

This is a text book on African history. 这是一本关于非州历史的教科书。[注]:它们有时可通用。

§4 above/over/on/upon

Ⅰ. 方位介词,“在??之上”

Ⅱ. above 着重指:在??上方,不一定含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为:below. ① The sun rose above the horizon. 太阳升到了地平线上。 ② The aero plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云层上飞行。 Ⅲ.over 表盖在??上面,或铺在??上面。此时不能用above.代替。含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为under. ① Spread the tablecloth over the table.把桌布铺在桌子上。 Ⅳ. on 含有与表面相接触的意思。 ① The book is on the desk. ② There is an oil painting on the wall. 墙上有一幅油画。

Ⅴ.upon 也含有和表面相接触的意思。与on没有多大的区别,但较正式,口语中较少用。 ① He laid his hand upon the boy?s head. 他把手放在孩子的头上。

[注] up 与以上几个不同,它表示向上方或高处,含有由下而上,由低而高的意思。常和表示运动的动词连用。作副词时,表示在上方或高处。 ① We run up a hill. 我们跑上山。

② The plane was high up in the air.飞机在高空中。

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§5 accident/incident “事故”

Ⅰ. accident 可以表示事故,指不幸的意外事件。也表偶然的事件。 ① Twenty people were killed in the railway accident ② He met with an accident. 这完全是偶然的事。

Ⅱ. Incident 的意思是事件,尤指与较重大的事件相比,显得不重要的事件。它还可以表引起国际争端或战争的事件。 ① It is a quite common incident.这是很普通的事。

② The Lugouqiao incident accrued on July 7th, 1937. 芦沟桥事件发生于1937年7月7日。

§6 accept/receive

Ⅰ. accept “接受”,表示其行为是由主观意愿决定的。 ① I accepted it without question. 我毫无疑问地接受了它。 ② We have accepted his proposal. 我已接受了他的建议。

Ⅱ. receive “接到、收到、受到”表示其行为与主观意愿无关。如: ① I received a letter from him. 我收到了他的来信。 ② He received the present, but he did not accept. 他收到了礼物,但没有接受下来。 ③ He received a good education.他受到了良好的教育。

[注] 在表示接待、接见时,通常用 receive, 而不用 accept. 如:We often receive foreign guests. 我们经常接待外宾。

§7 at hand/ in hand

Ⅰ. at hand“在手边;在附近;即将到来”如: ① When he writes, he always keeps a dictionary at hand. 他写东西时,手边总有一本字典。 ② Spring is at hand. 春天就要来了。

Ⅱ. in hand “在手中的;现有的”引申为:“在掌握中;在处理中”。如: ① I have 100 yuan in hand. 我手头有100元钱。 ② The police immediately had the situation in hand. 警方立即控制了局势。

§8 accurate/exact/correct

Ⅰ. accurate “准确、精确” 不仅表无错误,且表细心,谨慎地做到符合标准,符合事实或真象。如: ① Clocks in railway stations must be accurate. 火车站的钟必须准确。 ② The figures are not accurate.这些数字不精确。

Ⅱ. exact “精确、确切”强调完全符合标准,符合事实或真象,丝毫没有差错。它这三个中语意最强。如: ① His translation is exact to the letter. 他的翻译翻译确切。 ② Your description is not very exact.你的描述不很确切。

Ⅲ.correct. “正确”指按照一定的标准或规则,而没有错误。在这有一个词中,它的语意最弱。 ① His answer is correct. 他的回答是正确的。 ② The thing turned out to be correct. 事情结果是对的。

§9 ache/pain “痛”

Ⅰ. ache 通常指一种持续的隐痛。 它可以与表身体某部分的词,组成复合词。如: ① Where is the ache? 哪里痛? ② I have a headache (stomachache, toothache atc).

Ⅱ. pain 是普通用语。不含持续痛的意味,尤指一种突然的剧痛。除指肉体上的外,还指精神的痛苦。如: ① I feel a great deal of pain. 我感到非常痛。 ② He cried with pain. 他痛得直叫。 ③ I have a pain in the arm. 我手臂痛。 ④ I have pains all over. 我浑身痛。 ⑤ It gave us much pain to learn of the sad news. 听到不幸的消息很悲痛。

§10 across/through/ over

Ⅰ. across “横过、穿过”,指从??的一边到另一边。含义与on有关。如: ① I swam across the river. 我游过这条河(指从此岸到彼岸)

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② Let?s help push the cart across the bridge. 我们帮着把车子推过桥吧。

Ⅱ. through “穿过、通过”指穿过两边。是从空间较狭窄的一头穿到另一头。是从内部穿过,含义与in有关。如: ① We walked through the forest. 我们穿过森林。 ② The river flows through the city from west to east. 这条河从西到东流过城市。

Ⅲ. over“横过、跨越”指横过道路、河流等“细长物”时,与across通用。Over 虽可指从表面的接触及跳(飞)越,但指渡过则不能用。从房间、原野、海洋等“平面延伸”的一端横越到另一端时也不能使用。而常用across. ① She went across / over the bridge. ② He jumped across / over the stream他跳过了小溪。 ③ She swam across the straight of Dover. 她游过了多佛尔海峡。 ④ They drove across the desert. 他们驶过沙漠。

另外,over作介词还有“翻过??”的意思,如:climb the mountain 翻过那座山。

§11 affair/matter/business

Ⅰ. affair “事、事情、事务”它的涵义最广,可指已经发生或必须做的任何事情, 也可泛指事务(通常用算数,指重大或头绪较多的事务)。如: ① The railway accident was a terrible affair. 那次火车事故是件可怕的事。 ② That?s my affair, not yours. 那是我的事, 不是你的。 ③ We should concern ourselves with state affairs. 我们要关心国家大事。

Ⅱ. matter“事、事情” 是普通用语,常指我们所写到或谈到的事情,要考虑和处理的事情。如: ① This is a matter I know little about. 这件事我不大知道。 ② I?ll ask some one about the matter.关于这件事我将去问问人。 ③ There are several matters to be considered. 有几件事情要考虑。 [注]:在口语中,be the matter 相当于 be wrong, 表发生了失常的事或出了毛病等意思。如: ① What?s the matter? 怎么啦?

② What?s the matter with you? 你怎么啦?

Ⅲ. business“生意、商业”产普通用语。它表“事情、事务”时,往往指一种任务、责任或必须去做的事。此外, 它有时还含有轻蔑的意味。如: ① We don?t do much business with them. 我们跟他们没有多少生意来往。 ② It is a teacher?s business to help his pupils. 帮助学生是教师的责任。 ③ He made it his business to fetch water for a granny. 他把为一位老大娘挑水当作自己的事。 ④ It?s not your business.这不是你的事。 [注]:这三个词有时可通用,但不能任意替换。如:

Mind your own business.少管闲事。这里的 business 可用affairs 替换,但不能用 matters.

§12 afraid/ fear/ frightened

Ⅰ. afraid “害怕”是形容词,只能作表语,而不能作定语,后接of 短语或不定式,构成 be afraid of sb. 和 be afraid to do sth ① She is afraid of a snake. 她害怕蛇。 ② The little girl is afraid to go out at night.

afraid +that clause “恐怕”, 是婉转拒绝别人的一种表达方式。 如: ① I?m afraid (that) I can?t go to the party. My brother is sick. 恐怕我不能去参加聚会了。我弟弟病了。 Ⅱ. fear “害怕”是动词,与be afraid 往往通用,但不如它常用(特别是在口语中)。如: ① We fear no difficulty.我们不怕困难。 ② He feared to speak his mind.他不敢说出自己的想法。 ③ Fearing that he would catch cold, I went out to see him.因为怕他会受凉,我走去看他。 Ⅲ. frightened adj “受惊吓的、害怕的”可做表语,也可作定语。如: ① She is too frightened to move.她太害怕了不能动弹。 ② A frightened girl is crying. 一个受惊的女孩正在哭。

§13 feel like / would like

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Ⅰ.feel like 与would like 意思很相近,但feel like 后面常跟名词;动名词。构成:feel like (doing) sth. 而 would like 一般接名词;动词不定式。构成:would like (to do) sth.的句式。如: ① I feel like (having) a drink. = I would like (to have) a drink. 我想喝一杯。 ② Do you feel like talking a walk. = Would you like to take a walk? 你要不要散步? ③ I don?t feel like eating. 我不想吃东西。 Ⅱ.feel like 还表示:“觉得好像,摸起来像”。如: ① It feels like silk. 它摸起来像绸缎。

§14. after/behind “在??之后”

Ⅰ. after “在??(时间)之后”;

“在??(地点)之后”,指次序。如:

① He came after ten o?clock. 他十点以后来的。 ② Two days after his arrival, I called on him. 在他到达两天以后,我拜访了他。 ③ ?Against? comes after ?again? in this cictionary.在这本字典中 ?against? 排在 ?again? 之后。

Ⅱ. behind 表地点时意为:在??后面、着重指位置的前后。偶尔也指时间,表按照一定的时刻而迟了的意思。 ① The garden is behind the house. ② He stood behind me. ③ The train was behind time. 火车误点了。 ④ You are two hours behind. 你迟了两个小时。

§15. ago/before

Ⅰ. ago adv. “??以前”指从此刻起,若干时间以前,通常与过去连用。如: ① It happened two days ago.这件事发生在两天以前。 ② I met him a few minutes ago.我在几分钟以前碰到他。

Ⅱ. before adv, prep & conj “??以前”指从那时起若干时间以前。通常与完成时、过去时等连用。还可用作前置词或连接词表时间,而ago 则不能这样用。 ① He said that he had seen her two days before.他说他两天前见到过她。(表从她说话那时起两天前) ② I had been fine the day before.(那天)前一天的天气很好。 ③ I?ve seen that film before. ④ I never met him before.

