四六级中国文化翻译复习参考

翻译练习

1．春节是是中国的农历新年。在中国的传统节日中，这是一个最重要、最热闹的节日。中国人过春节有很多传统习俗。除夕之夜，是家人团聚的时候。一家人围坐在一起，吃一顿丰盛的年夜饭 (New Year’s Eve dinner)，说说笑笑，直到天亮，这叫守岁（staying up to see the year out）。除夕零点的钟声一响，人们还要吃饺子。从初一开始，人们要走亲戚、看朋友，互相拜年（greet each other）。拜年，是春节的重要习俗。 放爆竹（set off firecrackers）是春节期间孩子们最喜欢的活动。传说燃放爆竹可以驱妖除魔（drive off evil spirits）。

Spring Festival is the New Year in Chinese lunar calendar. Among the traditional Chinese festivals, this is the most important and the most bustling festival. Chinese have many traditional customs relating to the Spring Festival. New Year’s Eve is the time for a happy reunion of all the family members, when they sit around the table to have a bumper New Year’s Eve dinner, talking and laughing, until daybreak, which is called “staying up to see the year out”. When the bell tolls midnight on New Year’s Eve, people eat dumplings. From the first day of the lunar year, people visit relatives and friends, to greet each other, which is an important custom for the Spring Festival. Setting off firecrackers is the favorite activity of children in the Spring Festival, which could drive off evil spirits according to legend.

2．农历八月十五（the 15th day of the eighth lunar month），是中国的传统节日中秋节（Mid-Autumn Festival）。这天晚上，天上的月亮又圆又亮。人们把圆月看作团圆美满的象征，所以中秋节又被称为“团圆节”( Festival for Reunion)。按照传统习惯，中国人要一边赏月(admire the moon) 一边品尝月饼。因为月饼是圆的，象征着团圆，所以有的地方叫它“团圆饼”。秋天，人们一年的劳动有了收获。中秋节的晚上，全家人坐在一起赏月、吃月饼，心里充满了丰收 (bumper harvest) 的喜悦和团聚的欢乐。这时，远离家乡的人们也会仰望明月，思念故乡和亲人。

The 15th day of the eighth lunar month is Chinese traditional Mid-Autumn Festival. On the night of the day, the moon seems full and particularly bright. Since people consider the full moon as the symbol of reunion and completeness, the festival is also called the Festival for Reunion. On that day, the Chinese have the custom of admiring the moon and eating moon cakes. As the moon cake is round, symbolizing reunion, it is sometimes called “reunion cake”. In autumn, people reap the harvests of their year’s labor. On the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival, the whole family filled with happiness for the bumper harvest and a family reunion will sit together to admire the moon and eat moon cakes. At that time, people far away from hometown will also look up at (to) the moon and miss their home town and family.

3．英语中的“china”一词有两个意义，一个是中国，一个是瓷（porcelain）。西方人很早就把中国与瓷器联系在一起，这是因为瓷器是中国人发明的。瓷器是从陶器 (pottery) 发展来的，如果从生产原始瓷器的商代（Shang Dynasty）算起，中国的瓷器大约有三千多年的历史了。江西景德镇被称为中国的“瓷都” (the Capital of Porcelain）。中国瓷器不仅是精美的日用品，也是珍贵的艺术品。自汉唐（Han and Tang dynasties）以来，中国瓷器就大量销往国外，中国的制瓷技术也逐渐传遍世界各地。

“China” in English has two meanings: China as a country and china as porcelain. Westerners have linked the country of China with porcelain since a long time ago, because the technique of manufacturing porcelain was originally invented in China. Porcelain was developed on the basis of pottery. If calculated from the appearance of the primitive porcelain in the Shang Dynasty, it has a history of about 3000 years. Jingdezhen, a city in Jiangxi Province was known as the Capital of Porcelain. Chinese porcelain wares are not only fine daily necessities, but also precious arts and crafts. From the Han and Tang dynasties, Chinese porcelain wares and their manufacturing techniques gradually spread all over the world.

