英语高考常考知识点总结：单项选择

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第二部分：单项选择（15分）

考点六：名词 I. 概念

名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称的词,有专有名词和普通名词之分,还有可数名词与不可数名词之分. II.相关知识点精讲

1. 名词变复数

1) 以-s, –x, –ch, -sh结尾加-es

Buses,boxes,watches,brushes (stomach-stomachs) 2）以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i 加es Factories, countries

3) 以-f或fe结尾的名词，变f或fe为v加es leaf--leaves life—lives

但：roof,chief,gulf,serf,belief,proof, 加s

handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。 4） 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：

a. 加s，photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos；

b. 加es，potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。

5) 名词复数的不规则变化

a. child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth

mouse---mice man---men woman---women

注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans； Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。

b. 单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。

c. 集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

d. 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：

maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。 news 为不可数名词。

the United States， 应视为单数。

The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 e. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：

The Arabian Nights\《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。 f. 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜） trousers, clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）; suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。

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g. 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域fishes（各种）鱼。

h. 复合词变复数，以中心词为主 film-goer — film-goers

sister-in-law — sisters-in-law grown-up – grown-ups 2. 不可数名词量的表示

1） 物质名词

a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。

比较：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 （不可数） These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 （可数） b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。例如： This factory produces steel. （不可数） We need various steels. （可数）

c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如：

Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。

Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。

2） 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如：

four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化

物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一则建议。

3. 定语名词的复数

名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。例如：

sports meeting students reading-room

talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系

2） man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例 men workers women teachers gentlemen officials

3） 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如： goods train （货车） arms produce 武器生产

customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷

4） 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如： two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路

two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划

4. 名词的格 1） 单数名词词尾加\，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加\，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。

2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加\，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。 3） 凡不能加\的名词，都可以用\名词 of 名词\的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。

4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。

5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示\分别有\；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。 John's and Mary's rooms（两间） John and Mary's room（一间）

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6） 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or two's absence

考点七：冠词

I. 不定冠词的用法

不定冠词有a和an两种形式。a用在以辅音音标开头的词前,an用在以元音音标开头的词前。 a house, a useful book an hour, an umbrella 不定冠词的用法主要有:

1) 泛指某人或某物,不具体说明其为何人或何物。在行文叙述时,第一次提到某个人或事物时,通常使用不定冠词,此为“泛指”。例如: A girl is asking for you on the phone. My mother works in a hospital.

2) 用在单数可数名词前,表示一类人或事物,即以一个个体代表整类人或事物,此为“类指”。例如:

A plane is faster than a train.飞机比火车快。 A snake is a cold-blooded animal.蛇是冷血动物。 3) 表示“一”,但数量概念没有one强烈。例如:

They waited there for an hour.他们在那等了一个小时。

Rome wasn't built in a day.罗马非一天能建成。(即:冰冻三尺非一日之寒。) 如特别强调数量,应使用one。例如:

I have only one dictionary and I need it myself.

4) 用在表示时间、速度、价格等计量单位的名词前表示“每一”,相当于per或every。例如: The plane can get 300 kilometers an hour.飞机的速度是每小时300公里。

The doctor told her to take the medicine three times a day.医生叫她一天服三次药。 We work five days a week.我们一周工作五天。 5) 用于抽象名词、物质名词前(特别是这两种名词有定语修饰时),使之意义具体化,表示“一种”、“一件”、“一份”等。例如:

It is an honour for me to be invited to the party.我被邀请参加聚会是一种荣誉。(honour是抽象名词,an honour指一件荣誉的事)

There was heavy rain last week.(rain为物质名词,这里指一场雨) 6) 用于序数词(后加名词)前,表示又一个,又一次。例如:

He tried a sixth time and succeeded.他又试第六次,结果成功了。

When I sat down,a fourth student rose to speak.当我坐下时,又有第四个同学起立发言。 7) 用于某一个人名、地名前,使专有名词普通化。例如:

A Mr.Li has been waiting for you.一位姓李的先生一直在等你。

Chongqing is known as a Shanghai of the west.重庆被称作西部的上海。(Shanghai是专有名词,本句中a Shanghai指和上海一样繁华的城市)

8) 用于某些固定词组中,是这些词组不可缺少的组成部分。例如: in a moment立刻,马上 once upon a time从前 as a result (of)作为(??)的结果 in a hurry急忙地

in a word一句话,总而言之 once in a while偶尔地

have a good time过得很愉快 have a word with与??说句话

have/take a look (at)看一看 have/take a rest休息一下

take an active part in积极参加 (比较:take part in参加,不能说take a part in) do sb.a favour帮某人的忙 put an end to结束

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at a mouthful一大口地 all of a sudden突然地

II. 定冠词the的用法

① 表示上文提到过的人或事物。

He bought an English-Chinese dictionary this morning. The dictionary is very good.