§16. agree to/ agree with/ agree on(up on)

Ⅰ. agree to “同意、应允”通常用于同意某件事情(我们可以同意我们自己有不同看法而并不赞同的事情)。如: ① Do you agree to this plan? ② He agreed to my proposal.他同意了我的提议。 ③ I agreed to his terms. 我同意了他的条件。

Ⅱ. agree with “同意、赞同”常常表示同某人意见一致,也可表赞同某件事情。还有“(气候、食物等)适合”之意。如: ① I quite agree with you.我很同意你。 ② Do you agree with me ? ③ I agree with all you say.我同意你所说的。 ④ His words do not agree with his actions.他言行不一致。 ⑤ Too much meat doesn?t agree with her. 吃太多肉对她身体不合适。 [注]:agree with 不能用于被动语态。

Ⅲ. agree on /upon “对??取得一致意见”指两方或多方就某个问题取得了一致的意见或达成了某种协议。如: ① After discussion the two sides agreed on a cease-fire. 经过讨论,双方就停火问题达成了协议。 ② They all agree on the plan.他们对这个计划意见一致。 [注]:此句型可转换成agree in doing sth.如:

① All of them agreed on / upon it. = All of them agreed in doing it. 他们对做这个问题达成了共识。

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§17 at times / at all times / all the time

Ⅰ. at times “不时;偶尔”如: ① The tide is , at times, very high. 潮水有时涨得高。 ② I make mistakes at times when I speak English. 我说英语偶尔会出错。 Ⅱ. at all times.“随时;任何时候;总是” 如:

He has a cool head at all times. 他随时都有清醒的头脑。

Ⅲ. all the time “一直;始终” 其中time用单数形式。如: The baby cries all the time. 那婴儿一直哭。

§18. aim/ purpose/ object

Ⅰ. aim “目的”指抱有一种明确的目的,并意味着为之实现而竭尽全力。如: ① What?s your aim in life?你的人生目的是什么? ② The ultimate aim of the Party is the realization of communism.党的最终目的是实现共产主义。 Ⅱ. purpose “目的”指心中有打算,并意味着对所作的打算有较大的决心。如: ① It was done with a definite purpose. 做这件事具有一个明确的目的。 ② For what purpose (purposes) do you want to go to Canada? 你要去加拿大的目的何在?

Ⅲ. object “目的” 含有比较具体的意味。往往指在我们的行为中,需要或希望直接达到的目的。如: ① The object of my visit is to consult you. 我访问的目的是来和你商量。 ② What is your object in studying English? 你学英文的目的 何在?

[注]:以上这几个词的涵义虽有差别,但在语言实践中,常被毫无区别地使用着。

§19. alive/ living/ the living/ live/ dead

Ⅰ. alive adj“活着的”“在世的”,它既可修饰人也可修饰物。可作表语,定语。作定语时,应放在被修饰的名词之后。如: ① They were alive and as happy as ever. 他们都还活着,并跟以前一样快活。 ② All the other comrades were killed in the battle. He was the only man alive. 所有的同志都还活着亡了,

他是唯一的幸存者。

Ⅱ.living adj,“活着的”主要用着定语,常置于名词前,有时也可置于名词后。也可作表语。如: ① Every living person has a name. 每个活着的人都有一个名字。 ② No man living could do better. 当代人没有一个能做得比这更好。 Ⅲ. the living “活着的人”如:

The living are more important to us than the dead.对我们来说活着的人比死了的人更重要。 Ⅳ. live adj. “活着的”读着[laiv],反义词为 dead, 可作定语,放在所修饰的名词之前,一般不用来修饰人。 还可以作动词,读着[liv], 意为“生活”、“生存”如: ① The cat was playing with a live mouse. 这只猫在玩弄一只活老鼠。 ② Pandas usually live in the south and the southeast of China. 熊猫通常生活在中国的南部和东南部。 Ⅴ. lively adj. [?laivli](livelier, liveliest) “生动的”;“活泼的”;“充满生气的”用作表语或定语,可用来修饰人或物。如:

The sports ground is lively with all sorts of ball games. 运动场上进行着各种球类比赛,呈现出一派生气勃勃的景象。

§20. all/ every

Ⅰ. all 和 every 意思十分相近,二者都可用来泛指人或物。但all可与算数的名词连用,而every 只能与单数的名词连用。如: ① All Mondays are horrible. 星期一总是可怕的。 ② Every Monday is horrible. 每个星期一都是可怕的。 Ⅱ. all 和 every 也可用来指某一类东西中的个体。但all 后跟the 或其它“限定词”,而every后却不能。它往往强调无一例外的意思。

--She is eaten all the biscuits[?biskit]. –What, every one? –Every single one! 她把饼干都吃光了。怎么,把每一块都吃光了吗?每一块全都吃了!

Ⅲ. all 还可和单数名词连用,表示every past of 而every却不能有此义。如: She was here all day. 她在这呆了一整天。

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③ He rises very early. 他起床很早。 Ⅱ. arise “出现、发生”。它虽然可表“升起、起来、起床等意思,但现在一般不用于此义,特别是在口语中。如: ① A new problem has arisen. 出现了一个新的问题。 ② How did the quarrel arise? 争吵是怎样发生的?

§42 arms/ weapon

Ⅰ. arms (pl) “武器”着重指用于战争的具体的武器,如枪、炮等。 如: ① The black people there have taken up arms to defend themselves. 那里的黑人已拿起武器自卫。 ② The soldiers had plenty of arms and ammunition! 士兵们有充足的武器和弹药。 ③ Lay down your arms! 放下(你们的)武器!

Ⅰ. weapon “武器”单、复数形式都用。它意义比arms 广泛,除指用于战争的各种武器之外,还指虽然不是为战争而制造,但可以用作进攻或防守的器具。如:槌、石子等。此外,weapon 还可以用于借喻。如: ① The atom bomb is a weapon of mass slaughter. 原子弹是一种大规模屠杀的武器。 ② Look to your weapons. 当心你的武器。 ③ A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. 外国语是人生斗争的一种武器。

§43 around/ round

Ⅰ. around 与 round 都可以用着前置词和副词。 Ⅱ. around “在??周围”“在周围”“循环地”。表静止的位置。如: ① They sat around the table. 他们围绕桌子坐着。 ② I found nobody around.我发现周围没有一个人。

Ⅲ. round “环绕??周围、循环地”表一种活动的状况。如: ① The earth moves round the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 ② A wheel goes round. 轮子旋转着。

[注]:这两个词现在可以通用,只是around 多用于美国,round多用于英国。

§44 arrive/ reach/ get to

Ⅰ. arrive, reach, get to 均有“到达”之意,意义基本相同,但arrive(in)/(at) 与reach, 是正式用语,get to 是通俗用词,常用于口语。

Ⅱ. arrive 是不及物动词,表到达什么地点时,后面应接前置词in或at, 一般说,到达一个大地方常用in, 到达较小的地方常用at, 但这不绝对的。(与地点副词连用时当然不用任何前置词)如: ① He arrived in Beijing yesterday. ② When he arrived at the stop, the bus had left.

Ⅲ. reach 是及物动词,后面直接跟表地点的名词。如: When does the train reach London?

Ⅳ. get to 只是较口语化。接地点副词时不用to. 如: ① He got to the shop at 5:00 o?clock this afternoon. ② When I got there, the film had been on for 5 minutes.

§45 article/ essay/ composition

Ⅰ. article “文章、论文”通常指记叙文或论文。如: ① The article explains how the machine works. 这篇文章说明了这部机器怎样开动的道理。 ② There is an article on education in the paper. 报纸上有一篇论教育的文章。

Ⅱ. essay “文章、论文”通常指文学上散文、随笔、杂文等;也指学术性论文。如: ① We shall read Lu Xun?s essays . 我们将读鲁迅的杂文。 ② Can you write an essay in English? 你能用英文写一篇论文吗? Ⅲ. composition “写作、作文”。 尤指学习语文者为练习写作而做的作文。如: ① He is learning composition. 他在学习写作。 ② The students were required to write a composition in English. 要学生写一篇英语作文。

§46 as soon as/ as early as/ as quickly as

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Ⅰ. 这三个词都有“尽快、尽早”之意。 Ⅱ. as soon as 侧重于“极短时间内”。还表示“一??就??”之意,引导状语从句。如: ① I?ll return it as soon as I can.我将尽快地把它还给你。

Ⅲ. as early as 侧重于一天中的早晨或在限定的时间内再早点,以便能达到预期的目的。如: ① You should arrive there as early as you can. 你应尽早到达那里。 Ⅳ. as quickly as 表做某事的速度非常之快或动作非常之敏捷。如: ① Please read the text as quickly as you can. 请把课文尽快读一遍。

§47 as soon as/ hardly?when/ no sooner?than

Ⅰ. 三者在意义上基本相同,都有“一??就??”,“刚??就??”,但它们各有其特点。 Ⅱ. as soon as 最为普通,位置灵活,可在主句前,也可在其后。且可用作多种时态。如: ① As soon as I went in , Kate let out a cry of surprise. 我一进去,凯特就惊讶地叫了一声。 ② I?ll tell him as soon as he comes back.

Ⅲ. hardly? when?的主句通常 用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时,when有时还可换成before.如: ① He had hardly finished his homework when the light went out. 他刚写完作业灯就灭了。 ② Hardly had I come back when they began quarrelling.我一回来他们就开始吵了起来。(hardly 提前时,句

子需要倒装。)

Ⅳ. no sooner?than?句型中, no sooner一般只置于句首,所以主句有倒装形式。如:

No sooner had I known the news than I telephoned my mother. 我刚知道这个消息就打电话告诉了妈妈。

§48 as well as/ as well

Ⅰ. as well as “也”“不仅?而且”意同:not only ? but also具有连词性。 ① She is my friend as well as my doctor. 他不仅是我的医生,也是我的朋友。 ② Small towns as well as big cities are being industrialized. 小城市与大城市一样都在迅速实现工业化。 Ⅱ. as well “也”具有副词性。大致相当于also 或 too . 如: He can speak Chinese as well.

§49 as/ because/ for/ since

Ⅰ. 这三个词都可以用作连词,表“原因、理由” 但有区别:

Ⅱ. as “因为、既然”表示的原因或理由是明显的。语意不如because强。当理由是明显的,或者被认为是已知的时,则以用as 为好。如: ① As he was not well, I decided to go without him. 因为他身体不好,我决定独自去了。 ② As it was getting very late, we soon turned back. 因为已很晚了, 我们很快就回来了。 ③ As it is raining, you?d better take a taxi. 既然在下雨,你最好乘出租车。

Ⅲ. because “因为”表直接而明确的原因或理由。即必然的困果关系。在这几个词中,它的语意最强。回答以why 引导的特殊疑问句时,只能用because . 注意:because 不可以与so 连用。如: ① He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.昨天他只得呆在家里,因为他病了。 ② I did it because they asked me to do it. 我之所以做这件事,是因为他请我做的。 ③ ---Why can?t you do it now? --- Because I?m too busy.

