研究生英语系列教程多维教程探索课后答案

Unit One

Answer Key

Comprehension

A

1. D

2. It contrasts the attitudes of the French and the English-speaking people toward

keeping their mother tongue "pure."

3. The author does not appreciate the French attitude. He believes that they have

gone to the extreme, because he says that 'the mind boggles at what the world might

face. "That means the French are so sensitive that it is difficult to imagine what

they will do to keep French pure in the future.

4. B

5. It refers to the differences between British and American English with regard

to pronunciation and spelling of English. The author seems to agree with the

Americans' viewpoint.

6. C

7. The King's English refers to English in its most proper and formal use. However,

as it is used in foreign places, it is often used improperly. Here "lingo" mocks the

formality of English that no longer exists in these foreign Usages

8. Foreign varieties of English are very different from the original standard

British English, sometimes they are barely recognizable.

9. B

10. The author thinks that communication is more important than the purification of

the English language.

B

1. fast delivery (of the product)/rapid killing (of the customer)

2. Please hang your own coat and hat here/die by hanging yourself

3. "revolutionary" ideas are being sold/disgusting new ideas are being sold

4. best bakers/idle, lazy persons

5. the latest rnethod/a Christian denomination

6. a doctor for women's diseases/regard women as a disease or womanizer (vulgar

meaning)

7. press the button of the lift to move it/inefficiency of the lift

8. how to get service/open the door and call out the words “Room service”. (rude)

9. in an European atmosphere/a car that rushes a person to the hospital

10. serve the best wine/our wine is very bad; hopeless

11. from 12~ 14 o'clock chamber maids are not busy/treat chambermaids unfairly (with

possible sexual meaning)

12. the pictures were painted in the last ten years/the painters were put to death

13. leave your laundry/be naked or take off your clothes

14. dancing is going on/very vulgar language (a reference to male sex organs)

15. moral requirement for who can share the same room/implies that men and women must

marry in order to live together

Vocabulary and Structure

A

1--b 2--d 3--f

4—j 5—I 6--h

B

1. sensitive 2. list 3. prevalent

4. deficiency 5. withheld 6. certainty

7. functional 8. confronte 9. courtesy

10. spared 11. stroke 12. ambitious

13. purified 14. highlights 15. novelty

C

1. A. sensitive B. sense C. sensitivity

2. A. compulsory B. compulsion C. compulsory

3. A. Lease B. lease C. leasing

4. A. deviate B. deviantly C. deviation

5. A. prevalence B. prevalent C. prevalent

6. A. deficient B. deficiency C.deficient

7. A. extracts B. extracting C. extracted

8. A, confronted B. confrontation C. confronted

9. A, spare B. spare C. spare

10. A. stroke B. stroking C. stroke

D

1. C. make alternative 2. B. of taking advantage

3. C. of a head injury 4. D. remains

5. A. accepted 6. A. as much energy as

7. C. would end up 8. C. has been

9. B. or 10. D. with which

E

1. language 2. associates 3. in-laws 4. total

5. responds 6. swell 7. Hardly 8. lives

9. dreams 10. aloud 11. ourselves 12. so

13. distinguishes 14. humanity 15. makes 16. expressed

17. source 18. newborn 19. act 20. tradition

Speaking

(Open)

Translation and Writing

在过去，当探险者或商人们走出家园到外面的世界去寻找新的领地、市场或原材料资源时，

他们通常与跟他们打交道的当地人说的不是同一种语言。遇到这种情况时，他们一般采取以

下三种方法之一来对付，吕口：(1)外来人学习说当地主人的语言(或反之)，(2)他们使用当

地作为贸易用的第三种语言，或(3)产生一种新的语言——这种语言是由使用者的不同母语的

一些成分合成的。在说不同语言的人群中用来作为他们共同的交际工具的语言叫混合语(交际

语)。这个名称是由在地中海地区使用的中世纪时的贸易语言派生而来的。这种贸易语言主要

基于日耳曼语(意大利语、法语和西班牙语)，但也包括了一些希腊语、阿拉伯语和土耳其语

的成分。在当今世界，将英语称为最主要的交际语是合适的，因为英语是大部分说不同语言

的人的交际工具。

B

1. One theory refers to the sensitivity to the target language as being one of the

most important factors in language learning.

2. In order to help students in their study of English, the library has decided to

lease English films in the original to them.

3. On weekends, if one shop puts up discount notices, other shops, big or small, will

come up with it by putting up more discount notices.

4. When ungrammatical expressions of a language become prevalent in socie they will

gradually be~ by the public.

5. The closing of the company was not caused by a shortage of capital but by

management deficiency.

6. Advertisements usually highlight the product or service they advertise to attract

customers.

7. It is argued that we should withhold the speed of language change; otherwise we

may have to learn a new language every twenty years.

8. I feel gratitude to him because every time I encountered difficulties in my study

he would help me.

9. It will take great pains to improve/change the financial situation of the factory.

10.Those who advocate the purity of a language protect the language for the

sake of their culture.

Reading Practice

1.F 2.T 3. F 4.T

5.T 6.F 7. F 8.T

Unit Two

Answer Key

Comprehension

A

1. i People have different opinions about lies but they don't differ much in defining

what truth is.

ii Lying is usually regarded as evil but in reality many people lie. This is worthy

of our attention.