4．中国茶历史悠久，是中国文化的一部分。中国茶种类很多，深受外国友人的喜爱。中国人喜欢喝茶，也常常用茶来招待朋友和客人。茶树原产于中国。中国古人发现茶树后，起初是把茶叶作为药用，后来才当做饮料。中国茶叶按照制作方法分为绿茶、红茶（black tea）、乌龙茶（oolong tea）、花茶（scented tea）、等几大类，各种茶又包括许多品种。喝茶不但可以止渴，还能消除疲劳，帮助消化，预防一些疾病。长期饮茶，对人的身体健康很有益处。

Tea has a long history in China and it is part of Chinese culture. There are a variety of good tea which attract many foreigners. The Chinese people like drinking tea, and often entertain friends and guests with it. China is the homeland of tea. The ancient Chinese first used it for medicinal purposes before developing tea as a drink. As regards the method of making tea, the Chinese tea variety can be classified into green tea, black tea, oolong tea, scented tea, each consisting of many types. Drinking tea can satisfy one’s thirst, dispel fatigue, help digestion and prevent some diseases. The constant drinking of tea is quite beneficial for people’s health.

5．京剧（Beijing Opera）是中国流行最广、影响最大的一个剧种，有近200年的历史。京剧在形成过程中吸收了许多地方戏的精华，又受到北京方言和风俗习惯的影响。京剧是一种唱(Chang)、念(Nian)、做(Zuo)、打(Da)并重的艺术。京剧演员分生（Sheng）、旦(Dan)、净(Jing)、丑(Chou)四个行当。京剧作为中国民族戏曲的精华，在国内外都有很大的影响。许多外国人专门到中国来学唱京剧。许多京剧表演艺术家也曾到世界各地访问演出，受到各国人民的喜爱。

Beijing Opera is the most popular and influential opera in China with a history of almost 200 years. In the course of its formation, it assimilated the best from many other local operas and was affected by Beijing local dialect and customs. Beijing Opera combines Chang (singing) , Nian (recitation), Zuo (facial and body posturing and acting ) and Da (martial arts). There are four main roles in Beijing Opera: Sheng, Dan, Jing and Chou. Beijing Opera as the national opera, enjoys a high reputation both inside and outside China. Many foreigners have come to China to learn Beijing Opera and famous actors and actresses have frequently been invited to perform abroad and have been highly appreciated by foreign audiences.

6．中国人讲吃，不仅仅是一日三餐，解渴充饥（allay thirst and hunger），它往往蕴含着重要的文化内涵。如一个小孩生下来，亲友要吃红蛋表示喜庆，“蛋”（“蛋”与汉语“诞”同音）表示着生命的延续（continuation），“吃蛋”寄寓着中国人传宗接代（carry on the family line）的厚望。孩子周岁时要“吃”，十八岁时要“吃”，结婚时要“吃”，到了六十大寿更要庆祝一番。这种“吃”，表面上看是一种生理满足，但实际上，吃的文化已经超越了“吃”本身，获得了更为深刻的社会意义。

For Chinese people, food involves not only three meals a day to allay thirst and hunger, but also has great cultural significance. For example, a newborn baby’s relatives eat red eggs to celebrate the birth. In this tradition, eggs (egg sounds like birth in Chinese) represent the continuation of life, and eating eggs bears a wish to carry on the family line. Having a special meal is a must on a baby’s first birthday, eighteenth birthday, at marriage, and on the sixtieth birthday. It is important to note that while eating can meet physical needs, it is not the main point on these occasions. China’s food culture has far stretched beyond eating itself, with a wider and deeper social connotation.