Ⅳ. since“既然”比as 较为正式,说明为人所知的原因。语气比because 稍弱。 ① Since light travels faster than sound, we see lightening before we hear the thunder.因为光比声音传播得快,

所以我们先看到闪电,后听到雷声。 ② Since he can?t answer the question, you?d better ask someone.既然他回答不了这个问题,你最好问别人吧。 ③ Since you are busy, I?ll do it for you.既然你忙,我替你做吧。

Ⅴ. for “因为”表原因或理由时,用以说明理由,只是解释性的。在这几个词中,它的语意最弱。它少用于口语中,也不用于句首。如: ① I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她。 ② We must get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to errors. 我们一定克服粗枝大叶的毛病,因为粗枝大叶

常常差错。 ③ It must have rained, for the road is wet. 一定下雨了,因为路是湿的。 ④ I must go now, for my sister is waiting for me. 现在我得走了,我姐姐在等我呢。 [注]:这几个词按语意的强弱来排,其顺序为:

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because—→since—→(as)—→for

§50 as/ when/ while

这三个词都可以用作连词,表时间关系, 但有区别:

Ⅰ. as “当(在)??时候”往往可与when 或 while 通用,但它着重指主句和从句的动作或事情相并发生。如: ① I saw him as he was getting off the bus. 当下公共汽车的时候,我看见了他。 ② As he walked on, he felt himself getting more and more tired.他继续往前走的时候,感到越来越疲乏。 Ⅱ. when “当(在)??的时候”主句和从句的动作或事情可以同时发生,也可以先后发生。 ① It was raining when we arrived. 当我们到达的时候,正下着雨。 ② When we were at school, we went to the library every day. 我们在求学的时候,每天都到图书馆去。 Ⅲ. while “当(在)??的时候”表主句的动作或事情发生在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程之中。从句通常为进行时态。它有时可与when通用,但它只能指一段时间(a period of time),而不能指一点时间(a point of time)如上面的第一个例子。又如: ① Please don?t talk so loud while others are working. 别人在工作的时候,请勿大声讲话。 ② While I am washing the floor, you can be cleaning the windows.我洗地板时,你可以擦窗户。

§51 ask / inquire/ question

Ⅰ. ask “问、询问”是最普通的用语,通常表示只是为了获得回答或了解某事而提问。如: ① I asked him if he could come. 我问他能不能来。 ② I?ll ask him how to get there. 我要问他怎样去那儿。 Ⅱ. inquire “问、询问”表查究,调查的意思。如: ① I have inquired of him whether he could help me. 我已问过他是否能帮助我。 ② She came to inquire about her friend?s health. 她来询问她朋友的健康情况。 ③ He inquired of me about our work. 他向我了解了我们的工作情况。 Ⅲ. question “询问、审问、提问”含有提出一连串问题的意味。如: ① I questioned him about the matter.我问过他这件事。 ② He was questioned by the police. 他受到警察的审问。

§52 ask/ ask for

Ⅰ. ask vt “问”后接一个宾语或双宾语。如: ① Don?t ask me, I don?t know.别问我,我不知道。 ② Then ask your friend the same questions.然后问你的朋友同样的问题。 Ⅱ. ask vi “要求”“邀请”。后接不定式或复合句宾语。如: ① He asked to join the PLA. 他要求参加人民解放军。 ② The villagers always ask them to stay for lunch. 乡亲们总是请他们留下来吃午饭。 Ⅲ. ask for “要求找到某人或某物”在不同情况下有不同的译法。如: ① He sat down and asked for a cup of tea. 他坐下来要了一杯茶。 ② Last time Mum asked for some glasses in a shop. 上次妈妈在一家商店里要买几只玻璃杯。 Ⅴ. ask sb for sth “向某人要某物”如: ① Now ask your partner for the answers.向你的搭档要答案去。 ② He came and asked me for his bike.他来向我要他的自行车。

§53 asleep/ sleep / sleepy

Ⅰ. asleep adj “睡着的”;常作表语。如: ① The children have been asleep.孩子们已睡着了。 ② He was too tired and fell asleep at once. 他太累了,立刻就睡着了。 Ⅱ. sleep v & n “睡着”。如: ① You have a good sleep. 你需要好好睡一觉。 ② Last night I sleep very well. 我昨天晚上睡得很好。 Ⅲ. sleepy adj “困乏的、想睡的”。如: ① She is always sleepy. 她总是想睡觉。

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② I feel very sleepy now. 我现在昏昏欲睡。

§54 at Christmas/ on Christmas

Ⅰ. at Christmas 表示“在圣诞节期间”,既可以表示在圣诞节当天,也可以表示在圣诞节前后不久。如: I?ll return at Christmas 我将在圣诞节期间回来。 Ⅱ. on Christmas 则指“在圣诞节”,一般仅指在十二月二十五日当天。如:

Children always get many presents on Christmas Day. 在圣诞节孩子们总是收到许多圣诞节礼物。 [注]:on Christmas Eve 指的是“在圣诞节前夜”相当于中国的除夕。

§55 at first/ first

Ⅰ. at first “起初”,多用来表示后来发生的事情或动作,与前面的不同,甚至相反。如:

At first she knew nobody but now she has many good friends.起初她谁也不认识,但现在她有很多朋友。 Ⅱ. first 用来表示一系列动作或事物的“开始”。如:

Be polite. First knock at the door and then go in. 要有礼貌。先敲门,再进去。

§56 at last/ finally/ in the end

Ⅰ. at last “最后”表经过一定曲折之后某事才发生,强调努力的结果,带有较强的感情色彩。须用一般过去时。如:

Did the man in the shop understand him at last? Ⅱ. finally 表动作的发生顺序是在“最后”, 无感情色彩,只用于过去时。它居句首时较多。 ① Finally he went to see the famous man himself. Ⅲ. in the end 表事物发展的自然顺序的“终结”,有时可与finally相互替换。但用于将来的预测时,则只能用in the end 如: ① I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.

§57 at school/ in school/ in a (the) school

Ⅰ. at school表示“在学校、在上学”相对于在家里或在校外。如: ① My son is at school now. He is not at home or somewhere else. 我儿子现在在学校,他不在家,也不在别

的地方。 ② When my brother was at school, he studied very hard. 在学校时,我兄弟学习很用功。 Ⅱ. in school “在求学、在上学”相对于有工作。如:

My daughter still in school She doesn?t work.。 我女儿还在上学,她不在工作。 [注]:①和②用at school 强调所在场所或时间。③中的in school 则强调主语的身份是学生。因此,in school. 和 at school的着重点不一样,通常不互换使用。 Ⅲ. In a / the school “在学校”,不一定指上学。类似的还有:

in hospital “生病住院”

in a / the hospital表“在医院”(工作或探视病人等) at table “在吃饭”

at a / the table “在桌边”(有可能在聊天或看报)

① Is your friend in school? 你的朋友在上学吗? ① Your friend looked for you in the school just now. 刚才你的朋友在学校里找你。 ② Children are often in hospital when they are young. 孩子们小的时候经常生病住院。 ③ She is a good doctor in the hospital .她是医院里的一名好大夫。

§58 at the beginning/ at the beginning of/ in the beginning

Ⅰ. at the beginning 和 in the beginning都可表“起初、开始、原先”之意。两者间没有明显的区别,通常可互换。如: ① You?ll find it difficult to learn Russian at the beginning. 起初,你会觉得俄语很难。 ② In the beginning I didn?t know this.开始我不知道这事。 Ⅱ. 若表当今世界的开头,则必须用in the beginning eg:

In the beginning there were no men nor animals nor plants.在盘古开天辟地时,既没有人,也没有 动植物。 Ⅲ. at the beginning of “在??之初”, 其后通常 接表时间,事件或其它意义的名词,其反义词组为at the

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end of. 如: ① At the beginning of 1975 he came back to China. 1975年初,他回到了中国。。 ② This adverb can also be placed at the beginning of the sentence.这副词也可以放在句子的开头。

§59 at the top of/ on the top of

Ⅰ. at the top of “在??顶点上、在??上”。At 表示点,在句子中用作状语,反义短语常为 at the bottom of “在??底部”;

on (the) top of 中的on 表示部位上的接触,意思是“在??之上、在??上面”。反义短语常为at the foot of “在??脚底下”。如: ① He shouted at the top of his voice. 他高声地叫喊。 ② He is at the top of the class.他居全班之首位。 ③ Will you please put this box on (the) top of the books.请你这个盒子放在那些书的上面好吗?

§60 at/ beside/ by/ near

Ⅰ. at “靠近”往往动作联系,意味着有目的、有意识的靠近,而by, beside, near只意味着就“靠近”而言。如: ① He sat at the desk. He wanted to read, 他坐到桌边,想看书。 Ⅱ. beside “在??旁边”;by = just at the side of “就在旁边”。两者一般可通用。但by 比beside语势较强些,并多用于日常用语中。如: ① There is a hospital beside / by the river. 河边有一家医院。 [注]:指“在某人身边”时,常多用beside. Eg: ① The little boy is standing beside his mother. Ⅲ. near “在??附近”或“离??不远”,它表示的距离要比by / beside 来得远些。如: ① We live near the sea.我们住在海边。(表离海边有些距离) ② We live by / beside the sea.我们就住在海边。(表海就在身边)。

§61 at/ in

Ⅰ. at 和 in 都可用在地点名词前,用at 时是把该地方视为一点,用in时则是把该地方看成一个范围。如: ① Are your classmates playing in the park? 你的同学都在公园里玩吗? ② They are waiting for you at the park. 他们在公园附近(里面)等你。 Ⅱ. at; in & on 都可用在表时间的名词前。在点时间前用at; 在表某一天或某一天的某个段时间(morning, evening, day, night atc)名词前,用on; 在段时间名词前(星期;年;月;周等)用in. 如: ① I?ll meet you at eight. 我们8:00 钟会面。 ② See you on Monday morning. 星期一早上见。 ③ The story happened in May.故事发生在5月份。 Ⅲ. 固定词组:如:in the morning ; at night.