2. i Lies are intentionally told untruths/an unintentionally told untruth is not

a lie.

ii Almost everyone lies.

3. i All lies are evil and harmful so they should be avoided.

ii Many lies are not evil but are necessary and beneficial to society.

4. Open.(But according to the writer,) standards regarding when lies are ac- ceptable vary not only with individuals but aJso with different cultures.

5. The statement means that when one grows up, one may have the painful experience

of realizing that other people may not hold the same opinion about honesty as one

does. This is because the reality often runs counter to what is taught to children.

6. 2) those that are told with intention to harm the listener or a third party

and to benefit the liar

3) those that don't tell the whole truth (Some information may be left

unsaid.)

4) those that are told with no intention of being kept

5) those that are told to deceive oneself

7. (Open)

8. B

9. Because it prevents one from realizing one's shortcomings and improving oneself.

10. Different cultures may have different standards regarding when lies are

acceptable. (e.g. People in some cultures feel it is more important not to hurt others

than to tell the truth). It may be hard to change these culturally based beliefs.

B

1. People cannot make sound judgement about ...because we have not told them the truth.

We should try to avoid lying because in a society where lying is common, trust becomes

impossible, and without trust, cooperation cannot exist.

2. Your parents and your culture may teach you that liars will suffer, but in reality

you find that they often don't, (This is what one's moral beliefs are compared

with.)This realizati&n may make you take a skeptical attitude towards your moral

beliefs. "It" refers to "the realization" and "them" refers to "moral beliefs."

Because they don't appear to be true.

3. Many of the lies are told within government circles. For example, a person may

lie to the government, or a government official may lie to the public, which falls

into the category of"little white lie". Here, the author is critical of the government

because he thinks one person's"little white lie"is another person's "dirty lie"

4. In the United States, people do not often tell all the truth in their income tax

reports, which is considered an unquestionable lie by the government. Because people

feel the government already takes too much of their earnigns.

5. Some advertisers and politicians often make false promises, which ruin the

reputation of other advertisers and politicians. It is implied here that some false

promises are fairly harmless, but others are taken more seriously and can hurt the

listener/receiver.

6. We have to be realistic about our dreams and ambitions on one hand and deceiving/tricking ourselves on the other. If we are not, we can't recognize the need

for change, make the necessary changes, and achieve success.

7. The author suggests that ifwe have not looked at our faults, we should honestly

examine ourselves closely to see what we really are like. Be realistic.

8. Ideas about lying vary from culture to culture. One culture may have a high opinion

of truth even if it hurts, while another culture may consider that other people's

feelings are more important.

Vocabulary and Structure

A

1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. C

6. C 7. D 8. D 9. D 10. B

B

1. going through 2. goes with

3. in response to 4. grew up

5. be having an affair with/have had an affair with 6. turn a blind eye to

7. hold ... together 8. watching for

9. in comparison 10. draw a line between

C

1. A. what is 2. A. than have

3. D. it 4. D. ignored

5. C. go 6. D. would he be

7. C. objected to 8. C. though

9. D. to say something 10. C. to his feet

D

1. to 2. than 3. expressing 4. always

5. relief 6. But 7. persuaded 8. cracked

9. accident 10. in turn 11. recalJ 12. the

13. times 14. exchanged 15. uncovered 16. solution

17. nor 18. others 19. mind 20. leave

Speaking

(Open)

Translation and Writing

A

那些常常说谎又没有充足理由的人被称为病态说谎者。他们会对任何事情说谎。他们似

乎无法控制说谎的；中动。对这些人的研究表明，他们中很多人小时候受过虐待或者来自有

酗酒或有精神病家属史的家庭；也有不少人在他们生长的家庭里，真话得不到尊重，没有人

说真话。他们似乎比常人更加强烈地需要得到别人的爱不口别人的尊重。但事实上，他们中

并非每个人都无法控制自己说谎的欲望。没人能说清为什么有些人能克制说谎而有些入却无

法克制说谎。病态的说谎者往往没有亲近的或长期维持的私人关系。他们非常谨慎，通常不

介绍自己的熟人相互认识以免他们将听到的东西进行比较。

* * * * * * * * * * * *

通常，北美国家的父母告诫他们的孩子说谎是坏事，他们不应该说谎。如果说谎，他们应

该感到内疚。在欧美文化中，对一个说谎孩子的传统惩罚是用肥皂清洗他的嘴巴。然而通过

他们自己的行为，父母也会告诉孩子，在某些情况下，大多数人确实也会说谎。因此孩子在

这种双重教育下长大——他们偶尔也会说谎，但是他们会感到内疚，并且不想让别人知道他

们已说了谎。

B

1. Different people have different opinions about whether lying is always bad and

whether it should be avoided.

2. The tallest buildings in London are small in comparison with the skyscrapers of

New York.

3. The point at which people draw the line between an acceptable lie and a bad lie

varies from individual to individual and culture to culture.

4. Mothers who spoil their children often turn a blind eye,t~-~re faults of their

children.

5. The country needs a leader who will hold the nation together when violence breaks

out.

6. A selfish man categorizes all people into two groups, those he likes and those

he dislikes.

