外文翻译 - 浅谈项目管理中施工组织设计重要性

附录C 外文文献

Discussion on the importance of project management in

construction organization design

Abstract: The construction organization is a construction project and guide the importanttechnical and economic documents. Can regulate the construction workers, machinery, raw materials, environment, technology, equipment,construction, installation, management, production and other conflicts, to supervise the construction and control of organizational design in order to ensure scientific and rational project high-quality, low cost, less the completion of energy.

Keywords: project management; construction organization; design; importance

Construction design and project construction is an important document guiding construction, construction enterprises are able to high-quality, high speed, low cost, low consumption of completed building projects to ensure effective measures, but also strengthen the management, the importance of improving economic efficiency means, is also properly handle the construction workers, machinery, raw materials, methods, environment and technology and equipment, civil works and installation of collaboration, consumption and supply, management and production and other kinds of contradictions, scientific and rational, planned and orderly , the equilibrium organization of production and an important guarantee for project construction.

With the establishment of socialist market economy, an increasingly competitive construction market, the objective situation of construction enterprises have become increasingly demanding, not only in technology and equipment, personnel quality, the construction put forward higher requirements of the organizers, and engineering economic management Pre-settlement work in the project is also facing new challenges. Strict construction market situation, some construction companies are not actively taken measures, professional and technical staff is not updated, training, science and technology management level is very backward, with the preparation of construction design review did not attract enough attention, so there will be the following common situations:

(1) audit is not compiled before the start of construction organization design: not to pursue the construction of floor plans, materials, cluttered, moving out of import of machinery and equipment, unplanned demand for labor, quality, security, construction without assurance measures, resulting in nest Workers serious waste management lower.

(2) whether it is the preparation of construction design professionals: In order to cope with the higher authorities and supervisory agencies, Party member or check the information to the construction workers on behalf of the Code construction design, because the data simply do not know right now who is a leading construction management recent arrangements, had casually made up, just go.

(3) the preparation of the low level of construction organization design: Some construction units, construction organizations do not understand the importance of the

construction process, to write about the sub-construction process, draw a floor plan, schedule progress, it regarded construction organization design.

(4) to abandon technology economy: a considerable number of construction enterprises in the preparation of construction organization design, construction organization which only concerned the various sub-project of the technical measures, without considering the sub-project aspects of economic indicators, leading to the completion of settlement disputes about economic loss.

[Example 1] in a district of Nanning City, the life of a dormitory building to be a form of water renovation project, but because the dormitory was built in the eighties, has been twenty years, the owners between buildings without authorization of their own debris occupied the public space of normal channels, resulting in too narrow passage between two buildings, traffic problems, so the resulting need for manual handling of construction materials to construction sites, construction materials are stated not to enter the venue and request for additional materials secondary transportation fee, Party A will not sign recognition, resulting in economic losses. If the construction units in the field before the start of the investigation, carefully review the preparation of construction design and engineering contract be described in the notes, you can reduce unnecessary trouble.

[Example 2] of a residential building project excavation, construction site is not large, the construction unit construction with construction design, but no earth survey program, no excavation of the slope coefficient of discharge, nor the accumulation of pre-construction earthwork calculation, the original machine in the pit excavation uppercut on it, because there is no construction design survey on the ground, resulting in ruptured a nearby residential building to the water, resulting in increased costs of grading required to show there is no clear , resulting in a Jixietaiban increase moving away more, but also back when the backfill backfill, resulting in construction enterprises in the economy by the economic loss in vain.

[Example 3] Construction of a residential building products business in the construction process, when preparing to start construction organization is very simple, even the template sub-project calculations are not, in the basement of the construction of the installation template template installation height of 5 m, maximum beam for the 600 × 1200, thickness 250, in the erection of experience by the workers under their erection, supervision and acceptance can not be acceptance of the results, but also re-checking, the results support the strength of pole did not meet the template requirements of a full return to work. Rework the economic losses can be imagined. Such as steel is now more fitting to discuss the situation, the tender list or did not say by welding sleeve, you said in the welding construction organization, it can talk with the sleeve construction of a visa; Earthwork and temporary facilities in the Shih group calculated as long as the excess of the quota rules set paved the way is part of the claim. The problem is now that this file is isolated, not construction, not cost, because it is not targeted.