§62 at/ to

Ⅰ. at多表目的或目标,而to 则仅表方向。如: ① He threw the ball at me. 他对准我扔球。 ② He threw the ball to me. 他朝着我这个方向扔球。 ③ My father shouted at me.我父亲对我吼叫。 ④ My father shouted to me. 我父亲朝着我喊叫。

§63 a year and a half / one and a half years

这是英语中表示“多少半”的两种说法:

如:

① an hour and a half = one and a half hours. 一个半小时 ② two kilos and a half = two and a half kilos 两公斤半。

?基数词 ? 表示量的名词 ?and a half??基数词 ? and a half ? 表示量的名词的复数

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Ⅰ. group “小组、团体”,与 team 是同义词。指因任何目的或原因而聚集在一起所形成的群体。搭配范围较广;

team 指工作、行为或游戏时在一起的群体,尤指体育比赛的“队”, 搭配范围较窄。如: ① a study group 学习小组; a discussion group 讨论小组 ② a basketball team 篮球队 a medical team 医疗队

Ⅱ. group 指“人群”时,与crowd同义。group 所指人数可多可少,但常指“较小”的人群, 且表示有组织有秩序的一群人; crowd有“密集”“拥挤”的含义,通常指未经组织、人数众多的人群。

§105

by oneself/ for oneself/ to oneself/ of oneself

这五个介词短语均属“介词+反身代词”结构,但意义各不相同: Ⅰ.by oneself“单独地;独立地”(=without help, alone).如:

Did you do this by yourself or did someone help you? 是你自己做的,还是别人帮你做的? Ⅱ. “本身;本身的性质”如: ① Diamond is hard in itself. 钻石本来是硬的。 Ⅲ.for oneself “为自己(的利益而做某事);独自地(与by oneself 同义)”。如: ② He has built a house for himself. 他为自己建造了一幢房子。 ③ You must find it out for yourself. 你必须自己把它找出来。 Ⅳ.of oneself “自然而然地;自动地”为不及物动词。如: ④ The fire died of oneself. 火自己熄灭了。 Ⅴ.to oneself“默默地”“暗自”,常与talk , say, think等动词连用。如; ⑤ He said to himself that there was something wrong. 他想这其中有毛病。 [注]:say to oneself “在心里想”,talk/ speak to oneself“自言自语”两者不可混淆。

§106

by train/ on(in)a the train

二者都有“乘车”之意。当使用介词by表方式时,其后交通工具名词前不用冠词。或其它任何表限定的修饰词,如形容词性物主代词,批示代词等。反之则用介词in (较小的工具如car等);on (较大的交通工具,如train等)。如:on the bus, in his car.

§107

by/ at/ the end of ; in/to/ on the end

Ⅰ. by the end of “在??末以前”“到??末为止”后一般接时间名词。如年、月、周等。也可接表活动的名词,如strike.

Ⅱ. at the end of “在??的尽头”,“在??的末端”如: ① At the end of the book there is an index. 书后附有索引。 ② We shall have an exam at the end of the month. 本月末我们将有次考试。 Ⅲ. in the end “最终;终于”,后不接of 短语。如:

I hope everything will turn out all right in the end. 我希望最终一切都顺利。

§108

都有“靠近”的意思。 Ⅰ.by“就在… …旁边”,表示距离更近。如: ① We have by the sea.(暗示我们可以看见大海) ② We live near the sea.(也许我们离海边还有几里远) Ⅱ.near表示的距离稍远些。见上例。

by/ near

§109

by/ till

Ⅰ.by“到… …之前”“不迟于”仅指动作发生在限定时间之内或到某一时间为止。如: ①Can you repair my watch by Friday? 你能在星期五之前把表修好吗?(句中时间最迟到星期五,动词可以是瞬间的,也可以是持续的)

Ⅱ.till/untill“直到”强调动作的持续状态,直到将来的某一时刻为止。如: I shall go on working till/untill next Monday. (此种情况只能用于肯定句中动词必须是延续的)

… …

当untill与not连用时,意为“直到才”,主句谓语动词必须是非延续性的。如:

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I don?t go to bed untill/till you come.

§110 call on/ visit/ go to see/ drop in

Ⅰ.四者都有“访问”的意思,但是vist较为正式,可用于访问人,也可用于访问地方。如: I visited my aunt in Bejing in the summer holidays. 暑假我探望了在北京的姨妈。 Ⅱ.call on有时可代替visit,但只限于人。访问某地方则用call at。如: We called on Prefessor Liu a few days ago. 前几天我们拜访了刘教授。 Ⅲ.go to see为普通用语,一般用于人。如:

Tom is ill. Let?s go to see him after school.汤姆病了,我们放学后去看他吧。 Ⅳ.drop in特指顺路探访,多用于口语。如: Would you like to drop in and have a cup of tea? 你顺便来喝杯茶,好吗?

§111 calm/ quiet

Ⅰ.calm的意思是平静的、镇静的。用以指天气、海洋等时,表示一种无风无浪的平静状态;用以指人时,表示镇静而不激动的心情。如: ① The sea is now calm. 海上现在风平浪静。 ② He remained calm. 他保持镇静。

Ⅱ.quiet的意思是安静的、寂静的,指没有什么动态,没有什么声音,尤指没有骚乱的一种安静状态。如: ① Everything was quiet. 万籁俱寂。 ② Ask them to keep quiet. 叫他们保持安静。

§112 can/ be able to

Ⅰ. can “能”表过去或现在“能力所及”时,与be able to 通用。如: ① He can / is able to speak German. 他会说德语。 ② He could / was able to run very fast when I was a boy. 我小时候就跑得很快。

Ⅱ. be able to 的过去时还可表一种“经过努力做到了”的意思。而can的过去时则没有这种意义。如: He started late, but he was able to catch the eight o?clock train. 他出发晚了,但他还是赶上了八点钟的火车。 Ⅲ.can 通常只用于上述两种时态,而be able to 则可用于各种时态。如:

He has not been able to come since he got hurt. 自从受伤以后,他就一直未能前来。 Ⅳ. 在表猜测时,只能用can,而不能用be able to ,如: That can’t be your bag. 那不可能是你的书包。

§113 can/ may

Ⅰ.can的意思是能、会;可能。在正式用语中can通常是指能力而言。它也可以表示可能性。在非正式用语和口语中can经常用以表示“允许”的意思,特别在疑问句和否定句中。如: ① Can you swim across the Yangzi River? 你能横渡扬子江吗? ② He can speak English. 他会说英语。 ③ I can’t come at that time. 我不能在那个时候来。 ④ Can the news be true? 这消息会是真的吗? ⑤ -----Can’t I go? 我可不可以走?

-----You cannot! 你不可以走。

Ⅱ.may的意思是可以、可能,在正式用语中它通常是指可能性或允许而言。如: ① That may or may not be ture. 那可能是真的,也可能不是真的。 ② He may be right. 他可能是对的。 ③ You may take this book, I don?t need it. 你可以拿走这本书,我不需要了。 ④ May I go now? 我现在可以走了吗?

§114 cap/ hat

Ⅰ.cap的意思是帽子,通常指无边的帽子,包括便帽、制服帽、军帽等。如: ① He always wears a blue cap. 他总是戴着一顶蓝帽子。 ② How I wished I could have a cap, a real soldier?s cap! 我多么想要一顶帽子,一顶真正的军帽! Ⅱ.hat的意思也是帽子,指有边的帽子,也是帽子的总称。如:

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① Hat in hand , he came towards me. 他手拿着帽子,向我走来。 ② These hats are in fashion. 这些帽子很时髦。

§115 care (about) / take care of/ care for

Ⅰ.take care of“照料=look after,即指喂饭照看等。如: ① Nurses take care of patients in hospital.

[注]:它还可表所负的责任,如: ① Mr Savage takes care of marketing and publicity. 萨维奇先生负责销售和宣传。 Ⅱ.care about表你是否认为某件事是重要的,某件事是否引起了你的兴趣或使你忧虑,常用于疑问句或否定句中,后接从句时,about一般都要省略。如:

I don?t care whether it rains, I?m happy. 我才不在乎下不下雨呢,我快活着呢。 Ⅲ.care for 有以下几种意思 1)“照料”(特别是多用在正式的或较文的文体中)如:

She spent the best years of her life caring for her sick father. 她把一生中最好的岁月都用来照料她那有病的父亲了。 2)“关怀”“关心”如:care for the younger generation 关怀年轻的一代 3)“喜欢、愿意”(多用在疑问句或否定句中)[care for sb. to do sth.] 如: ① Would you care for a cup of tea? 你喜欢喝一杯茶吗?

② I don?t/shouldn?t care for him to read this letter. 我不愿让他看这封信。

§116 carry on/ carry out/ carry through

Ⅰ.carry on的意思是“进行、继续”,如: ① I tried to carry on a conversation in English, but could not. 我想用英语进行谈话,但是力不从心。 ② He told them to carry on. 他叫他们继续进行。 ③ Carry on (with) your work. 继续你的工作。 Ⅱ.carry out的意思是“贯彻、执行;完成、实现”,如: ① Sometimes it?s easy to make plans but difficult to carry them out. 有时候作计划容易而执行计划却很难。 ② Our plan was carried out successfully. 我们的计划胜利地完成。

Ⅲ.carry through 的意思是“完成-----,将-----进行到底;使(人)战胜困难,渡过难关。如: ① Carry the revolution through to the end. 将革命进行到底。 ② His courage will carry him through. 他的勇气使他战胜困难,渡过难关。

§117 cause/ reason

Ⅰ.cause表示“原因、缘故、理由”等意思时,着重指产生某种结果的原因。如: ① The cause of the fire was carelessness. 起火的原因是不小心。 ② What was the cause of it? 发生这事是原因何在? ③ There?s no cause for anxiety. 没有理由要焦虑(不必焦虑)。 Ⅱ.reason的意思是“理由、原因、缘故”,着重指产生某种行为或想法的理由。如: ① I have no reason for it. 我没有理由这样做。 ② Give your reason for changing the plan. 把你改变计划的理由讲一下。

§118 centre/ middle

Ⅰ.centre的意思是“中心”,通常用于空间方面,强调指正中心。它还可用于借喩,表示某一事物的中心。如: ① Draw a circle round a given centre. 就指定的中心画一圆圈。 ② We live in the centre of London. 我们住在伦敦市中心。

③ Beijing is the political, economic and cultural centre of China. 北京是中国的政治、经济和文化中心。 Ⅱ.middle的意思是“中间、当中”,指跟两边或各边、两端或各端等距离的部分。它可以用于空间、时间等方面,如: ① In the middle of the room stands a table. 房间当中摆着一张桌子。 ② He was standing in the middle of the road. 他站在路中间。 ③ It will be coming into bloom about the middle of next month. 它大约将在下月中开花。

§119 certain/ sure

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二者的基本用法一样

?to do sth 肯定会做某事?)?指的是将要发生么事1) Be certain(??of doing sth 觉得要做某事,?但这种想法可能是错的,指某人的思想状态?