7. She felt offended at my remarks, but it wasn't my intention to hurt her.

8. It is wrong for teachers to stereotype naughty students.

9. In some foreign countries, a person who intentionally leaves his job can find

it easy to step aside for a while, supported by unemployment insurance and other

benefits.

10. She has gone through tremendous pain since her husband died.

Reading Practice

1.B 2. D 3.A 4. C 5. D

Unit Three

Answer Key

Comprehension

A

1. E

2. "The numbers" means the relatively small number of people competing for a given

job. The author thinks that due to the lower birth rate, there are less workers

aVailabLe in the job market and therefore more job opportunities are available to

young people today.

3. They have a gloomy view of the present world.

1) They have been exposed to murder and other types of violence and some other

negative events on TV.

2) Many have been brought up in single-parent families and the emotional upheaval

and conflict have had a negative effect on their value and self-worth.

3) Many feel their chances of finding the job and salary they want are bleak

4. They will spend more time with their kids and care about them more.

5. No. Because they want to save their money so that they can live better when they

do leave.

6. The parents' attitude:

loyalty and commitment to the workplace

slave away and show their dedication to the company

The youth's attitude:

They don't want to wait around and pay their dues when there is no long-term

commitment from the top.

There is life after work.

They will often leave a job at the hint of a better position.

7. Generation X'ers watched their grandparents slave away only to receive a gold watch

and pension upon retirement. Their parents' dedication to the company has been repaid

with downsizing and layoffs. They feel there is no such thing as job security. They

don't want to commit themselves to their work when there is no long-term commitment

from the top. There is more to life than work.

8. They will have better family values, get things done quickly, shorten the workweek, and create systems that will allow "intrapreneurs."

9. No. Because technology will enable people to be more productive. In addition,

X'ers' dislike of bureaucracy and a desire to solve problems will quickly improve

productivity.

10. He intends to tell us about X'ers' potential entrepreneurship.

11. D. Because Generation X has evolved in dramatically different ways from previous

generations and may have dramatically different ways to improve society.

B

1. negative view of the world

less loyalty and commitment

keep options open

stay at home longer

eager to get noticed

unrealistic and materialistic views

gett/ng things done fast

better family values

shorter work week

greater entrepreneurship

2. Becoming successful socially and financially or moving into the upper social

echelon.

3. It is implied that their thirty years' dedication to their company was not acknowledged and cherished. In fact, they were dismissed without anything.

4. Because they were neglected in their families and classrooms.

5. Because they would like their world to be filled with good-looking people, dressed

in the latest fashions, with lots of money and prestige, and who don't have to work

too hard. They desire instant gratification and expect a whole lot for nothing.

6. "McJobs" are poorly-paid entry level jobs which have no power. They are not the

kind of iobs X'ers would want.

7. Be able to solve the problem themselves without dealing with bureaucracy.

8. Because many of them have an independent, individualistic nature and Like to be

left alone to solve problems.

9. It means fostering innovation and being creative.

10. If we listen to what Generation X'ers will say, we may understand thern better,

and also find they have some very beneficial things to offer.

Vocabulary and Structure

A

1.B 2. C 3.A 4. D 5. B

6. D 7. A 8.A 9.D 10. A

B

1. was referred to as 2. take on 3. waiting around

4. piled up 5. jump ship 6. teamed up with

7. look upon 8. on their own 9. cleaned out

10. slaving away

C

1. A. what 2. C. paying for

3. D. one 4. A. By

5. C. seeks 6. C. impaired

7. B. it is 8. C. hardly anything

9. A. There is 10. D. its

D

1. grew 2. plant 3. see

4. inherit 5. debt 6. Among

7. likely 8. die 9. increased

10. gone I I. top 12. expected

13. in 14. face 15. only

Speaking

(Open)

Translation and Writing

A

这些青年人正在确定个人与其周围社会关系的新模式。不受上司与长辈影0向的情况反

而使他们更坚定地自行其事。他们对经历了时间考验的传统也不在乎。例如，当今的青年夫

妇拒绝向更注重表面的社会生活习俗让步。在我们那一代，年轻的新娘们如果不是家住名区，

如果他们家的餐具不够高雅，她们则会咆尝其苦。那时青年人对于有影响的社会关系、部队

中的官职、有名的俱乐部成员身份都十分敏感。然而这一代人却坚持希望别人评价他们自身

的价值。我常常听说他们小心翼翼地隐藏起出身名门的事实。他们坚持作为一个独立的人被

社会接受，这产生一种空前的坦诚。一位女大学生对我说：“你知道我一直都不够诚实，我正

在试图改正”。一位退伍土兵在一个男女混合的场合，当着目瞪口呆的双亲面对大家说他在战

后的六个月里一直是一个“精神变态者”。这些言词说明自由的坚固性——一种属于自己而不

属于虚伪的社会习俗的自由。

B

1. Unlike the young people today, we had to take on family responsibilities and help

our parents with housework when we were teenagers.

2. Generation X'ers take work seriously, but they disdain the workaholic, slave~to~the-job mentality of their parents and bosses.

3. Many young kids today can work with a variety of software programs on their own

and comprehend them quickly.

4. They were referred to as the Lost Generation because they were disillusioned and

did not know what to do with their new liberties.

5. The young people of diverse cultural backgrounds all have in common a love for

the same clothing styles, music and entertainment.