② 用于单数可数名词前，表示整体或类别。 The panda is a rare animal.

此句等于：A panda is a rare animal. = Pandas are rare animals. ③ 用来表示世界上独一无二的事物。

the sun, the moon, the sky, the earth, the world ④ 用于表示阶级、党派的名词前。

the Chinese Communist Party, the working class the proletariat 无产阶级 ⑤ 常用于含有普通名词或形容词的专有名词前。 A. 用于许多江海，山脉，群岛等名词前：

The Yellow River The East Sea the Himalayas the Pacific Ocean B. 用于由普通名词构成的国名：

The People’s Republic of China the United States

C. 用于机关、团体、朝代、时代、报刊杂志等名词前：

the United Nations the State Council the Tang dynasty the People’s Daily the Summer Palace the Peace Hotel the British Museum ⑥ 用于表示方位的名词前。 ⑦ ⑧

the east the southwest the middle the Far East on the left 用于乐器名词前，但汉语拼音的乐器前不用冠词。 play the piano play the violin play erhu

用于复数的姓氏前，表示两夫妇或全家，在此情况下，这类名词作复数对待。

The Smiths watch TV every day.

⑨ 用于某些形容词或过去分词前，表示一类人或事物。 the poor the rich the living the young the wounded the oppressed the beautiful ⑩ 用在形容词的最高级前或序数词前。

Shanghai is the biggest city in china.

After the game, the first thing they wanted to do was to take a hot bath. III零冠词用法

① 表示某一类人或事物的复数名词前，不用冠词。

Now people are living a happy life. Trees are planted everywhere.

② 不含普通名词的专有名词，表示泛指的物质名词和抽象名词前，不用冠词。 We are studying English. He is leaving for America this year.

It is pleasant to walk in soft snow. Love is always stronger than hatred.

③ 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰，不用冠词。 I like this picture better. Is that your book?

Take their chairs away! I do not have any money on me.

As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct. ④ 季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。

She likes spring while I like summer. We have no classes on Saturday.

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The Long March started in October 1934. ⑤ ⑥

表示只有一人担任的职务、头衔的名词前，不用冠词。 We have elected him our monitor. 三餐饭的名词前，一般不用冠词。

When do you have lunch? After supper we usually take a walk.

⑦ 节假日等名词前，不用冠词。

Children all wear their best clothes on National Day. People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day. 注意：在eve后有of短语则要加定冠词：

on the eve of National Day on the eve of New Year’s Day ⑧ 球类和棋类运动的名词前，不用冠词。 play basketball play chess

⑨ 作表语用表示程度的形容词最高级前，不用冠词。 Your help was most timely. This method is most effective. 注意：如果有比较范围，形容词最高级前必须加定冠词： Of all methods, this is the most effective.

⑩ 在某些固定词组里，名词前不用冠词。

on foot by train/ boat / plane? in fact as a matter of fact in class in church in danger in hospital in town in bed at home at school at daybreak at sunrise at dusk at sunset at night at noon go to school

go to class go to bed from morning till night from victory to victory from door to door V 注意事项

① 当man作人类讲时，用零冠词。 Man will conquer nature. ② 某些抽象名词具体化时是可数名词，其前可加a。surprise, fire, joy, He is a success as a teacher. Long Jing is a famous tea in China. ③ a用于姓氏前表示某个只知道名字而不不熟悉的人。 A Mr Liu is waiting to see you outside. ④ 在某些句型中可加a

It is a pity that you have missed the chance.

It is a shame / a pleasure / a honour for sb. to do sth.