。如:Manchester are certain/sure to win.(The other team haven?t got a chance.)曼彻斯特队肯定会赢。(另一队

连一点希望都没有)

2) Before the game stared, Alan felt quite sure/certain of winning, but after the first five minutes he began to lose confidence. 比赛开始前,艾伦感到很有把握赢,但比赛了5分钟后他开始失去信心了。

§120

certainly/ surely

二者含义大不相同。

surely表相信,但又感到惊奇或难以相信。如: ① Surely that?s a plain-clothes policeman. 那一定是一个便衣警察。=Can that really be a plain-policeman. ② Surely that?s Henry over there? I thought he was in Scotland. 那边谅必是亨利,我还以为他在苏格兰

呢?

[注]:当surely与否定词连用时,常表示怀疑,(不愿意相信)如: Surely, you aren?t going out in that hat? 你决不会戴那顶帽子去吧。 Ⅱ. certainly 表所了解的情况. 如:

That?s certainly a plain-clothes policeman. 那肯定是个便衣警察。(说话者认出了他是个便衣,因为很有信心,肯定地说出了这句话。)

§121

chicken/ cock/ hen

Ⅰ.chicken的意思是小鸡、鸡(泛指)、鸡肉。如: ① Chickens pip. 小鸡吱吱叫。 ② He feeds 10,000 chickens on his farm. ③ We had chicken for lunch.

Ⅱ.cock的意思是公鸡、雄鸡。如: ① Cocks crow at dawn. 天亮时公鸡喔喔叫。 Ⅲ.hen的意思是母鸡。如:

A hen cackles when she lays an egg. 母鸡生蛋时咯咯地叫。

[注] 鸡窝译为hen coop,鸡舍译为hen house。这里的hen笼统地代表鸡。

§122

choose/ select/ elect

Ⅰ.choose的意思是“选择、挑选”,通常指在所提供的对象中,凭个人的判断力进行选择。如: ① You may choose from among them the one you like best. 你可以从它们中间挑选最喜欢的一个。 ② Let me choose a book from among these. 让我从这些书中选一本。 [注]choose后面可以接不定式,表示愿意、决定等意思。如: I didn?t choose to go. 我不愿意去。 Ⅱ.select的意思是“选择、挑选”,通常指从很多对象中精心地进行挑选,往往指根据被选择对象的优劣进行选择。如: ① The finest products were selected and sent to the exhibition. 选择了最好的产品送到展览会去。 ② They were selected from among many applicants. 他们是从许多报名者当中挑选出来的。 Ⅲ.elect的意思是“选、选举”,常指通过正式手续(如投票等)进行选举。如:

They elected him chairman. 他们选举他当主席。

这里如果改用choose/select,那就着重于选择的意义,不一定是正式选举,整个句子应为:They chose him as their chairman.

[注] pick 一词也可以表示挑选、选择的意思,含有仔细挑选的意味,有时也表示任意挑选的意思。如: Pick the best one. 挑选最好的吧。

§123

city/ town

Ⅰ.city的意思是“城市、都市”,一般指大的和重要的城市(但在美国,每一个城市都可以称为city)。如: ① Shanghai is a big city. 上海是一个大城市。

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② Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world. 北京是世界上最古老的城市之一。 Ⅱ.town的意思是“市镇、城市”,一般指规模较小的城市,常作country(乡下)的相对用语。如: ① The town is on the bank of a river. 那个城市位于河边。 ② Whould you rather live in a town or in the country?你喜欢住在城市还是农村?

§124 pleasant / please / pleased /pleasing / pleasure

Ⅰ. pleasant 为形容词, “令人愉快的” “令人舒适的” 主要指使人心满意足,将快乐给予他人的性格、活动氛围、状态或场合,也可用于事物。如 ① She has a pleasant voice. 她的声音悦耳。 ② The weather there is not very pleasant. 那儿的天气不太宜人。 Ⅱ. pleased 为形容词,“感到高兴”,相当于 glad 或 happy,后面可接不定式、at doing, with sth 或 that 从句。 ① We are very pleased to see you here. 我们很高兴在这儿见到你。 ② I am pleased that they have dedided to come. 我很高兴他们决定来。 ③ He was pleased with my progress.他对我的进步感到满意。

Ⅲ. pleasing “令人喜欢的;令人愉快的”主语一般是物。如①She has got a pleasing voice.. 她的声音很悦耳。

Ⅳ. Pleasure 是名词,大多用于客套语中。如: ① I have had the pleasure of meeting your father before. 我以前有幸见过令尊。 ② --Will you lend me a hand? --With pleasure. 请你帮一下忙好吗? 好的。 Ⅴ. please 是及物动词,常用于祈使句语气,意为“请” Please give me a cup of tea. 请给我一杯茶。 [注]:口语中,Yes, please! 好的,谢谢!对应 No, thanks.不用了,谢谢!

§125

clever/ wise/ bright/ smar

都有“聪明”的意思,其区别在于:

Ⅰ.clever“聪明的、伶俐的、巧妙的、机敏的”用以指人或动物时,通常指脑子灵活,指做成的事物时,常含有巧妙的意思,如: ① He is a clever boy. ② That?a a clever plan.

Ⅱ.wise“聪明的、英明的、明智的”指由于知识、经验的丰富及良好的判断能力而正确地对待或处理人和事,通常用于正式的、客气的场合。如: ① a wise saying 至理名言 ② a wise leader 英明的领袖

Ⅲ.bright“聪明的、伶俐的”通常指年青人或小孩,常用于口语中。如: the bright boy is reading English in the bright room.

Ⅲ.smart“机敏的、精明的”与clever同义。但强调顽皮的一面,为随便的说法。如: You can?t cheat him, because he is a smart boy. 你骗不了他,因为他是个聪明的孩子。

§126

climate/ weather

Ⅰ.climate的意思是“气候”,指某地的一般天气情况,包括气温、降雨量、刮风等的状况;也指长时间如一季度的天气状况。如: ① The climate here is bad. 这儿气候恶劣。 ② The climate of China is very enjoyable spring. 中国春天的气候很宜人。 Ⅱ.weather的意思是“天气”,指某地某时寒暖、晴雨、刮风等的变化状况。如: ① What is the weather like today? 今天天气整样? ② I will come if I can, but it depends on the weather. 如果可能我一定来,但要看天气如何。

§127

close/ near/ nearby/ next to

Ⅰ. close “接近的,靠近”;还有“亲密的,密切的”含义,用法与near 类似,可指距离上、时间上或次序上紧接。也可用于引申含义,表关系或感情上的“亲近的”,可用作形容词或副词。如: ① Mother?s Day is close (=near) . 母亲节快到了。 ② They are sitting quite close(=near) to each other. 他们坐得很靠近。

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③ She and I are close friends.她和我是亲密的朋友。 [注]:near 当作形容词时,与close含义和用法相同,表距离近,都用be near / close to +地点。 但close 只能作形容词,而near 还可作介词使用,此时near不可再与to搭配。如: ①I live near (=close to) the factory.

Ⅱ. nearby 主要指空间上的附近,一般指较大范围。可用作形容词、副词或介词。如: ① They live in the nearby village. 他们住在附近的村庄。 ② There was a traffic accident nearby. 在附近发生了一起车祸。

Ⅲ. next to 意思是“与??相邻,紧靠着”与be close to 很接近,但next to 强调距离上“紧邻”。 ① Our school is next to a supermarket. 我们学校紧挨着一家超市。 ② Our school is close to a supermarket. 我们学校距离一家超市很近。

§128

close/ shut

Ⅰ.close用作动词表示“关、闭”的意思时,通常仅指把开着的东西关闭起来。它还往往是较为正式的用语。如: ① Did you close all the doors and windows? 你把所有的门窗都关了吗? ② Close your eyes. 把眼睛闭上。 ③ Do you mind if I close this window? 我把这窗子关起来好吗? Ⅱ.shut的意思是“关、关闭”,常常可与close通用,但它比close意味较强。比如说to close a door or gate时,仅指把门关上;而说to shut a door or gate时,则可以进而指用门闩、插销或其它东西把门关住。此外,shut 还往往不如close正式。如: ① They shut the doors and windows. 他们关住了门窗。 ② Shut the box. 把箱子关起来。 ③ Shut the door after you. 随手关门。

§129

Chinese / of China

Ⅰ. Chinese “中国式的,具有中国特色的”作形容词时只能作前置定语。主要从物与物的角度看待事物。如:

I like Chinese food. 我喜欢中国风味的食品。

Ⅱ. of China “中国的;属于中国的”为所有格式,表所属关系。作后置定语。 Please show me a map of China. 请给我拿幅中国地图。

§130

colth/clothes/ clothing/ dress/suit

Ⅰ. cloth 指做衣服等用的布料,如“布;毛料”等,是不可数名词。表达“一块布料”应说a piece of cloth,如: ① Different kinds of cloth are produced in that factory. 那家工厂生产各种各样的布料。 ② My aunt bought me two pieces of cloth yesterday. 我姑妈昨天给我买两块布。 ③ 但是,用于表达特殊用途的布时,如“台布;揩布”等,cloth是可数名词。如:Pass me a table cloth,

please. 请递给我一块台布。 Ⅱ. clothes “衣服”,没有单数形式,不能单独与数词直接搭配。如不能说hour clothes, 但可以说many/ these/ a few clothes,它总是以复数形式出现,因此只能说: The clothes are? 如: ① All of her clothes were made by her mother. 她所有的衣服都是她母亲做的。 ② There are many new clothes on sale. 有许多新衣服出售。 Ⅲ. clothing 意思也是“衣服”, 但它与clothes 不同,不是指具体的和件件的衣服,而是指衣着的整体而言。如: ① They were all in their summer clothing. 他们都穿夏天的服装。 ② Each child has ample clothing. 每个孩子都有足够的衣服。

Ⅳ. dress 通常指外面穿的衣服。一般指妇女和儿童服装,还指礼服或某种特殊的服装。是可数名词。如: ① Who?s that girl in red dress? 穿红衣服的那位姑娘是谁? ② What size dress do you wear? 你穿几号衣服? ③ He doesn?t care much about dress? 他不太讲究衣着。(他不讲穿)。 ④ He is in full dress. 他穿着礼服。