6. Generation X has a strong propensity for fun and enjoyment, and it is a priority

for them to have a good time whether they are at work, school or home.

7. Most people in China look upon their job as a career and have loyalty and commitment to the workplace.

8. Young people desire to upgrade their situation and they are always jumping ship

at the hint of a better position.

9. Being spoiled by their guilt-ridden, seldom-home parents, X'ers are not ready

to take over in politics, education and business.

10. Young entrepreneurs are encouraged to team up with their colleagues to do the

research and create new products at unparalleled rates.

Reading Practice

1. How to manage X'ers.

2. Create conflicts.

3. Because this conflicts with their independence and'embarrasses them.

4. Because they want very much to be stimulated.

5. We should make work enjoyable.

Unit Four

Answer Key

Comprehension

A

1. He put together the National Worldwide Universal deal and made money on an

electronics acquisition.

2. The question showed that the young man thought twelve million dollars was a large

sum of money to him.

3. a. They have been known to every schoolboy.

b. They have been shown on the covers of glossy magazines.

c. They have been a committee member of important charity balls.

d. They have been the owners of a co-op apartment on Fifth Avenue,

e. They have a stretch limousine,

f. They are the owners of a professional football team.

g. They are the owners of a magazine and the chief columnists.

h. They have made ~fty million dollars.

4. C and D. The whole tone here is very sarcastic.

a. corporate raiders

b. real-estate sharks

5, Because when the young man asked her to marry him he said he would surely amount

to something but he turned out to be a "nobody."

6. To be famous. That he will be"somebody.' 'This could mean rich, famous or

outstanding. But obviously, 12 million dollars wasn'~ enough to qualify.

7. exaggeration:

"Two-million-dollar co-ops are a dime a dozen."

"You can't buy a real magazine for chicken feed." etc.

irony:

He is rich and has all the trappings of being successful but it's not enough for

his wife.

He becomes famous because of illegal behaviour, which his wife feels like he is

becoming successful.

8. Both.

9. (Open.)

10. The writer entitles his story "success" to satirize the idea of an American Dream

which refers to fame and fortune. Actually true"success' should not involve making

a fortune and fame illegally. This story shows that success ~is not often such a

driving force that people lose their morals in pursuit of it.

B

1. C 2. A 3. C 4. B

5. C 6. C 7. C 8. B

Vocabulary and Structure

A

1--f 2---c 3--a 4--h 5--g

6--e 7--b 8--d 9--j 10—i

B

1. corporate 2. devious 3, origins 4. estate

5. greed 6. committing 7. flattering 8. shrewd

9. Electronic 10. violated

C

1. stick by 2. try his luck 3. so to speak 4. amount to

5. end up 6. was working out 7. turned out 8. seek his fortune

9, costs big bucks 10. beyond their dreams

D

1. C. has furthered 2. D. a young man's

3. B. mother-in-law's 4. B. to live

5. C. what they eat 6. C. of

7. D. three-week-old 8. D. acting on

9. A. should be cut 10. B. would have enjoyed

E

1. doing 2. no 3. seldom 4. long 5. others

6. something 7. up 8. into 9. realizing 10. behind

11. all 12. chief 13.~vhat 14. never 15. merely

16. sets 17. Nothing 18. discourage 19. ruin 20. emotional

Speaking

(Open)

Translation and Writing

A

卡尔文?特里林在其描述美国暴发户生活的当代故事“成功”中，讽刺了“美国梦”的观

念。出色的讽刺故事的要点之一是：在故事中运用几乎可信的夸大手法。在某个事实被歪曲

得几乎成真时，你相信它可能是真的——但是你其实仍在怀疑——这就是好的讽刺故事所要

取得的最佳效果。讽8g的另一要点是反语。反语指的是词汇的字面意义与其实际意义完全相

反。反语往往有趣，但带有悲伤的意味。课文中妻子的最后几句话完全是反语。

* * * * * * * * * * * *

这个年轻人在他的办公室被带上手铐带走了。当天下午的报纸头版刊登了一幅他被传讯后

离开时的照片，证实了他已受到指控。照片上的他试图用他那件价值850美元的意大利名牌

外套遮住他的脸。第二天的早报上，刊登了一篇篇幅很长的文章，将他作为那些出身贫寒的

华尔街商人最终成为贪婪的牺牲品的代表。他的朋友和同事都避开他。

B

1. A young man of humble origins dreamed of becoming a millionaire, but he was

thoroughly disillusioned because he tried to seek his fortune by means of a

law-violating electronics acquisition.

2. She managed what amounted to a smile of satisfaction.

3. He ended up designing a software program to solve this problem which had been

unsolved for years.

4. He went to the station in the company of his classmates to pick up his sick mother.

5. After graduation from university, he was granted a govemment scholarship to further

his study, which was far beyond his dream.

6. He was an excellent teacher who always stuck by his students whenever they

had difficulties.

7. He is nobody here in the city, but I suppose he is a somebody in his own village.

8. She said that it was her father, not herself, who was a millionaire, and that she

would like to earn her own living.

9. Therefore I think we must, so to speak adopt more extreme measures to curb

inflation.

10. After his company failed because of poor management, he decided to try his luck

in insurance.

