2022年兰州交通大学英语语言学之语言学教程考研复试核心题库

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目录

2018年兰州交通大学英语语言学之语言学教程考研复试核心题库（一） (2)

2018年兰州交通大学英语语言学之语言学教程考研复试核心题库（二） (11)

2018年兰州交通大学英语语言学之语言学教程考研复试核心题库（三） (18)

2018年兰州交通大学英语语言学之语言学教程考研复试核心题库（四） (24)

2018年兰州交通大学英语语言学之语言学教程考研复试核心题库（五） (30)

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第 2 页，共 37 页 2018年兰州交通大学英语语言学之语言学教程考研复试核心题库（一）

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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． Idiolect

【答案】 Just as every speech community has a dialect , every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing his ideas in language. This language variety of inpidual users is called “idiolect”

2． Lexical relations

【答案】 There are several types of lexical relations concerning the sense of the words. Those are synonymy , antonymy , hyponymy , polysemy , homonymy , and so on. （a ） Synonymy refers to the sameness relation ; “autum”, and “full ” are synonyms , for example , （b ） Antonymy refers to the oppositeness relation ; for example , “buy” and “se ll ” are antonyms , （c ） Hyponymy refers to the inclusiveness relation ; for example , “apple” is a hyponym of “fruit”, （d ） Polysemy means one word that has more than one related meaning ，and “bank”，as an example , is a polysemous word. （e ） Homonymy refers to the relation of two different words which are identical either in sound , or spelling , or both , such as “bow” （bau ） and “bow” （b ?u ）.

3． Hyponymy

【答案】

Hyponymy. It refers to the sense relationship between a more general , more inclusive and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordiante , and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. For example , the hyponymy relationship could be established between “animal” and “rabbit”.

4． Displacement

【答案】

Language can be used to refer to what is present , what is absent , what happens at present , what happened in the past , what will happen in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example , we can talk about Sapir , who is already dead ; we can even talk about next week , which is in the future.

5． Stem

【答案】

A stem is a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. For example , “friend -” in friends ,and “friendship -” in friendships are both stems. The former shows that a stem can be equivalent to a root , whereas the latter shows that a stem may contain a root and a derivational affix.

6． Textual function

【答案】 Textual function : The textual function is one of the three meta-functions language is composed of. It refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of

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第 3 页，共 37 页 sentences.

7． Conversational implicature

【答案】 Conversational implicature refers to a type of implied meaning , which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context , under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. For example , the implicature of He is a tiger could probably be he has some characteristics of a tiger.

8． Achievement test

【答案】 Achievement test is a test which measures how much of a language someone has learned with reference to a particular course of study or program of instruction.

二、Essay-question

9． Discuss sense , denotation and reference , using Chinese examples to illustrate your points.是古月壮麟《语言学教程》中的概念）

【答案】 Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic expression. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form ; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. For example , the word “狗” in Chinese is given the definition of “哺乳动物，种类很多，听觉嗅觉都很敏锐， 善于看守门户，有的可以训练成军犬、警犬” .This does not refer to any particular dog that exists in the real world , but applies to any animal that meets the features described in the definition. So this is the sense of the word dog.

Reference means what a linguistic expression refers to in the real , physical world ; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. If we say “这只

狗真可爱”，

we must be talking about a certain dog existing in the situation ; the word “狗” here refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word “ 狗” in this particular situation.

Denotation refers to the relationship between an expression and its extension. The term extension of an expression is the set of things which could be possibly be the referent of that expression. So the extension of the word “狗” is “所有种类的狗” .Thus , the relationship between the word “狗” and “所有种类的狗” is denotation , that is ，the word “狗” denotes “ 所有种类的狗”.

Furthermore , the differences between the three terms are discussed as follows.

Sense and reference are two different but related aspects of meaning. Two expressions may refer to the same referent but have different senses. For example , in sentences “1949 年 10 月 1 日，毛泽东在天安门城楼上宣布： 今天，中华人民共和国成立了!” and “1949年10月1日，那位伟大的领袖在天安门城楼上宣布：今天，中 华人民共和国成立了!”，expressions “毛泽东” and “那位伟大的领袖” refer to the same person （have the same referent ） but with different senses. There is also another difference between sense and reference. To some extent , all words have senses ，but not every word has a referent. Some words like “和”，“但是”，“假如”，“的” do not refer to an^hing. Therefore , the meaning if an expression will arise both from its sense and its reference.

Both reference and denotation refer to the relationship between a linguistic expression and the world , but there are also differences. Denotation refers to the relationship between a linguistic expression and a set of possible referents of that expression in the world ; while reference is used for the relationship between a linguistic expression and a particular entity in the world. For example , in the

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第 4 页，共 37 页 sentence “一只云鹊飞进了房间”，the expression “一只云鹊” refers to the lark in that particular situation , while denotes to the whole class 66 ^99 . Another difference is that denotation is a stable relationship in a language which is not dependent on any one use of a word. Reference , on the other hand is a moment by moment relationship : what entity somebody refers to by using the word “云雀” depends on the situation.

10．Describe the process of language perception , comprehension and production.

【答案】 From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis , language use in terms of perception , comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers.