Ⅴ. suit 通常指用同样布料或衣料做成的一套衣服。如: ① She was wearing a red suit. 她穿着一套红西装。

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② He wanted very much to get a new suit and throw off his old clothes. 他很想买一套新衣服,好赶快脱掉他

的旧衣服。

§131

collect/ gather

Ⅰ.gather的意思是“收集、聚集”,它是表示收集或聚集的一般用语,不仅可以用于人和物,还可以用于抽象的东西。如: ① He gathered his books and notebooks. 他把书和笔记本收集在一起。 ② She gathered the children round her. 她把孩子们聚集在她的周围。 ③ A crowd soon gathered round him. 一群人很快就聚集在他的周围。 ④ He is gathering information. 他在搜集情报。 Ⅱ.collect的意思是“收集、搜集、聚集”,通常指有计划和选择进行收集。当它表示一般的收集或聚集时,可与gather通用。如: ① He is collecting material for a book. 他正在聚集写书的资料。 ② I have collected some famous pictures. 我收集了一些名画。 ③ A crowd soon collected when there was a car accident. 发生了车祸的时候,立即就有一群人聚拢起来。

§132

college/ institute/ university

Ⅰ.college的意思是“学院”,一般指大学内部的学院或独立的学院,如: ① There are many colleges at Oxford and Cambridge. 牛津大学和剑桥大学有很多学院。 ② There are several teachers? colleges in Jiangsu Province. 江苏省有几所师范学院。

Ⅱ.institute也可以表示学院的意思,但它通常指专科性(专门的)学院,如外语学院(institute of foreign languages)、体育学院(physical culture institute)、航空学院(aeronautical engineering institute)等,如: ① He graduated from an institute of foreign trade. 他是外贸学院毕业的。 ② She is a student of a chemical engineering institute.她是化工学院的学生。 Ⅲ.university的意思是“大学”,通常指由多个学院组织而成的综合性大学。如: He graduated from Yale in 1915.他1915年从耶鲁大学毕业。

§133

competition/ game/ match

Ⅰ. competition “比赛、竞争”,指体能、技术、能力的竞争。 He won a drawing competition. 他在图画比赛中获胜。

Ⅱ. game “比赛”指有一定规则,且决定胜负的脑力和体力劳动的“竞技”。如: There is going to be a football game tomorrow afternoon.

Ⅲ. match 多指网球、足球、高尔夫球等运动项目的“比赛” 。 The golf match will he held tomorrow morning.

§134

complete/ finish

Ⅰ.complete用作动词表示完成的意思时,是指把已开始但尚未完成的事情完成。如: ① He has completed his task. 他已完成他的工作。 ② The railway is not completed yet. 铁路尚未完工。 Ⅱ.finish的意思是“完成、结束”,着重指圆满结束已着手的事情,尤指完成精心之作的最后一步。如: ① Have you finished your work yet? 你的工作做完了没有? ② I finished reading the book last night. 我昨晚看完了这本书。 ③ The picture is finished. 这幅画画好了。

§135

conceal/ hide

Ⅰ. conceal “隐藏、隐瞒”常与hide通用;但比hide正式些,多指有意将某事物隐藏起来或不予以泄漏。它只用作及物动词。如: ① The box was concealed under the bed.箱子是藏在床底下的。 ② He concealed his moteves. 他隐瞒了他的动机。

Ⅱ. hide “隐藏、掩盖、躲藏”为普通用语。指有意或无意地将某物(或人)藏(躲)在人们不易看到或发现的地方。可作及物动词和不及物动词。如: ① Where did you hide it? 你把它藏到哪里了?

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② He cannot hide the truth. 他不能掩盖真相。 ③ The moon was hideen by the clouds. 月亮被云彩遮住了。

§136

cost/ spend/ pay/ take

Ⅰ.cost 指某东西“值??钱”; “需要花费??钱/ 精力”等,它的主语一般为表示东西的名词,不能为表示人的名词,作及物动词和名词。可接双宾语,无被动语态。如: ① I?ll bet that dress cost a thousand dollars.我敢说那件衣服得花1000美元。 ② The chair cost me thirty yuan.这把椅子花了我30元。 ③ The building of the dam cost many lives. 修建这个水坝使许多人丧生。(使花(某种代价);使损失) ④ Bad driving may cost you your life.开车技术不行可能使你丢掉性命。 ⑤ 作名词时意为“花费;成本”→The cost of the house was too high for me.这房子的价钱太高,我买不起。

[常用搭配]: ① at all costs 不惜一切代价,—→The officer told the soldiers that they must defend the town at all costs.

军官对士兵们说要不惜一切代价保卫这座城市。 ② at the cost of 以??为代价。

→1). He finished the work at the cost of his health. 他完成了这项工作,但失去了健康。 →2). She saved him from fire, but at the cost of her own life. 她从火中把他救出,但她自己却牺牲了。 ③ cost of living 生活费用。

—→As the cost of living goes up my standard of living goes down. 生活费用越上涨,我的生活水准越降低。

Ⅱ.spend 的主语经常是人 , 用来表示人花钱买东西或花时间做某事,

人 ? spend ? 时间/金钱常用的句型有:???on sth. 如:

?人?spend ?时间/金钱?(in)doing sth.① I spend 5 yuan on the book.我买这书花五元钱。 ② The boy spent 10 minutes drawing a dog.那个男孩花了10分钟画一只狗。 Ⅲ.pay “支付,花费”,主语只能是人 且只用于花费金钱,其结构是: pay + sb + some money + for sth. “为??付给某人多少钱” 其中的人、钱、事,可以根据具体情况取舍。如: ① I paid (him)5 yuan. 我付(给他)5元钱。 ② I paid him 5 yuan for the book. 我买那本书付给了他五元钱。 ③ I paid him for the book. 我买那本书付给了他钱。 ④ I paid for the book. 我付了那本书的钱。 Ⅳ.take 也可表“花费时间和金钱”,(一般只指花费时间) 其常用结构为:It +take(各种时态)+time/money+to do sth. 如 It took me three hours to finish the work.

§137

country/ state/ nation

Ⅰ. country “国家”着重指疆土而言。“乡下、农村”相当于countryside, 但它指风景而言。如: ① This country is in the south of Europe. 这个国家在欧洲南部。 ② Germany and France are European countries. 德国和法国是欧洲国家。 ③ The countryside around Nanjing is beautiful at this time of the year. Ⅱ. state “国家”着重指政权而言。如: ① I?d like to borrow a copy of “The State and Revolution”.我想借一本《国家与革命》。 ② The state is an organ of violence at service of class rule. 国家是阶级统治的暴力机器。 Ⅲ. nation “国家”着重指人民而言。如:

Two friendly nations support each other. 两个友好国家互相支持。

§138

crazy/ mad

Ⅰ. crazy “发狂的、糊涂的、狂热的”常指由于忧虑、悲伤、欣喜、渴望、激动等某种强烈的情绪而引起的一种心神错乱、失去控制的精神状态。如: ① He was crazy with joy. 他欣喜若狂。 ② You are crazy to do such a thing. 你干这样的事真糊涂。 ③ The boy is crazy on (or about) skating. 那孩子对溜冰着了迷。

Ⅱ. mad “发狂的、发疯的”通常指精神狂乱完全不能自我控制的一种病态。在口语中它也表示由于某种

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强烈的情绪而失常。如: ① The poor fellow is mad. 这个可怜的人是疯子。 ② The dog has gone mad. 这条狗疯了。 ③ This worry is enough to drive me mad. 这烦恼足以使我发狂。 ④ He is mad about the stage. 他迷恋于舞台生活。

§139

crop/ harvest

Ⅰ. crop “收成”指谷物、水果、蔬菜等一年或一季的收成 它表示“农作物、庄稼”的意思。如: ① The rice crop was very good this year. 今年稻子的收成很好。 ② The rice bears two crops every year. 稻子一年收两次。 ③ It is harmful to growing crops. 这对于正在生长的农作物有害。

Ⅱ. harvest “收成、收获”多指谷物的收成,也指水果、蔬菜等的收成;有时指收割行为。也可用于借喻,指行动或行为的结果。如: ① Rich harvests have been gathered in for several years running. 连续几年获得了丰收。(可用crops代替) ② The summer harvest is about to start. 夏收即将开始。 ③ He reaped the harvest of his hard work. 他获得了辛勤劳动的成果。

§140

crossing/ turning

Ⅰ. crossing “交叉点、十字路口” Ⅱ. turning “路的拐弯处”如:

Take the second crossing / turning on the left. 在第二个十字路口/ 拐弯处向左拐。

§141

cry/ shout/ exclaim

Ⅰ. cry “叫、喊”,常指因痛、痛苦、恐惧等而叫喊,仅表示某种感情而不表达思想。它有时也指用言语高声叫喊,如表祈求。如: ① He cried with pain. 他痛得叫了起来。 ② “Help! Help!” he cried. “救命啊!救命啊!”他高声地叫喊。 Ⅱ. shout “叫喊”,指表达思想的高声叫喊或说话。有时是用以表示高兴、痛、痛苦或惊恐等,有时是用于发出命令、提出警告或要别人注意。如: ① I shouted to him, but he was out of hearing. 我对他呼喊,但他听不到。 ② He shouted with pain. 他大声叫痛。

Ⅲ. exclaim “叫喊”指因高兴、痛苦、愤怒、惊讶等而突然地、感情激烈地高声叫喊。如: ① “What!” he exclaimed “Are you leaving without me?” “什么?”他喊道,“你要丢下我离去吗? ②They exclaimed with one voice. 他们齐声呼喊。

§142

cup/ glass

Ⅰ. cup “杯子”通常指带柄的瓷杯,用以喝茶、牛奶、咖啡或可乐等等。如: ① The cup stands on the table.杯子放在桌子上。 ② Will you have another cup of tea? 你要再喝一杯茶吗? Ⅱ. glass “杯子”用以饮酒、或喝等。如: ① The glass is broken to pieces. 这只玻璃杯打碎了。 ② He drank two gasses of milk. 他喝了两杯牛奶。

§143

dear/ expensive/ high/;cheap/low

Ⅰ. dear 表示“贵”的意思时和cheap相对,指索价过高。主语是物。如: ① It is too dear. 这太贵了。 ② The flowers were not dear. 这些花我贵。 Ⅱ. expensive “昂贵的”,指超过物品的价值或购买者的购买力。主语是物。如: ① It is too expensive for me to buy. 这东西太贵了我买不起。 ② This is an expensive hat. 这是一顶价钱昂贵的帽子。 Ⅲ. high 与low相对,主语是价格(the price), 如: ① The price of the pen is not low for him. 这支钢笔对于他来说不便宜。