Reading Practice

1.C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C

Unit Five

Answer Key

Comprehension

A

1. When a woman makes more money than the man, life gets complicated,

because the man wilt feel threatened by a woman who earns more

than he does. That's a challenge to the traditional belief that a husband

should make more money than his wife.

2. They have different meanings. The first one means"~l~SU"the second one"Jl~".

3. Second factor: Women are working full time.

Third factor: Equal-opportunity laws make it possible for women to have

jobs that used to be for men only.

4. B

5. This shows that the man could not bear or accept the fact that his wife

made more money than he did. This shows also that there is a deeply~

rooted idea that it is not quite right for women to be more successful

than their husbands.

6. Apart from emotional and physical abuse,they may show such feeling in a

subtle way, e.g., by drinking more or having an affair.

7. Her technique was to be sure that any man she dated was comfortable

with her wealthy lifestyle. (Open.)

8. First: A high-earning woman must be supersensitive to a man's feelings.

Second: She needs to acknowledge the man's support in private and in

public.

Third: She should resolve disputes by reasoning, not by referring to

earning power

9. I) The common thing between these two couples is that both men do

not feel threatened by having a wife who earns more.

2) Initially Jim Campbell had a job he could do at home, so he could take

care of his son. Frank Dickey didn't stay at home.Though his job is Iow-

paying and he has passed up other jobs so the family wouldn't need to

move, he enjoys a lot of influence and freedom in his job as a high

school football coach.

10. The trend is growing for women to earn more, it may still be easier to

pretend that everything is fine even though couples may not be dealing

with the difference well. The author's attitude is that the problem may

be ignored and perhaps the future will provide the means to resolve

it.

11. He hopes that with an increase in the number of higher-paid women, the

tension might be eased. People may gradually accept the fact that some

women may inevitably earn a higher salary than their husbands.

12. 2.Yes. It's useful because it is close to reality, convincing and persuasive.

B

I.B 2. D 3. C 4. B 5.A

6. A 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. B

Vocabulary and Structure

A

I. spouse 2. counterpart 3. touchy 4. counseled

5. subtle 6. therapist 7. prospective 8. adorable

9. opening 10. gallivant

B

I'g 2--o 3--a 4--b 5--c

6--f 7--k 8--1 9--d 10'e

II--j 12--n 13--h 14--i 15—m

C

I. in public 2. holding back

3. take comfort in 4. be done with it

5. make up for it 6. is connected with

7. Aside from 8. is quite comfortable with

D

I. D. until 2. C. become convinced that

3. A. cost of living 4. B. to have to suffer

5. B. facing retirement 6. D. the envy or admiration

7. C. isjudged 8. B. but

9. A. is that with I 0. D. fewer than those who have not

E

I. with 2. happier 3. poverty 4. buy 5. presents

6. loaves 7. in 8. satisfy 9. necessities 10. incomes

I I. symbols 12. as 13. admiration 14. other 15. greater

16. money 17. desire 18. varies 19. being 20. general

Speaking

(Open)

Translation and Writing

A

啊哈，钱!也许这就是唯一像性本身一样能使两性之间的生活复杂化的东

西。当一个女人的收入高于她的配偶时，生活就会变得复杂了。目口便是最开明的

男土也会感到妻子挣的钱比他多对他是威胁。而且即使夫妻关系最融洽的夫妇也

认为如果妻子收入高于丈夫，他们必须格外努力去维护这种和谐的幸福生活。

* * * * * * * * * * * *

决定男女各自兴趣和职业的性别模式通常并不是没有一点依据的。在某一社

会环境中，男女的性别模式观念一般与某一时期特定的男人或女人概念密切相关。

对于儿童，如果不具有某一社会中人们观念上所公认的性别特征，而仅仅是靠生

理上的性别特征来辨别他们，那么他们的情感，爱好以及将来的体格上将会表现

得不正常。他们必定会终生感到自己在同类中缺乏男子气或女人味。这是因为他

们的文化理念是基于一系列不同的性别模式观念，而这些性别模式观念还是很有

道理的。

B

1. Mr. Black felt somewhat upset when his wife pulled down $1000 a week

2. With the increasing number of high-paid women, more and more men will be

comfortable with their spouses' success.

3. It is atough problem for ca~erwomen howto make up forthe responsibility to the

family that they are supposed to take.

4. In order to comfort the patient, the doctor thought it wise to play down the

serious nature of his illness.

5. It may be hard for a person to adapt to a shift in economic power if his or her

self-esteem is derived mostly from a career or income.

6. A survey shows that some problems between husband and wife are con- nected with

traditional ideas.

7. Owing to the traditional idea, some husbands still try hard to hold their wives

back from working outside their houses.

8. We should make everybody realize that it is stupid to retaliate by drinking more

or having an affair when a person has some problems in life.

9. Wang was offered a good job in the head office of Hong Kong, but she passed it

up because she had a two-year old infant.

10. A famous movie star kept up appearances in public with her husband for eleven

years but recently she has announced a divorce.

Reading Practice

1.C 2.A 3. B 4. B 5. C

Unit Six

Answer Key

Comprehension

A

1. The philosophy is "managing for both profit and the common good."The author thinks

that the philosophy may seem revolutionary today, though in the past, it was accepted.

He thinks a return to it could be healthy but probably not possible.

