Functional Theories of Translation

Chapter 5 Functional Theories of Translation—by Group 4

The 1970‘s and 1980‘s saw a static move away from the linguistic typologies of translation shifts and emergence and flourshing inGermany of a functionlist and communicative approach to the analysis of translation. In this chapter, we look at:● Katharina

Introduction

Reiss‘s early work on text type and language function;● Justa ● Hans

Holz-Mänttäri’s theory of translational action;

J. Vermeer‘s Skopos theory which centered on the purpose of the TT;● Christiane

Nord‘s more detailed text-analysis model which contunued the functionalist tradition in the 1990s.

德国功能学派翻译理论德国功能派翻译理论的形成历经四个发展阶段， 主要包括： 凯瑟林娜·赖斯(Katharina Reiss)的功能主义翻译 批评理论

汉斯·费米尔(Hans Vermeer)的目的论贾斯塔·赫兹·曼塔利(Holz-Mä ri) 的翻译行为 nttä 理论 克里斯蒂安·诺德(Christiane Nord)的功能加忠诚 理论。

Major RepresentativesKatharina Reiss(凯瑟林娜· 赖斯)Justa Holz-Mänttäri(贾斯塔· 赫兹· 曼 塔利) Hans Vermeer(汉斯· 费米尔)

Christiane Nord(克里斯蒂安· 诺德)

Katharina ReissKatharina Reiss(18591924) was born in Ulm, Germany and died in Renchen, Germany. She married August Berger on May 6, 1889.

Her

work builds on the views the text, rather than the word or sentence, as the level at which communication is achieved and at which equivalence must be sought. (P73)

Text Type (P73)Classification of texts as:

Plain communication of facts — Informative Creative composition — Expressive Inducing behavioral responses — Operative

Audiomedial texts

Functional characteristics of text types and links to translation methods (P74)

Reiss‘s text types and text varieties

informative reference work

reportlecture operating instructions

-----------------------tourist brochurebiography play official speech sermon electoral speech advertisement

poemexpressive

satire

Operative

Specific translation methods suggested by her (P75)

The TT of an informative text should transmit the full referential of conceptual content of the ST. The TT of an expressive text should transmit the aesthetic and artistic form of the ST. The TT of an operative text should produce the desired response in the TT receiver. Audio-medial texts require the “supplementary” method.

Intralinguistic and Extralinguistic Instruction Criteria (P75)※ Intralinguistic criteria:

semantic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic features; ※ Extralinguistic criteria: situation, subject field, time, place, receiver, sender and “affective implications” (humour, irony, emotion, etc.).

Criticisms of Reiss‘s Work Fawcett Nord:

(P76)

: why there should only be three types of language function; feeling the need to add a fourth phatic‘ function ,covering language that

establishes or maintains contact between the parties involved in the communication;

Others:how

Reiss‘s proposed translation methods are to be applied in the case of a specific text.

(P77)

Justa Holz-Mänttäri’s theory of translational action takes into account practical issues while, at the same time, places the emphasis firmly on the reader of the TT. This means, for example, that things like the source text type may be altered,if it is deemed to be inappropriate for the target culture.

Translational

action views translation as purpose-driven, outcome-oriented human interaction and focuses on the process of translation as messagetransmitter compounds(信息翻译综合体) involving intercultural transfer.

Translational Action (P77)A communicative process involves: The initiator (翻译的发起者) The commissioner (委托人) The ST producer (原文生产者) The TT producer (译文生产者) The TT user (译文使用者) The TT receiver (译文接受者)

Translatorial action focuses very much on producing a TT that is functionally communicative for the receiver, the ST is analyzed solely for its construction and function profile.

Pros and ConsSome scholars praise Holz-Manttari’s concept of translatorial action for placing translation within its socialcultural context & describing the professional profile of the translator. Meanwhile she also receives criticism for the complexity of its jargon and lack of cultural difference in more detail or in the kinds of terms proposed by the cultural oriented models.

Skopos TheorySkopos aim/purpose

in 1970s in Germany Hans J. Vermeer(弗米尔) (1930-2010) Purpose of a translation & of the action of translating

Hans Vermeer 1930—2010 德国目的学派重要创始人，杰出的语言学家，熟 谙十多钟语言。 德国美因茨大学和海德堡大学翻译学院教授，长 期从事翻译教学研究工作。 主要著作有：《翻译理论文集》(1983)、《普 通翻译理论原理》(1984与其老师Reiss合著) 、 《目的与翻译委任—论文集》(1989)、《翻译 目的理论：正论与反论》(1996)

Skopos Theorymajor work on it: Grundlegung einer allgemeine Translations-theorie Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation《普通翻译理论原理》 Written by Vermeer & Katharina Reiss in 1984

the purpose of the translation

determines

translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result TT/ translatum

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