毕业设计——高功率石墨化设备的研究

沈阳理工大学学士学位论文

摘 要

为提高材料的导热导电性、热稳定性耐滑性耐磨性等，将碳石墨材料经过高温热处理变为石墨化制品。

焙烧品经石墨化后，电阻率降低，约为原来的1/3～1/4；真密度约提高10%；导热性提高10倍左右；线膨胀系数降低约1/2；氧化开始温度也有所提高；杂质汽化逸出、灰分降低；机械强度有所降低。

目前国内广泛应用的石墨化设备主要有两种，一种是艾奇逊炉；另一种是内串石墨化炉。两种炉型都有各自的优缺点。艾奇逊炉设备结构简单，操作方便，坚固耐用, 容易维修, 但有通电周期长，热效率也很低，制品的石墨化电耗高等缺点。相对于艾奇逊炉，内串石墨化炉具有加热温升快、电耗低制品石墨化程度均匀、不用电阻料，生产成本低等优点。所以本次设计中，具体介绍了石墨化的目的、作用、机理等，并且对几种炉型进行了分析，最后根据年产2万吨的年产量，选定内串石墨化炉为主要设备，并对炉体尺寸进行了计算，且对配套设备铜排铝排以及变压器进行了选型，最后得出结论。

关键词：石墨化；艾奇逊；内串；

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沈阳理工大学学士学位论文

Abstract

In order to improve the thermal conductivity, thermal stability and wear resistance of the materials, carbon graphite material is changed into graphite products by high temperature heat treatment..

After baking goods are graphitised and decrease of resistivity, is about the original 1 / 3 to 1 / 4; true density increased about 10%; thermal conductivity increased by ten times or so; linear expansion coefficient decreased by approximately 1 / 2; oxidation onset temperature also increased; impurity vaporization escaping, low ash content; mechanical strength decreased.

At present, there are two main types of the graphite equipment, one is Acheson furnace, the other is the LWG.Acheson furnace device structure is simple, operation is convenient and durable, easy maintenance, but power cycle is long, the thermal efficiency is very low, product graphitization power consumption disadvantages.With respect to the Acheson furnace, on graphitization furnace with heating temperature rises fast, uniform power consumption products low graphitization degree, no resistance materials, low production cost and other advantages. So in the design, concretely introduces the graphitization of the purpose, function, mechanism, and has carried on the analysis to the several types of furnace, finally according to an annual output of 20 thousand tons of annual output, within the selected on graphitization furnace is the main equipment and to the furnace body size were calculated, and to form a complete set of equipment of copper aluminum row and transformer selection, finally draws the conclusion.

Key word: Graphitization;Ahs;LWG

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沈阳理工大学学士学位论文

目录

摘 要 .................................................................... I Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... II 1 绪论 ............................................................................................................................................................ 1

1.1课题背景 ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2石墨电极简介 ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.3国内外石墨行业发展现状 ......................................................................................................... 2

1.3.1国内发展现状 ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.4.2国外发展现状 ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.5石墨电极生产工艺流程简介 ..................................................................................................... 3

2石墨化原理及设备.................................................................................................................................. 7

2.1石墨化的目的与作用 .................................................................................................................. 7 2.2石墨化方法 ..................................................................................................................................... 8 2.3石墨化过程与石墨化程度 ......................................................................................................... 8 2.4石墨化机理 ..................................................................................................................................... 9

2.4.1碳化物转化机理 ................................................................................................................. 9 2.4.2再结晶理论 .......................................................................................................................... 9 2.4.3微晶成长理论 ..................................................................................................................... 9

3石墨化设计 ............................................................................................................................................. 11

3.1设计任务 ....................................................................................................................................... 11 3.2炉型介绍 ....................................................................................................................................... 11

3.2.1石墨化炉的加热原理...................................................................................................... 11 3.2.2石墨化炉的分类 ............................................................................................................... 12

4参数计算 .................................................................................................................................................. 18

4.1炉体尺寸计算 .............................................................................................................................. 18 4.2炉体设计 ....................................................................................................................................... 19

4.2.1保温料的用途及选择 .................................................................................................... 19 4.2.2装保温料尺寸 ................................................................................................................... 20 4.2石墨化炉的供电装置的选择 ................................................................................................... 20

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沈阳理工大学学士学位论文

4.2.1最大电流的计算 ............................................................................................................... 20 4.2.2最大电压的计算 ............................................................................................................... 21 4.3铜铝排的选择 .............................................................................................................................. 22

4.3.1铜铝排规格的计算 .......................................................................................................... 23 4.4辅助设备设计选型 ..................................................................................................................... 23

4.4.1吸料天车的设计选型...................................................................................................... 23 4.4.2行车的设计选型 ............................................................................................................... 24 4.4.3平头锯的设计选型 .......................................................................................................... 24

结论 .............................................................................................................................................................. 26 致谢 .............................................................................................................................................................. 27 参考文献 ..................................................................................................................................................... 28 附录A：英文原文 .................................................................................................................................... 29 附录B：中文翻译 .................................................................................................................................... 34

IV

沈阳理工大学学士学位论文

1 绪论

1.1课题背景

当今社会中出现了很多新兴材料，例如有机硅材料、有机氟材料、超导材料 纳米材料、储氢合金、炭材料等。而炭材料的用途非常广泛。炭材料包括：木炭、竹炭、活性炭、炭黑、焦炭、天然石墨、石墨电极、炭刷、炭棒、铅笔等。其中石墨电极是钢铁、机械化工、电炉冶炼不可缺少的导电材料，随着科技、国防等简短领域的发展，石墨材料的应用越来越广泛。石墨材料有很多优点，例如：石墨材料加工速度快，不易变形，升华温度高；重量轻，易研磨及抛光；材料成本低，价格稳定；放电消耗小等。石墨电极也渐渐出现在了人们的眼中。碳素行业已经不是一个新兴的行业，其产品主要包括石墨电极、碳砖、炭糊、碳纤维等，其中石墨电极的产量占炭素产业年产量的大部分。石墨电极是钢铁生产所需的重要耗材之一，近年来在钢铁行业的快速发展带动下，我国以石墨电极为主的碳素制品产能产量不断增长。石墨电极具有良好的导热、导电性能。它具有在高温下不熔化、机械强度高， 耐抗热、震性能好且灰分含量低，抗氧化耐腐蚀性能良好等特点，故石墨电极已成为发展电冶炼工业中不可缺少的导电材料。

1.2石墨电极简介

石墨电极，主要以石油焦、针状焦为原料，煤沥青作结合剂，经煅烧、配料、混捏、压型、焙烧、石墨化、机加工而制成，是在电弧炉中以电弧形式释放电能对炉料进行加热熔化的导体，根据其质量指标高低，可分为普通功率、高功率和超高功率。 （1）普通功率石墨电极

允许使用电流密度低于 17A/cm2的石墨电极，主要用于炼钢、炼硅、炼黄磷等的普通功率电炉。 （2）高功率石墨电极

允许使用电流密度为18～25A/cm2的石墨电极，主要用于炼钢的高功率电弧炉。 （3）超高功率石墨电极

允许使用电流密度大于 25A/cm2的石墨电极。主要用于超高功率炼钢电弧炉。

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