2. Tom has a company which is a leading producer of natural can products. He has

won the support from his wife who shares his values and works together with him.

3. "The idea" refers to the notion of'managing for profit and the common good.'The

word "revolutionary" means "completely new or different?The idea is not new, but

it hasn't been practised for a long time. People don't often think about business

benefitting man in more than a financial way.

4. The education he has received at Harvard Divinity School.

5. The shared values are:

a. respecting people's dignity;

b. valuingthe community;

c. valuing the environment and animals of our natural world.

6. The ideaTom and his wife shared then was that they (both Tom and his wife) should

go into business together, working as close partners. We learn that this idea was

quite uncommon in the 1960's, when wives were not supposed to be involved in their

husbands' work

7. He has most enjoyed trying to make his vision of the company a reality

8. The author admires but does not agree with Tom. In para. 17, the author uses"idealist" to describeTom, that is to say, Tom's idea may not be practical or

possible.

9. The difference is that his business has not only been a financial success but also

has had a great impact on people's minds.

10. The belief is that it is possible to respect nature, people and communities on

the one hand and run on effective business on the other hand.

B

1. Managing for profit and the common good.

2. By"spirit-to-spirit"Tom means that both businessmen and consumers will think

of others. They will treat each other fairly and with respect.

3. "Nature-conscious" consumers are the people who respect wildlife and all aspects

of the environment.

4. His wife's family has contributed their profits from their mills to the building

of the town, the school, and the libraries, and thus won the respect and a good

relationship with the communities. The heritage refers to what her family has done

to their communityTom and his wife have upheld this heritage and continued to make

contributions to their communities.

5. It refers to the product made from natural ingredients for personal health care.

Yes. Because the intention to produce such a product is more important than the

final product itself.

6. As they came from Maine, they like nature and they respect one another. They

can distinguish their product from others' by values.

7. Because it is the"look feel, taste and smell of the kind of personal experience

they have offered" that has kept them in business.

8. The "values world" means the b0siness world in which we set our values and standards

and vocalize them to others.

9. Goodness here refers to the quality of being kind, considerate, and helpful, in

business. Because to them talking about goodness equates to talking about religion

which detracts from the idea that they are competent, rational business people.

10. According toTom, inWestern thinking, people can not simultaneously offer respect

and also maximize the utilization of resources, white the Eastern- inspired approach

involves integrating competing aims into a harmonious middle ground.

Vocabulary and Structure

A

1.B 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. C

6. A 7. A 8. B 9.B 10. D

B

1. dignity 2. heritage 3. insight 4. ingredients

5. makes a difference 6. excellence 7. differentiates

8. been ashamed of 9. believe in 10. incorporate

C

1. A. Just as 2. A. so

3. B. that 4. C. twice

5. A. expanding 6. C. would never have considered

7. B. is 8. D. ofwhich

9. D. decomposes 10. B. had read

D

1. motivate 2. cross 3. accepted 4. convinced

5. variety 6. exposed 7. especially 8. explain

9. difference 10. arrogant 11. reasons 12. trouble

13. aware. 14. hide 15. attempt 16. neglected

17.Worse 18. assignments 19. multinational 20. right

Speaking

(Open)

Translation and Writing

A

建立与顾客的联系是Gerstner的目标。在“经济周刊”进行的一系列采访中他说道广我是带

着一种观点来到这里的(1BM)，即：你与顾客共同开始新的一天，你将以顾客为中心考虑公司

的工作，并以顾客为中心组织工作”。这种方法在某种程度亡是IBM公司在计算机服务业中迅

猛发展的原因，也是华尔街突然喜欢起IBM公司的原因之一。IBM就象一台大发动机，多年

来首次所有的活塞都开动了：新型的大型机、个人计算机和小型计算机销售情况均喜人。IBM

公司努力地争取成为各家公司在公司内部网络装置中应用IBM公司产品时的不可缺少的助

手。当今，计算机服务业是IBM公司增长最快的业务。

不仅IBM公司，其它公司的高层领导也试图与顾客建立良好关系。建立关系成了各大公司巨

头反复强调的宗旨。西北大学的J．L．KelloSS管理学院的教授PhilipKotler说：“越来越

多的总经理意识到，他们本人就是负责销售的总经理，正在销售信誉”。他还说，“这种销售

是在各公司的总经理阶层中进行”。“其建立的不仅是连接销售员与采购经理之间的桥梁，它

还是一座连接各公司总经理之桥”。

B

1. Having worked in this company for a certain period of time, most employees came

to agreement on its basic beliefs.

2. Each company should keep its peculiarities which will differentiate one from another rather than strip them away.

3. More and more entrepreneur~ believe in managing for profit and the common good

and contributing to the well-being of the communities in which their companies are

located.

4. Being one of the nation's key universities, it is instrumental in developing the

community's culture.

5. Respecting customers and offering the best services have made us more and more

competitive with large discount chains.

6. He has devoted himself to his work for the community and is passionate about what

he is doing.

7. Some people believe that it does not make any sense to transplant foreign production and managerial techniques into Chinese companies.

8. In spite of the fact that we have made a great success in the development of

technology, we are ashar0ed of the damage we have done to our environment.

9. There is no doubt that the introduction of foreign investment has made a difference

to the local economic development.