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§144

decide/ determine/ make up one's mind

Ⅰ.decide着重指经过考虑、商谈或研究之后作出“决定”,“下决心”。结束踌躇、疑惑、争论等状况。后跟名词、代词、动词不定式或从句,可用于被动语态中。如: ① Nothing has been decided yet.什么都没有决定下来。 ② They decided to accept the invetation. 他们决定接受邀请

Ⅱ.determine表示“决定、决心”指经过认真考虑后下定决心。与decide一般可换用。后接名词、代词动词不定式。如: ① We determined on an early start.我们决定尽早出发。 ② He has determined to learn English. 他已下决心学英语。 ③ We are determined to get the work done before May Day. 我们决心要在五一节前完成这项工作。 Ⅲ.make up ine’s mind “决定、决心”,是和犹豫不决等相对应的用语。意即:打定主意。如: ① He made up his mind to go there at once. 他决定立刻到那儿去。 ② He has made up his mind to be a dotctor. 他决心当医生。

§145

deep/ deeply

Ⅰ.作副词用时,都有“深深地”之意,但deep用于具体的深度,包括时间和空间。而deeply用于抽象的、比喻的意义;再者deeply可以修饰形容词和过去分词,deep 则不能。如: ① They lived deep in the sea.他们深潜海里。 ② I?m deeply sory for your uncle?s death. 为你叔叔的去世我深表遗憾。

§146

defend/ protect

Ⅰ. defend “保卫、保护、捍卫”指采取积极措施以抵御或击退外来的威胁或攻击。它还可以表示“为??辩护”。如: ① It is the duty of every citizen to defend his country.保卫祖国是每一个公民的职责。 ② He defended his comrades from harm. 他保护同志使其不受伤害。 ③ They defended the fundamental principles of Marxism-Leninism. 他们捍卫了马克思列宁主

义的基本原则。 ④ He made a long speech definding his ideas. 他发表长篇演说为他的见解辩护。 Ⅱ. protect “保护”指采取措施,使之不受伤害或损害。如: ① The government protects the people?s interests. 政府保护人民的利益。 ② He built a fence to protect his garden. 他围起了篱笆以保护园子。

§147

department store/ shop/ store

Ⅰ. department store “百货公司”原是美国用法,现在英也用了。不过英也把百货公司叫stores.如: ① I?m going to the department store. 我要到百货公司去。 ② I get most things at the stores. 大部分东西我是在百货公司买的。 [注]:在美国,杂货商店(铺)叫grocery 或drugstore. Ⅱ. shop “商店、店铺”,在英国,零售商店一般都叫shop.如: ① The shop opens at eight o?clock. 商店八点钟开门。 ② The shop sells embroideries.那家商店出售刺绣品。 Ⅲ. store“商店、店铺”,在美国,零售店一般叫store. 如: ① He keeps a store in New Youk. 他在纽约开了一个商店。 ② The wares in that store are dear. 那家店里的东西很贵。

§148 desire/ wish/ want/ hope/ expect

Ⅰ. desire 表“想、希望”等意。着重表强烈的愿望,热切的心情。如: ① I desired to see you. 我很想见见你。 ② He desired success. 他渴望成功。

Ⅱ. wish 语气不如desire 强,且可以表示一种不能实现的愿望,(从句动词有虚拟语气形式);后接“不

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定式”或“代词/名词+不定式”结构。所表示的“希望”大体是可以实现的;此外,还可以接双宾语,表“祝愿”或表委婉的语气。如: ① I wish I could fly to the moon in a spaceship one day. 但愿有一天我能坐宇宙飞船飞向月球。 ② I wish I were you.但愿我是你就好了。 ③ We wish to visit Yanan. 我希望能参观延安。 ④ We wish you to be happy. 我希望你幸福。 ⑤ I wish you a long life. 祝你长寿。 ⑥ I wish you success. 祝你成功。 ⑦ We can begin to work at once now if you wish(不及物动词)要是你愿意,我们现在可以立刻开始工作。 Ⅲ. want “想”其搭配关系为:want to do sth. Or want sb to do sth. 比较口语化,没有wish那样正式。如:

She wants me to do with her.

Ⅳ. hope 表对愿望的实现抱有一定的信心。后接“不定式;that 从句。”但不能接 双宾语。 ① I hope to be a doctor. 我希望当一名医生。 ② I hope she will be well again. 我希望她会痊愈。

Ⅴ.expect “期待、盼望、预料”等,指对某一特定的事件的发生抱有颇大的信心。如: ① We are expecting a letter from her. 我们当时正期待着她的来信。

§149 desk/ table

Ⅰ. Desk “课桌、书桌、写字台”指读书、写字或办公用的桌子。如: There are fifty desks in the classroom. 教室里有50张课桌。 Ⅱ. table “桌子、台”,指供吃饭、游戏、工作或安放其他各种东西的桌子或台子。它的广义包括desk在内。如:

We all sat at the same table. 我们同桌吃饭。

§150 develop/ developing/ developed

Ⅰ.develop既是及物动词,又是不及物动词,意为“发展”,“开发”。如: The child is developing well. 这孩子发育很好。

Ⅱ.developing为现在分词,起形容词的作用,表示主动意义,意思是“发展中的”。如: ① China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。

Ⅲ.developed为过去分词,起形容词作用,表示被动含意,意思是“发达的”。如: Japan ia a developed country. 日本是一个发达国家。

§151 die/ dead/ death

Ⅰ.die 是不及物动词,一般指因生病,负伤等原因而死。且是非延续性动词(瞬间动词),不能和表示一段时间的状语(for+段时间短语;或since??)连用。如: ① He was born in 1847 and died in 1913. 他生于1847年,死于1913年。 ② His grandfather has been dead for two years. = His grandfather died two years ago. 他爷爷去世两年了。 ③ He died ten years ago.他是10年前死的。(不可说:He has died for ten years. 或应说:It is 10 years since

he died)

Ⅱ.dead 是形容词,表状态,可在句中作表语和定语。但不可作谓语。如: ① He is dead, but his name sill live for ever in our hearts.他虽然死了但他的名字将永远活在我们心中。 ② It doesn?t look like a dead fox.看来不像一只死狐狸。 Ⅲ.death是抽象名词,只能在句中作主语或宾语。如: ① The murderer was sentenced to death. 杀人犯被宣判死刑。 ② I heard of his death when I got to his house. 我一到他家就得知他已经去世了。

[注]:①die /dye 此两词本来意义是完全不同的(die “死” dye “染,染上”),只时二者的现在分词形式常易混淆。die—→dying dye—→dyeing

② die for / die from / die of/die away/die down/ die off/ die out

1. die for 表“为某一目的、事业等而死”;“渴望、极想”。

1).To die for the people is a glorious death.. 为人民而死,虽死犹荣。 2).I?m dying for a cup of coffee. 我很想喝杯咖啡。

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2. die from. 表“死于(创伤、劳累、忧愁等)”。(除疾病或情感以外的原因)。如: 1).He died from a wound. 他死于创伤。

2).She died from overwork. 她过度操劳而死。 3. die of 表“死于(疾病、情感、饥饿、年老等)”。 1).The old man died of cancer.那老人患癌症死的。

2).His father died of starvation in Germany. 他的父亲饿死在德国。

3). The old woman died of grief soon after her husband?s deth. 那位老太太在失去丈夫后不久就因悲伤而

死。

4. die away “消失;停息”如:

1).The sound of the car died away in the distance. 汽车的响声在远处消失了。 2).The wind has died away. 风已经停息。 5. die down 指灯火等慢慢地“熄灭”;指骚动等渐渐地“平息下来”如: 1).They waited till the storm died down. 他们一直等到风暴停息。 2).The fire died down. 火慢慢地熄灭了。

3).The fighting has died down. 战斗渐渐停止。 6. die off 指一个个相继“死掉”如:

1).They had to watch their young children died off through lack of food. 他们不得不眼睁睁地看着孩子们

因为没有东西吃而一个个地死掉。

7. die out. “死光;绝种”如:

1).These animals have already died out. 这类动物已经绝种。

§152 difficult/ hard

Ⅰ. difficult “困难”多指智力上的困难。一般可与hard代换。但比它程度要大。如: ① The question is difficult to answer.

Ⅱ. hard “困难”多指体力上的困难。如: ①Some of the apples are hard to reach.

§153

litter / rubbish

litter 和 rubbish 都可指“垃圾”,用作不可数名词。Litter 常指“(室内或公共场所)乱扔的废物(纸屑、不要的包装纸、废瓶等)”还可回收;

rubbish 则指“没用的东西(被扔或将要丢弃的无用的东西)”不可回收。如: ① Throw the rubbish out. 把垃圾扔出去。 ② The room is full of rubbish. 房间里堆满了垃圾。 ③ Pick up your litter after a picnic. 野餐后将废弃物收拾好。

§154

discover/ invent/ find / find out

Ⅰ. discover “发现”发现的事物是本来存在的或是有人知道的。如: ① Columbus discovered America. 哥伦布发现了美洲。 ② He discovered a box hidden under the floor. 他发现了一只藏在地板下箱子。 Ⅱ. invent “发明”, 发明的东西是从前没有的。如: ① Who invented the steam engine?谁发明了蒸汽机? ② He has invented a new way of making silk. 他发明了一种造丝的新方法。 Ⅲ. find “找到”指寻找的结果。是非延续性动词。如:

I am looking for my bike, but I may not find it. 我正在找我的自行车,可是不一定能找到。

Ⅳ. find out “找出、查明”指经过观察、调查把某事、某物查出来,搞清楚,弄明白。如:

When he was a child, he liked to find out how things worked. 他孩提时代时,就爱弄明白各种事物的来龙去脉。

§155

dollar/ pound

Ⅰ. dollar “美元”其货币符号为:$ 如: ①$12.5 = 12.5 dollars 12美元5美分。 Ⅱ. pound “英磅”,英国货币单位。符号为:£。如: ②£12.5 = 12.5pounds. 12英磅5便士。 [注]人民币为yuan, 符号为:¥。

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§156

door/ gate

Ⅰ. door“门”指进出房屋的门或屋内的门,也指车辆或橱柜等的门。如: ① The door opened and a man came out. 门开了,一个人走了出来。 ② There are sliding doors between rooms. 房间之间有滑门。 Ⅱ. gate “门、大门”,指出入某一场所的门,如城门以及围墙、围栏、篱笆等的门。如: ① We?ll gather at the school gate at 6:30. 我们六点半在校门口集合。 ② Who is the man at the garden gate? 谁在花园门口?