The above three examples fully show that the construction design in the construction process as well as pre-settlement project plays an important role, not only organized

the construction of organizational design, guiding production role in the objective economic management has become a very important can not be ignored component. Construction design is the arrangement of a construction company building a comprehensive technical and economic documentation of construction products. The depth of the content of their preparation, can be divided into construction design, construction organization design, construction design outline and so on.

Meaning: in order to process the entire project implementation macro-control. Complete the construction of a sub-organization design should include: project overview, construction methods, quality assurance measures, manpower and machinery plan and guarantee measures, construction of network diagrams, and bar charts, safety measures, details of resources, energy conservation measures, construction period to ensure measures.

Implementation of the project in the construction of the session, the price of construction projects through the construction drawings to determine the general preparation of the budget, the determination of the construction contract price, engineering and project final settlement price to determine price and other processes. Construction design of which is the main factor of the project cost, therefore, project cost management, construction design must pay close attention as an important link in this regard should address the following two aspects of the relations.

Fixed construction budget to reflect the actual construction of each sub-part of the construction process of each project component of labor, materials, Jixietaiban consumption standards. It is to identify and control the construction and installation cost base; is to design technical and economic comparison, based on technical and economic analysis; is the construction unit based on the analysis of economic activities; the preparation of bidding price, bidding price of the base; is the preparation of the fixed budget and estimates based on indicators; is construction drawing budget, project contracts, project budget and project an important basis for final prices, but the budget is fixed under normal construction conditions, the majority of the construction unit to the current level of machinery and equipment, the reasonable construction period , construction technology, labor organizations based on each sub-part of the preparation of the consumption of the project. However, construction of the project there are many special cases in which sub-part of the project construction method is not necessarily the same under a fixed budget, as currently stipulated in the budget scale, \Such as \the earth and stone work on the manual calculation rules. Trench digging, earthwork grading time required to \design\shall be calculated, \design\no clearly defined, put the slope coefficient by a fixed proportion of the implementation of the provisions.

Construction projects with construction design is closely related to project cost. The basic construction design includes: project overview and analysis of construction conditions, construction programs, construction technology, construction schedule, construction general layout. There are economic analysis and construction preparation work plan. Among them, the construction program and construction process is more

important to determine, for example: the choice of construction machinery, horizontal transport method of choice, moving the main structure of the construction methods and construction methods and construction technology of choice, etc., are a direct impact on project budget price changes. In ensuring the quality and meet the owners requirements and schedule requirements of the premise, optimize the construction program and construction process is to control the cost of investment projects and reduce the importance of measures and means.

Construction design is not only an important guiding document production and management activities, preparation of construction plans is an important basis for the budget. Therefore, the construction unit leaders before the start of the unit project to tissue engineering, materials and equipment, industrial scale, economic planning, project cost and other personnel to seriously familiar with the drawings, in-depth on-site field survey of the technical and economic organizational measures. Project cost in the preparation of construction design is directly related to the economic interests of enterprises, because, in the project cost management and implementation of the provisions of the budget scale, the cost of personnel staff plays the role of business manager in charge; in the bidding and construction contract, the cost commissioned by the enterprise legal person can be used as the legal representative of the agent, the exercise of powers conferred by enterprise legal person; in the construction and budget work, supervision plays a role in the economy. Therefore, the full cost of in-house staff not only understands technology, understand the policy, but also understands the role of legal expertise and is prepared well construction design and improve an important aspect of economic efficiency of enterprises, but also works to overcome and avoid an economic dispute settlement reasonable and effective way. Finally, the construction organization of this document is very important, it is the technical and economic documents. Construction of the project, be sure to supervise the construction and control of organizational design to ensure the project's construction order, to prevent the construction design a mere formality. Engineering construction design is the quality, safety, effective measures to guarantee progress.