7．元宵节（Lantern Festival）是正月（the first lunar month）的第十五天，这是新年的第一次满月，象征着团圆和圆满。元宵节是春节的一个重要组成部分，也象征着春节长假的正式结束。尽管关于元宵节的来历有很多传说，但可以确定的是，宵节的起源必定跟古代人们使用火来庆祝节日、躲避灾难有关。吃元宵,是元宵节一个特别传统，而元宵节也因这种食物得名。 随着时间的流逝，元宵节逐渐演变为今天的形式。 Lantern Festival falls on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month. This is the first full moon of the New Year, symbolizing unity and perfection. Lantern Festival is an important part of Spring Festival, and marks the official end of the long holiday. Although there are many legends concerning the origins of Lantern Festival，it is sure that the origins of Lantern Festival are related to ancestors’ use of fire to celebrate festivals and avert disaster. Eating

Yuanxiao is one of the special traditions of Lantern Festival，and so Lantern Festival is also called Yuanxiao Festival. Over time, Lantern Festival has gradually evolved into its present form.

8．紫禁城（the Forbidden City）位于北京城的中心，天安门广场的北边。紫禁城里面有9999间房屋， 四周环绕着六米深的护城河 (moat) 和十米高的城墙。以前，没有许可，普通人是不能进入紫禁城的, 紫禁城因此而得名。紫禁城始建于1407年，直至1420年才完工。紫禁城在过去长达五个世纪的时间里一直作为皇宫，目前是世界上最大的博物院。1987年，紫禁城被联合国教科文组织 (UNESCO) 确认为世界文化遗产。

The Forbidden City lies in the center of Beijing, the north of Tian’anmen Square. It has 9999 buildings, which are surrounded by a six-meter-deep moat and a ten-meter-high wall. The Forbidden City got its name by forbidding common people to enter unless they were given permission. The building of the palace began in 1407, it was not completed until 1420. The Forbidden City had been the imperial palace for some five centuries, and now is the world’s largest palace museum. In 1987, it was recognized by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage.

9．饺子（Chinese Dumpling）是中国的传统食物,在中国的节日里特别受欢迎，尤其是在中国北方。饺子的形状类似中国古代金银锭（ingot），他们象征着财富。传统上, 除夕之夜，家庭成员聚在一起包饺子,人们可能在饺子中藏一个硬币，发现硬币的人在新的一年可能会有好运。在中国新年,饺子是最重要的食物之一。饺子在其它中国节假日也很受欢迎，所以它是中国文化不可缺少的的一部分。

Jiaozi (Chinese Dumpling) is a traditional Chinese food ,which is popular during holidays in China particularly in northern China. The shape of Chinese dumpling is similar to ancient Chinese gold or silver ingots, which symbolize wealth. Traditionally, the members of a family get together and make dumplings on the New Year’s Eve. They may hide a coin in one of the dumplings. The person who finds the coin will likely have a good fortune in the new coming year . Chinese dumpling is one of the most important foods in Chinese New Year. Dumpling is also popular in other Chinese holidays or festivals, so it is indispensable part of Chinese culture.

10．在除夕年夜饭之后, 几乎所有的孩子都能接到红包，有的来自父母、有的来自成年亲戚和朋友。红包里的钱被称为“压岁钱” （suppress-age-money）, 压岁钱旨在祝福孩子平安健康。有些成年人也给他们的父母发红包, 以祝福他们在新的一年里健康和好运。在当代社会，春节给父母红包或给孩子压岁钱的习俗在中国文化中依然被普遍接受。

After New Year’s Eve dinner, almost all children may receive red envelopes filled with money from their parents, adult relatives and friends. The money in the red envelopes is known as Ya-Sui-Qian or “suppress-age-money”, which indicates an attempt to keep children safe and well. Some adults also give red envelopes to their parents to wish them health and good fortune in the new year. In modern society, the custom of giving out parents red envelopes or children “suppress-age-money” is also widely accepted in Chinese culture.