§157

drag/ draw/ pull

Ⅰ. drag“拖、拉” 指慢慢地拖着笨重的东西,意味着所拖的东西阻力很大。如: ① The horse was dragging a heavy load. 马拖着很重的东西。 ② The escaped prisoner was dragged out of hiding place. 那逃犯被人从隐藏的地方拖了出来。 Ⅱ. draw “拖、拉”与pull相比,它通常指较平稳地,也往往是比较从容地拉。如: ① Draw your chair up to the table. 把你的椅子拉到桌子旁边来。 ② He drew the book towards him. 他把书拉/拖到他面前。

Ⅲ. pull “拖、拉”是普通用语,指用力拉,与push 相对。如: ①Pull the door open. Don?t push it. 把门拉开,别推。

§158 put down/ put up/ put on/ put away /

put off /put one’s heart into?

??down “把 ?(某某) 放下”,反义词为 put up??up “ 举起” “抬起” “挂起敁张贴” “建造”??on “穿上(衣服 )” “上演(戏剧 )”put? away “ 收起来” “保存”??off “推迟” “延期”???one's heart into ? “ 全神贯注于?? ”Ⅰ.

如:

① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ? Don?t put down your hands. Put them up. 不要放下手,举起来。

A new notice has been put up. 已经贴出来一张新的通告。

He took down the old picture and put up the new one. 他把旧画拿了下来,挂上了一幅新画。 A big building has been put up (= set up / build)in our school. 我们学校又盖起了一座大楼。 He put on his coat and hat and went out. 他穿上大衣,戴上帽子出去了。 Has the play been put on at this theater? 这个剧院上演过那部戏剧吗?

Let?s put our Christmas gifts away and keep them a while. 我们还时把圣诞礼物暂时保存起来吧。 Put away your coats in summer. 夏天时把大衣收起来。

The meeting has been put off because of the rain. 大会因大雨而延期举行。

You can do anything well if you put your heart into it. 如果你全心身地投入,你什么事都能做好。 He put his heart into his work and didn?t notice me.

§159

dress/ put on/ wear/ in/ try on

Ⅰ. dress “穿”指穿的动作,也指其状态。如: ① His mother dressed him in new clothes. 他的母亲给他穿上了新衣服。 ② Get up and dress quickly. 快起床穿衣。 ③ She dresses neatly. 他穿着整齐。

[注]:作vt,直接对象是人,而不是穿的衣服;作vi时,不能表穿什么衣服。 Ⅱ. put on “穿;戴”强调其动作。如: ① Put on your coat. 穿上大衣。 ② He put on his hat and went out. 他戴上帽子出去了。 Ⅲ. wear “穿;戴” 强调其状态。如: ① He wears a coat. 他穿着大衣。 ② The teacher wears glasses.老师戴着眼镜。

Ⅳ. in “穿;戴” 是介词。它构成的短语作定语或表语表其状态。其后还可接表颜色的词。如:

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① She is in a coat . 她穿着大衣。 ② The boy in blue is my brother. 那个穿蓝色衣服的男孩是我的弟弟。 Ⅴ. try on “试穿/ 戴”如:

Please go to the tailor?s to have a suit tried on. 请到裁缝店去试穿一套衣服。

§160 drill/ exercise/ practice

Ⅰ. drill “练习” 指有组织,有指导地反复进行的练习。尤指在课堂上或军队里进行的教练。如: Question-and –answer drills are important when yu are learning a foreign language. Ⅱ. exercise 指为发展智力或锻炼身体而进行的练习。如: ① He is doing an exercise in English grammar. ② We do morning exercises every day.

Ⅲ. practice 是不可数名词,指为了达到熟练或完善的程度 而反复进行的练习。尤指在艺术、手艺或技巧方面。如:

Piano playing needs a lot of practice.弹钢琴需要多练。

§161

drop/ fall

Ⅰ. drop 可用作不及物动词或及物动词,意为“下降,丢下,放下”。fall 只用作不及物动词,意为“落下,下降”。 如: ① The boy fell off the tree. 这男孩从树上掉了下来。 ② The temperature is dropping. 温度在下降。 ③ Can you drop me? 你能让我中途下车吗? ④ I dropped the box on my foot. 我失手让盒子砸了我的脚。 ⑤ I?ll drop off at the next stop. 我要在下一站下车。

§162 maybe / perhaps / probably

Ⅰ. maybe, perhaps. & probably,都是副词,有“或许、可能”之意。用法略有不同。 Ⅱ. maybe 和 perhabs 意思基本相同。如: ① Maybe / perhaps the weather will get better. 可能天气会变得好一些。 ② Maybe / perhaps you put it in your basket. 或许你把它放在蓝子里了。 Ⅲ. Probably “很可能”比maybe. perhaps 的可能性都大。如:

They will probably refuse to speak at the meeting.他们很可能会拒绝在会上发言。 Ⅳ. maybe 可用于句首或句尾。perhaps 可用于句首或句中; probably 一般用于句中,不用于句首。如: ① Maybe they will come.他们可能来(也可能不来)。 ② They will perhaps come. 他们可能来(也可能不来)。 ③ They will probably come. 他们很有可能来。

§163

during/ in/ for

Ⅰ.during 和in 二者都表示某事的发生贯穿于某段时间中,或发生在某段时间 中的某一点上或几点时间上。 在多数情况下,当我们不强调对比或某一段时间时,in 和during都可以用,意思上并没有什么区别。当我们要表达某事具体发生的时间时, 多用in.当我们指一项活动而不是一段时间时,只能用during, 另外during 还用来强调某动作持续了一段时间。如: ① I woke up three times in / during the night. 夜里我醒了三次。 ② He had some amazing experience in / during his childhood. 他童年时有一些惊人的经历。 ③ We usually go on holiday in July. (不能用during) 我们通常七月份度假。 Ⅱ.during 和for. 两者都是表示一段时间的介词。 1. during 意为:“在??(时间)内”的行为或状态,与一段时间的整体连用。如:during the spring, during

last year, during 1980等也可以和表示延续性事件的名词连用,如:during my childhood, during our stay, during his visit等,一般不用于现在完成时的句子里。如: ① During the winter we play fotball. 冬季我们踢足球。 ② Many comrades went to see him during his illness. 在他生病期间许多同志去看望了他。 2. for引导一段时间,强调时间由始至终,可译为“(时间)长达??”一般与有长度的时间短语连用,

如for three weeks. For a long time等,可用于现在(过去)完成时或过去时句子等。 如: ① He studied English for three years. 他学了三年英语。 ② The French teacher has been in China for about a month.

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§164 each/ every “每个”

Ⅰ. each 和every 常可通用,后跟单数名词。但也有一些区别:1)着重强调个体,而every 着重强调整体。如: ① Each student has got a new dictionary. 每个学生各有一本字典。 ② Every student has got a new dictionary. 每个学生都有一本字典。(every student = all the students) Ⅱ. each 用于指两个或两 个以上的人或事物, 而every 则用于指三个或三个以上的人或事物。 如: ① There are some ads on each side of the road. 公路的每一侧都有一些广告。(each side – both sides.这个句

子中的each 不能用every 代替。) ② You look more beautiful each / every time I see you. 每次见到你,你都看起来更漂亮。 Ⅲ. each 可用作代词,后跟“of+复数名词 / 代词”。动词仍然用单数,every 则不能这样用,因every是形容词。如: ① Each of students has got a new book. = Every one of the students has got a new book. = The students each

have got a new book.(The students have got a new book each.)每个学生各有一本新书。 ② Each of them likes light music. = Every one of them likes light music. = They each like light music. (They

like light music each.) 他们人人都喜欢轻音乐。

§165 earth/ ground/floor/field/ land/ soil

Ⅰ.earth “地;地球;泥土”。它着重批“大地”,以别于“天空”;也可以指区别于坚硬岩石的泥土。如: ① The earth moves round the sun. 地球围绕太阳转。 ② Snakes creep on the earth.蛇在地上爬行。

Ⅱ.ground. “地;地面”主要指大地表面。不论是呢地,沙地或水泥地,均可用这个词表示;也可用来指运动场地。如: ① The ground is covered with leaves in the woods.树林的地面上落满了树叶。 ② There is a football ground in our school.我们学校有个足球场。 Ⅲ.foor.用于指建筑物内的“地板”,其前面通常加the;此外,还可以表示楼房的“层”。如: ① The cat is on the floor. 猫在地板上。 ② the first floor(美:)一楼 / (英:)二楼。

Ⅲ.field. 表“田;地”常用于指种植农作物的“农田、土地”有时也可指研究、活动的“范围;流域”如: ① They are working in the fields.他们正在田里劳动。 ② What?s your field of study? 你的研究领域是什么? Ⅳ.land. “陆地”与河流和海洋相对;也可指“土地”,可耕种的田地就叫做land;它还可以表示“国土;国家”如: ① We travelled by land until we reached the sea.我们从陆路去一直旅行到大海。 ② All the waste land in this area has veen opened up.这个地方的荒地全被开垦了。 Ⅴ.soil“土地;土壤”尤指生长植物的土地。如: ① The soil is very thin in the forest. 森林里土层非常薄。 ② The peasants are preparing the soil for seed.农民们正在平整土地。

§166 elder/ older

Ⅰ.elder的意思是年长的,指家庭里两个成员中年龄较长的,或者指明的两个人中年龄较长的。例如:

① He is my elder brother. 他是我的哥哥。 ② My elder sister works at a factory. 我姐姐在工厂里工作。 ③ Which is the elder of the two? 这两个人中哪一个年龄较大?

[注] elder用作形容词时,通常放在名词前面作定语。它也可以用作名词,其复数形式表示长者、长辈的意思,例如:

We respect our elders. 我们尊重长辈。

Ⅱ.older是形容词old 的比较级形式,指年龄较大、较老,也指较旧。例如: ① Comrade Zhang is two years older than Comrade Wang. 张同志比王同志大两岁。 ② This tree is older than that one. 这棵树比那棵树。

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