浅谈项目管理中施工组织设计重要性

摘要:施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。能调节施工中

人员、机器、原料、环境、工艺、设备、土建、安装、管理、生产等矛盾,要对施工规划进行监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证工程项目高质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。

关键字:项目管理；施工组织设计；重要性

施工规划是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要文件,是建筑施工企业单位能以高质量、高速度、低成本、少消耗完成工程项目建筑的有力保证措施,也是加强管理、提高经济效益的重要手段,也是很正确处理施工中人员、机器、原料、方法、环境及工艺与设备,土建与安装协作,消耗与供应,管理与生产等各种各样的矛盾,科学合理地、计划而有序地、均衡地组织项目施工生产的重要保障。 随着社会主义市场经济的建立,建筑市场的竞争日趋激烈,客观形势对施工企业的要求越来越高,不仅在技术装备、人员素质、施工组织者方面提出较高的要求,而且工程经济管理工作中有关工程预结算也面临新的挑战。严谨建筑市场形势下,有些施工企业没有积极采取应对措施,对员工的专业技术没有更新、培训,科学技术管理水平相当落后,加上对编制审核施工规划没有引起足够的重视,因此就会出现以下几种常见的情况:

(1)开工前没有编制审核施工规划:不搞施工平面布置图,材料乱堆乱放,土方运出运进,机械设备、劳动力需求无计划,工程质量、安全施工无保证措施,造成窝工浪费现象严重,管理水平较低。

(2)是否是专业人员编制施工规划:为应付上级部门及监理单位、甲方检查而给施工员或资料员代编施工规划,因为资料根本对现在的施工管理不了解而又是领导最近安排的,不得不胡乱编造,应付了事。

(3)施工规划编制水平低:有的施工单位,不明白施工组织在施工过程中的重要性,写一写各分项施工工艺、画张平面布置图、工程进度计划表,便认为是施工规划了。

(4)要技术弃经济:相当多的施工企业单位在编制施工规划时,只重视施工组织当中的各分项工程的技术措施,没有考虑分项工程经济指标方面内容,导致工程竣工结算时纠纷不断,蒙受经济损失。

[例1]南宁市某小区某宿舍楼要对生活用水进行一户一表改造工程,但由于宿舍楼是八十年代建成的,已经有二十几年了,业主擅自在楼与楼之间的自家杂物用房挤占了公用正常的通道,导致两楼之间通道过于狭窄,通车困难,所以造成了施工材料需要人力搬运到施工地点,施工单位则以材料未进入场地而要求增加材料的二次搬运费,甲方不予签认,造成了经济损失。如果施工单位在开工前进行现场勘测,认真编制审核施工规划并在工程承包合同中附注加以说明,则可减少不必要的麻烦。

[例2]某住宅楼工程的基坑开挖,施工现场并不宽敞,施工单位施工时有施工规划,但是无土方调查方案,没有开挖的放坡系数,也未进行施工前土方堆积计算,原本上勾机在坑上开挖就可以了,就因为施工规划中没有对地下调查,导致挖破了附近居民楼的给水管,致使成本增加,对放坡要示也没有明确要求,结果造成

了机械台班增加,土方拉走多了,回填时又要拉回回填,造成施工企业在经济上白白受到经济损失。

[例3]某商品住宅楼施工企业在建过程中,开工时编制施工组织很简单,连模板分项工程计算书都没有,在施工中的安装地下室模板时模板安装高度为5m,梁最大为600×1200,板厚为250,在搭设时由工人根据经验自己搭设,结果监理验收时无法验收,又重验算,结果立杆没有满足模板支撑强度要求,进行全面返工。返工造成的经济损失可想而知。

比如现在较多的是讨论钢筋接头形势,投标清单没有说采用套筒还是焊接,那你在施工组织里说用焊接,那么施工用套筒就可以商量签证了；土方及临时设施在施组里只要超过定额规则计算部分设下伏笔是可以索赔的。问题是现在这份文件被孤立了,施工不用、造价不用,因为它没有针对性。