⑤ word 作消息讲时，用零冠词。 Word came that he would go abroad.gg 考点八：虚拟语气

对虚拟语气的测试主要涉及以下方面：

1） 主语、表语、同位语、宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法 2） wish , would rather虚拟语气结构的用法

3） if 条件句中虚拟语气的用法， 应特别注意省略if 的倒装结构是考试的重点 4） if only 结构中虚拟语气的用法

5） but for , or, otherwise 等含蓄条件句的用法 6） It’s time (that) 等结构中虚拟语气的用法

一、虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的运用！

条件从句有两类，一是真实条件句，另一是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句，这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。如：

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If time permits, we’ll go fishing together.如果时间允许，我们就一起去钓鱼。

如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如：

If you had come yesterday, you would have met that famous professor.如果你昨天来，你就会见到那位著名的教授了。（隐含的事实是：你昨天没来，也没见到那位著名教授）。

在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气，现将其形式列表如下： 1．虚拟语气现在时，表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。 条件从句 主句

动词过去式（be用 were） Would/should/could/might + 动词原形

If I were you, I should(would ,could, might)tell him the truth. 要是我是你，我就会告诉他真相了。（事实上我不是你）

If she had time, she would(could, might)help me.如果她有时间，她就会帮我了。（事实上她没有时间）

2. 语气过去式 表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。 条件从句 主句

Had +过去分词 Would/should/could/might + have+过去分词 If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t(couldn’t) have failed in the exam.如果你听了我的建议，你就不会考试不及格。（事实上你根本没听我的。）

3. 虚拟语气过去式 表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果 条件从句 主句 should+动词原形

were to+动词原形 would(could/should/might)+动词原形

Would/should/could/might +动词原形

If it should rain, the crops would(could, might)be saved.假如天下雨，庄稼可能就收获了。 注：在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中，were to + 动词原形比较正式，常用于书面语中。如：

If you were to go to Beijing, you would (could, might) have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square.

★★条件从句中省去if的情况

在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，常可以省略if，将had, were或should提至句首。如：

Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night. 假如我看了那部电影，昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。

Were I a bird, I could fly freely. 假如我是一只小鸟，我就能自由翱翔。

Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest. 要是下周能下雨的话，农民们就能有个好收成了。

4.主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气(混合条件句)

有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：

If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.如果你当时听了我的话，现在就能完成这份工作了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在。） If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。（从句说明现在，主句说明过去。）

If you hadn’t lent me some money, I couldn’t have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.假若你不借钱给我， 我不可能买下这幢新房，

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很可能现在还住在危房里。（从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在。）

5.含蓄条件句

非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况； Eg.

W hat would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在分词短语without you中)

But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功。 (暗含条件是but for your help)

He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or/otherwise he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)

二、虚拟语气某些从句中的运用！ 1. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。

在“It is important (strange, natural, necessary) that?”这类句型中，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “(should)+动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要”，“奇怪”，“自然”，“必要”等意义。如：

It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English. 重要的是每个北京人能说英语。

It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 有必要马上把他送医院。 2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。

（1）在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。

a.表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be的过去式用were )表示。如：

I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。（可惜不知道。）

b.表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词用 had+过去分词。如：

I wish (that) I hadn’t wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。（实际上已经 浪费掉了。） c.表示对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词形式为 “would/could/might+动词原形”，此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿（非动作名词除外）。如： I wish it would stop raining.但愿雨能停止。

I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安静一些。

（2）在suggest（建议）, demand(要求), order(命令), propose(建议), insist（坚持要做）, command(命令), request(要求), desire(希望)等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 “(should)+动词原形”，表示建议，要求，命令等。如：

I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once.我建议马上开会。

The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。

★★ 当suggest表示暗示，主语为something；insist表示坚持观点时，后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。比较：

His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。

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He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。

He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。

He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持他每天都要早操。 3. 虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法。

当主语为advice, suggestion, order, proposal等词时后接表语从句，表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形”结构，表示某人建议、劝告、命令等的内如：

My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。 4．特殊的虚拟语气结构。 （1）虚拟语气用在状语从句中

由as if 或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。 （用法与wish相同）

The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child.这位老师带这位学生就象她的亲生孩子一样。

He speaks as if he had been to the United States.他说得好象他真的到过美国似的。 （2）在It is time (that)从句中，谓动词常用动词过去式或should+动词原形 表示虚拟语气 （3）I’d rather (that)?句型中从句中虚拟语气， Eg.