When we speak , words are drawn from Wernicke's area and transferred to Broca's area , which determines the details of their forms and pronunciation. The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words.

When we hear something and try to comprehend it , the stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke's area , where it is then interpreted.

When we perceive a visual image , a message is sent to the angular gyrus , where it is converted into a visual pattern.

11．How much does our language influence the way we think? How deeply do language and culture interpenetrate and influence one another? These questions about language have fascinated thinkers throughout the ages. For example , Johann Gottfried Herder and Wilhelm von Humboldt in the German Romantic tradition regarded language as a prisma or grid spread over things in the world so that each language reflects a different worldview. Write a short essay to explain your position on this view.

【答案】 Humans have a unique linguistic system for communication that serves as the primary vehicle for expressing thoughts. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles that develop along two different routes but overlap in some parts , where language and thought are consistent with each other. But language is not the only means of expressing thought. As for the relationship between language and the thought , we think that language does not determine the way we think but influence the way we perceive the world and recall things , and affects the ease with which we perform mental tasks. That is , language may be used to provide new ideas , bring about a change in beliefs and values , solve problems ，and keep track of things in memory. For example , a well-developed vocabulary may well assist us in learning the concepts the lexis covers. We recall things more easily when they correspond to readily available words or phrases. It is certainly easier for us to make a conceptual distinction if it neatly corresponds to a particular lexical item available in our language. When we label our experience with linguistic symbols , our language will influence how we remember and think about those experiences ; otherwise the relationship between language and perception , memory or thinking will be greatly reduced.

In terms of relationship between language and culture , we can infer that a language not only expresses facts , ideas , or events that represent similar world knowledge by its people , but also reflects the people?s attitudes , beliefs ， world outlooks , and etc. Language expresses cultural reality. On the other hand , as peopled language uses express their culture represented by its social conventions , norms and social appropriateness , the culture both emancipates and constrains people socially , historically and metaphorically. Sharing a same community culture , people have acquired common ways of viewing the world through their speech interactions with other members of the same group. Although language and culture are inextricably intertwined , culture is a wider system that completely includes language as a subsystem. The knowledge and beliefs that constitute a people?s culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in the language of the people. Language as an integral part of human being , permeates his thinking and way of viewing the world , language both expresses and embodies cultural reality.

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第 5 页，共 37 页 As for the relationship between language and world views , the language system does not necessarily provide specifics of one?s world view. All humans share a general conceptualizing capacity ; Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences according to their respectively different linguistic coding systems for the same objective world. On the one hand , people speaking the same language may have different world views , including political , social , religious , scientific and philosophical views. On the other hand , people speaking different languages may share similar world views on above aspects. Moreover , one language can describe many different worldviews , as is evident in the case of successful translation.

According to the theories shown above , we can infer that Johann Gottfried Herder and Wilhelm von Humboldt^ view has both merits and limitations. First , they see clearly that there exists a relationship between language and thoughts. Second , they assume that language influences so much the way people think that people who think in different ways will have different world views. Based on the theoretical views above we think this view is not rational in this aspect.

12．What is the main difference between literal language and figurative language?

【答案】 The first meaning for a word that a dictionary definition gives is usually its literal meaning , while figurative language is not intended to be interpreted in a literal sense.

Appealing to the imagination , figurative language provides new ways of looking at the world. It always makes use of a comparison between different things. Figurative language compares two things that are different in enough ways so that their similarities , when pointed out , are interesting , unique and/or surprising. Figurative language uses “figures of speech” to express something other than the literal meaning of the words , in other words , figurative language cannot be taken literally （or should not be taken literally only ） . Simile , metaphor , metonymy , synecdoche , personification , apostrophe , are all forms of figurative language.

For example , the literal meaning of the word “tree ” is “a large plant ”. However , once we start talking about a tree in the context of “a family tree ” for example , it is no longer a literal tree we are talking about , but a figurative 〇此^ literal use of the word “tree” refers to an organism which has bark , branches and leaves. A “family tree” shares some of these qualities —graphically , a plan of a family and a representation of a tree can look similar , and in a way they are both a process of organic growth , so we use the same term for both. But when we use the term for a plant it is a literal usage and when we use the term to describe our ancestry , it is a figurative usage.

13．Chomsky sets up three different targets to aim at : observational adequacy , descriptive adequacy and explanatory adequacy. Define and discuss them.

【答案】 According to Chomsky , observational adequacy requires a grammar to be able to produce correct explanations for raw linguistic data ; that is , it should be able to capture speakers intuitions about grammaticality.

On the second level , that is , on the level of descriptive adequacy , a grammar should not only produce correct explanations for raw linguistic data , but also produce correct explanations for the linguistic competence of the speaker and hearer ; that is , it should reflect speakers5 competence.

On the third , and the highest , level , i.e. explanatory adequacy , a grammar that is sufficiently described should reveal linguistic competence and then relate it with universal grammars in order to be related to the initial state of the human mind for the purpose of revealing human cognitive systems ; that is , it should account for the leamability of language.

In C homsky?s point of view , it is far from adequate for a grammar to merely distinguish those strings of words which are sentences of the language from those which are not sentences of the language in question. Neither is it for a grammar to assign structures to sentences that match native speaker?s

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