10. The new scheme is open to discussion and new constructive suggestions can be

incorporated.

Reading Practice

1. Because he wanted to get a large order from a company there.

2. He attempted to talk about business with the host.

3. He wanted to see ifthe writer and the company behind him were reliable.

4. Those who can establish a truly global partnership.

5. B

Unit Seven

Answer Key

Comprehension

A

1. C

2. Part 2 is from para. 6 to para. 13.

Part 2: Human fallibility may be a unique human gift and it is the source of new inventions.

Part 3: 'Computer mistakes should not be bemoaned as they can ultimately be used

to improve human life.

3. If a computer makes a mistake, the person who uses the computer is to blame

because it must be a human error and the computer is infallible.

4. In para. 3, the author suggests that computers represent extensions of the human

brain. Computers can do anything we can do, even make mistakes as humans do.

5. No. On the consciousness, he says it would be hard to find out if it were true,

he uses the words "easy to imagine" and finally concludes with "but real thinking

and dreaming are other matters."

Yes. On the unconsciousness, he begins with "on the other hand" which indicates

opposite point of view. Evidences all around us and as extension of human brain,

the possibilities of error are great.

6. The first sentence:' 'Mistakes are at the very base of human thought embedded there,

feeding the structure like rootnodules:'

7. Because the author tries to explain that"trial and error" leads to discovery and

invention. Yes. He explains the reason in para. 9 and 10.

8. The clause is "perhaps even stipulated in our genetic instructions."

9. The examples are the words: blind alleys, up trees, dead ends, blue sky, turnings

and bends.

10. According to the author, lower animals are absolutely infallible while higher

animals like humans are fallible. In comparing the two, the author tries to prove

"to err is human."

11. "This" refers to the fact that higher animals are fallible.The second "this" means

organizing ourselves for social living on a planetary scale.

12. The author imagines computers taking on all sorts of difficult, challenging

problems.

B

1. The apologies made by computers are just as quick and impersonal as the origional

mistakes. Both are annoying.

2. Because though computers may look like human in some respects, they connot do

more than they are programmed to do.

3. Yes, he is right. Just as the proverb says,"Failure is the mother of success."

4. The action is exploring something new and different.

5. Because the author thinks that the hope is in the faculty of wrongness, (Open)

6. The exploration means to take efforts in finding something different from what is known before. (Open)

7. Here "fast" means firmly fixed.

8. Planetary means worldwide.

Vocabulary and Structure

A

1--e 2--h 3--i 4--b 5--a

6--d 7--j 8--c 9--f 10—g

1. instantaneously 2. sheer 3. fling off 4. obscure

5. hypotheses 6. screwed up 7. stipulate 8. blundering

9, credulous 10. nonetheless

B

1. tamper 2. infallible 3. After all 4. choked

5. embedded 6. by the book 7. endowments 8. fallible

9. conned 10. wincing

C

1. B. earlier units 2. A. dictionary effectively

3. C. to illustrate 4. D. learn better

5. A. requires 6. C. has increased

7. A. when an attempt 8. D. for which

9. C. partly because it 10. A. what follows

D

1. thinks 2. informed 3.with 4. challenging

5. off 6. overly 7. absorb 8. without

9. before 10. decided 11. inefficient 12. beg

13. people 14. processing 15. can 16. that

17. Indeed 18. value 19. easy 20. random

Speaking

(Open)

Translation and Writing

A

当存在两种以上的选择时，我们人类会思路活跃作出最佳选择。有时会有十种，甚至二十种不同的方法去做某事，其中肯定有一种方法是对的。然而正是这种大量的可选择性才能把我们带入一个完全崭新的领域。这个过程可称为探索而且基于人类的易犯错误性上。如果我们人类的大脑只有一个中心，只能在当正确的决定作出后才有反应，而不是象一团乱麻似的把不同的、糊涂的或清醒的神经原组合在一起。正是这些神经网络会使我们的思路好象一会儿进入绝路，一会儿跳到树上，一会儿又掉进死胡同，然后又从死胡同跳出后进入一片蓝天，沿着错的转弯处，在错误处徘徊，那厶我们就会像呆在现在所处的原地，静止不前。 * * * * * * * * * * * *

目前，一种被英国警察广泛使用的电脑破案方法称为“模拟影像”。由目击者描述疑犯，然后像拼图版似的用五种不同部位的特征把照片拼出。这五个部位是：发型，眼睛，鼻子，嘴巴和下巴。这种方法对寻找罪犯很有帮助，但二十件案子仅能破一件。事实上，通常几近半数的“模拟影像”是误导。造成这种情形有两个原因。第一种原因是这种模拟影像的照片与疑犯毫无相象之处。第二是相象之处太大众化而没有任何帮助。不幸的是，这种误导的想

象会导致一个无辜的人被关押。

B

1. Knowing many places in China were badly flooded, actors and actresses volunteered to perform and appealed to charitable contributions from society.