以上三个例子充分表明,施工规划在施工全过程乃至工程预结算中占有重要地位,组织设计不仅仅是组织施工、指导生产的作用,在客观上已成为经济管理工作中不可忽视的非常重要的组成部分。

施工规划是建筑施工企业全面安排某项建筑产品的施工技术经济文件。按其编制内容的深浅，又可分为施工规划、施工组织方案设计、施工规划纲要等。 意义：以此来对整个工程实施过程中进行宏观控制。一分完备施工规划应包括：工程概况、施工方法、质量保证措施、人力、机具计划及其保证措施、施工网络图、横道图、安全措施、资源配置明细、节能措施、工期保证措施等。

在工程建设项目实施的各环节中,工程建设项目的价格确定一般经过施工图预算的编制,施工承包合同价款的确定,工程结算价和工程决算价的确定等过程。其中施工规划是影响工程造价的主要因素,因此,工程造价的管理,必须把施工规划作为重要环节抓紧抓好,在这方面应处理好以下两个方面的关系。

建筑工程预算定额是反映建筑工程实际施工过程每个分部分项工程每一构件的劳动力、材料、机械台班的消耗标准。它是确定和控制建筑安装工程造价的基础；是对设计方案进行技术经济比较、技术经济分析的依据；是施工单位进行经济活动分析的依据；是编制标底、投标报价的基础；是编制概算定额和概算指标的基础；也是施工图预算、工程承包合同、工程预算和工程决算价格计算的重要依据,而预算定额是在正常的施工条件下,以目前多数施工单位机械装备程度、合理的施工工期、施工工艺、劳动力组织为基础编制的每一分部分项工程的消耗量。但项目施工中有许多特殊的情况,即分部分项工程的施工方法不一定与预算定额规定的一模一样,正如目前在预算定额中规定“依据施工规划确定”等内容。例如《广西壮族自治区建筑工程消耗量定额》中,关于人工土石方工程量计算规则规定。挖沟槽、土方需放坡时,以《施工规划》规定计算,《施工规划》无明确规定时,放坡系数按定额规定比例执行。

工程建设项目的施工规划与其工程造价有着密切的关系。施工规划基本的内容有:工程概况和施工条件的分析、施工方案、施工工艺、施工进度计划、施工总平面图。还有经济分析和施工准备工作计划。其中,施工方案及施工工艺的确定更为重要,如:施工机械的选择、水平运输方法的选择、土方的施工方法及主体结构的施工方法和施工工艺的选择等等,均直接影响着工程预算价格的变化。在保证工程质量和满足业主使用要求及工期要求的前提下,优化施工方案及施工工艺是控制投资和降低工程项目造价的重要措施和手段。

施工规划不仅是指导生产经营活动的重要文件,也是编制施工图预算的重要依据。因此,施工单位领导在单位工程开工前要组织工程技术、材料设备、劳资

定额、经济计划、工程造价等人员认真熟读图纸、深入现场进行实地勘察,研究各项技术经济组织措施。工程造价人员参与施工规划的编制直接关系以企业的经济利益,因为,在工程造价管理和执行预算定额规定中,造价人员起着主管业务经理的参谋作用；在投标和工程承包合同中,造价人员受企业法人委托,可作为本单位法人代表的委托代理人,行使企业法人所授予的职权了；在施工和预算工作中,起着经济监理作用。因此,在企业内部充分发挥造价人员既懂技术、懂政策、又懂法律的专长和作用,是编好施工规划和提高企业经济效益的重要方面,也是克服和避免工程结算中发生经济纠纷的合理有效途径。

最后,施工组织这个文件非常重要,它是技术经济文件。在项目的施工中,一定要对施工规划进行监督和控制,确保项目的施工有序,防止施工规划流于形式。施工规划是工程质量、安全、进度的保障有力措施。

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