11.人口老龄化已经成为一个全球性的现象。这种现象不仅已成定局，还将随着时间的推移愈演愈烈，发展中国家尤其如此。他的社会影响广泛且其表现形式多样，如若忽视，社会必将为此付出巨大代价。为了保证老年人口的可持续发展，国家、非政府组织、社区、家庭成员、特别是老年人自己，都要扮演重要的角色。

Population aging has become a world-wide phenomenon. It has not only come to stay but, especially in the developing countries, it will become more acute with the passage of time. Its influences are so wide-ranging and manifold that they can only be ignored at a tremendous cost to society. In order to ensure a sustainable development for the elderly population, be it the State, Non-Governmental Organizations, the community, the family members and last but not least, the older persons themselves, each has a very important role to play.

12．连接亚欧两大洲的贸易通道丝绸之路(Silk Road) 全程7000公里，其历史可以追溯到公元前二世纪。我社安排的“丝绸之路游”始于古城西安，止于新疆首府乌鲁木齐(Urumqi)。游客们沿途可以领略自然景观的魅力，欣赏古代艺术家高超的工艺，品尝地方风味小吃(delicacy)。丝绸之路沿 途大量的历史文物(relic)、壮丽的自然风景及有趣的地方文化，使“丝绸之路游”成为世界上最精彩的旅游项目之一。

Dating back to the second century B.C., the 7,000-kilometer-long Silk Road was a trade thoroughfare linking the continents of Asia and Europe. “The Silk Road Tour” that we offer follows a route beginning from the ancient city of Xi’an and ending at Urumqi, the capital of Xinjiang. Along the route the tourists will take pleasure in the charms of the natural landscape, appreciate the superior of ancient artists, and enjoy local delicacies. A wealth of historical relics, fascinating scenery and interesting local cultures along the Silk Road makes this trip one of the world’s most exciting tourist attractions.

13．

中餐桌上最神奇、最有特色的用餐工具莫过于筷子。几千年来我们中国人一直视筷子为一种最简单同时也是最有效的用餐工具。关于筷子的用料，其种类各有不同，选材包括竹子、木材、玉石（jade）、象牙(ivory)、塑料、金银等。对于西方人来说，掌握用筷子的方法和技巧在开始时也许难度很大，但是只要有耐心．用心去练，不久便可以熟练地使用筷子享用中餐。如果想享用一顿真正意义上的中餐，那么花时间耐心学习用筷子的技艺不仅很有必要，而且也很有趣。

No eating tools on the Chinese dinner table are more magical and distinctive than the chopsticks. For thousands of years we Chinese have always regarded chopsticks the simplest and the most efficient tool for meals. Chopsticks can be made of a variety of materials, including bamboo, wood, jade, ivory, plastic, gold , silver and so on. For westerners, the mastery of the method and skills for using chopsticks may be quite challenging at the beginning. But as long as you have patience and concentrate on practice, you will soon be able to use chopsticks skillfully enough to enjoy a Chinese meal. If you want to enjoy a Chinese meal in the real sense, it is not only necessary, but also very interesting, to spend some patient time learning to acquire the skills of using chopsticks.

14．

中华人民共和国是全国各族人民共同缔造的统一的多民族国家。迄今为止，中国有56个民族。与汉族（Han nationality）相比，其他55个民族人口相对较少，因此他们在习惯上被称为“少数民族”。1990年中国进行了第四次人口普查 (census)。据统计，在全国总人口中，汉族人口约占92%，少数民族人口占8%。在长期的历史发展过程中，中华民族这个大家庭中的各族人民经过融合 (mingle) 和迁移，形成了今天的分布格局。

The People’s Republic of China is a united multi-national state founded jointly by the people of all nationalities. So far, there are 56 nationalities. Compared with the Han nationality, China’s other 55 ethnic groups have a relatively small population, thus they are customarily referred to as ethnic minorities. According to the fourth national census conducted in 1990, the Han nationality accounts for 92 percent of the country’s total population, and minority ethnic groups account for 8 percent. During China’s long history of development, the people of various nationalities in China migrated and mingled, and eventually brought about today’s distribution.

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