2. Ifyou manage to get in touch with Mr. Smith, the problem will be solved easily because he is an expert in this field.

3. The advisor forgave him for mixing the two chemicals together; after all he had intended to help his advisor.

4. I want to throw away the computer I am using now for it gets stuck all the time.

5. Teachers are worried about students who seem to do everything by the book

6. He was in a bad mood for some time and therefore he felt everything around him was screwed up.

7. We all believe that he will succeed sooner or later though he failed more than ten times.

8. Teenagers over 16 years old should be responsible for what they say and do, because they are considered to have the faculty for doing and saying the right thing,

9. He thought everything was within his grasp but in fact, the result of the experiment turned out to be controversial.

10. Any average good fax machine can send a message in an instant across the ocean. Reading Practice

1. F 2.T 3. F 4.T 5. F

Unit Eight

Answer Key

Comprehension

A

1. The relationship between crime rates and keeping criminals in prison.

2. Locking up criminals for longer terms will not necessarily decrease crimes.

3. The logic.

A. a major shift toward mandatory minimum sentences

B. increased use of the death penalty

C. the introduction of"three strikes" laws

4. Because although prison sentences can prevent some crimes, the question is the degree to which they do.

5. A. We've tripled the prison population and we've doubled spending. That doesn't tell us that we shouldn't do more.

B. Most of those whom we put'in prison are not necessarily the most dangerous criminals.

6. Because it helps explain why and how he has become such a strong out- spoken proponent. It also casts a strong liberal or conservative as in this case, light on his position.

7. A

8. 1) Crime has certainly not decreased in proportion to the rise in ,mprison- ment.

2) When you look at the relationship between crime rates and size of the prison population, it's hard to tell what's causing what.

9. Offenders are most likely to commit crimes in their late teens and early 20s, but the crime rate in this bracket has dropped. By the time they are 35, most have virtually stopped committing'crimes. However, more incarceration has taken place in this age bracket.

10. 1) long sentences have limited usefulness as a way to incapacitate prisoners

2) it makes little sense to throw a criminal around 30 or 35 in prison for life

3) prison is costly, unnecessary, and overly punitive for many offenders Yes. Because their arguments are based on the research that offers solid evidence for their belief, Generally speaking, most offenders have virtually stopped committing crimes by the time they hit 35.

11. B

12. B

13. (Open.)

B

1.T 2. F 3.T 4. T

5.T 6. F 7.T 8. F

Vocabulary and Structure

A

1. flaw 2. incapacitation 3. imprisonment 4. triple

5. assault 6. anomaly 7. empirical 8. incapacitate

9. expediency 10. diminish

B

1. criminologist 2. penalty 3. mandatory 4. averted

5. irresistible 6. rash 7. sanction 8. overly

9. bias 10. overwhelming

C

1. be in touch with 2. pointed to

3. in the face of 4. responded to

5. lock her up 6. in the midst of

7. fall back on 8. is true of

9. at work 10. put away

D

1. C. be delayed 2. C. the other

3. B. her age 4. B. he has read

5. D. behind them 6. C. which was what

7. A. Despite the fact 8. D. there will be

9. B. banks to increase 10. D. as the least

E

1. because 2. too 3. going 4. danger

5. else 6. romantic 7. thus 8. threat

9. break 10. out 11. though 12.to

13.off 14. frightened 15. inevitably 16. no

17. iust 18. before 19. across 20. knocking

Speaking

(Open)

Translation and Writing

A

故意违犯成文法律的行为(非暴力反抗)，顾名思义，是一种违法行为。关于非暴力反抗的理论研究承认，非暴力反抗目口使事出有因也应受到惩罚。事实上，违背法律的行为即使仅作为形式上的异议而非实质性的异议，其无论在道德上还是在法律上，都是不容许的。只有当那些法律违背了人类生活的基本价值观，公民对此进行非暴力反抗，以示道德上的保护时，该行为才能得到合理支持。

有一种假想认为，法律是非暴力反抗的确黼对象，该假想中充斥着不可忽视的道德、法律责任。根据该假想，公民如果在道义上是正当的，他必须准备呈交对违法行为的起诉书；井在该起诉失败时，他应当受到惩罚。他甚至可以要求实施该法律并心甘情愿地默认法庭的最后裁决。

为了保持一个公平的社会，我们必须认可“宽容原则”，政府必须容忍以适当方式表达出的个人异议，个人也必须容忍依法确定的多数裁决。没有人能滥用自由，所有人都得对反对意见持宽容态度。持异议者必须接受对他们的异议所持的不同意见，并对它们持尊重的态度。如果不尊重这一原则，那么公民的非暴力反抗不仅在法律上是错误的，在道德上也是不恰当的。

B

1. Parents of young children often become depressed, and this is especially true of single parent.

2. Through communications satellites, we are able to be in touch with events on the other side of the world almost as they happen.

3. That change seems certain to heat up inflation, so government officials felt that they should take some measures to cool it off.

4. The most serious politicians are those who respond most quickly to social changes.

5. The chart shows that the level of crime in this area is almost always in direct proportion to the number of the unemployed.

6. She acted so strangely that she had to be put away.

7. If you don't need the money at present, put it in the bank. It's always useful to have something to fall back on.

8. The opposition has consistently accused the government of corruption. What's more, they have named names.

9. He was guilty of an important misjudgment. Given his old age, he was only sentenced to five years' imprisonment.

10. In the face of repeated assurances that the product is safe, many people have stopped buying it.

Reading Practice

1. The Victorians thought that the prisons were for punishment while according to Elizabeth Fry, prisons were to reform the criminals.

2. A prison.

3. stop them from hurting people

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