I would rather you did it now.

I would rather you did it tomorrow.

I would rather you had done it yesterday.

5. 用在if only 引起的感叹句中 （用法与wish相同） If only the driver didn’t drive so fast!

6．在由 for fear that, in case, lest 等引导的状语从句中，用should+动词原形 考点九：情态动词 1.情态动词的基本用法

(1)can、be able to 和could

①can和be able to都表示能力，意思上没多大区别。但can只有现在和过去时，而be able to则有更多的形式。但当成功地完成某一具体动作时，通常不用could而用was/were able to来表示。这时was/were able to 相当于managed to，表示经过一番努力，终于能够完成某事。如： Can you use chopsticks?

The wounded man still was able to get to the village and was saved in the end.

②can和could

can和could都可以表示能力、技能、许可、建议或请求和可能性。但比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法，一般用could，回答时则用can。如： Could you help me carry the bag? Can I help you?

(2)may/might

①may/might表示可能，但may比might可能性大。 Eg.---Why isn’t he in class?

---- He may be sick.(生病的可能性较大)

—--- He might be sick.(生病的可能性较小)

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②may/might表示“允许”，may用于现在时或将来时，might常用在间接引语中表过去时，但might也可用于现在时间，表示比较委婉的语气，回答用may。如： He says we may leave. He said we might leave.

③may / might 表示建议或请求，但might比may 更客气，意思更肯定而无过去时态的含义。 —May / Might I use your bike? —Yes, you can / may. ----No, you mustn’t （3）must

①must表示必须，应该，没有时态变化。如： You must do everything as I do. ②must表示肯定的推测。如：

The light is still on, so he must be at home. ③mustn’t 表示禁止做某事。如： You mustn’t smoke in the office. （4）have to

have to 表示“必须、不得不”，是由于某种外界（客观）原因而“必须”，“不得不”做某事，也可表示经常的或习惯性的事“必须”做。have to的否定形式表示不必。have to可用于多种时态中。如：

You will have to clean your own boots when you join the army. I have to be at my office every evening.

（5）should / ought to

①should和ought to表示应当、应该，前者比后者语气轻。如： You should / ought to work hard.

②should / ought to的否定形式表示禁止之意。如：

Children shouldn’t smoke.

③should可表示陈述意见，推出建议或请求；而ought to可以表示劝告之意。如： You ought to respect your parents.

He suggested that they should leave at once.

④should 可以用来表示说话者“吃惊”的语气， 常翻译成“竟然”。 You can’t imagine such a well-dressed man should be so rude to a lady. （6）will / would

①will 用于各种人称表示“意志”、“意愿”或“决心”等，否定式won’t + 动词。如： I will tell you all about it.

Tom won’t do such a thing.

②will用于疑问句中，常用在第二称时表示说话人向对方提出“请求”或“询问”如： Will you please tell her the news when you see her?

③will 表示习惯性的动作，有“总是”、“惯于”的含义。如： Fish will die out of water.

④would 表示客气的请求、建议或意愿。如： Would you please be quiet?

Would you like coffee?

⑤would 表示过去反复发生的动作。如：

When I passed my school I would see my teachers who taught me 5 years ago.

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（7）need

need 作“必要”讲，既可作情态动词，也可作实义动词。作实义动词时后面的动词不定式要带to，其变化与一般动词相同。如： I need to think it over.

---Need you go now? --—Yes, I must./No, I needn’t （8）dare

dare表示“敢”的意思。作为情态动词时，主要用在疑问句和否定句中。dare若作实义动词，后面可带to的不定式，此时to也可以省略。dare与need的用法相似。如： How dare you say that?

She doesn’t date(to)ask her father. （9）used to

used to表示过去常常发生的动作或存在的习惯，但现在已不复存在了。如： He used to smoke.

（10）shall

①shall作为情态动词用于第二、三人称，表示说话人的意愿，有“命令”、“警告、威胁、强制”和“允许”等意思。如： We shall do as our teacher says.

You shall have the book as soon as I finish it.

②在疑问句中，shall用于征求对方的意见或请求指示，常用于第一、第三人称。如： Where shall he wait for us?

Shall we go out for a walk?

2、情态动词表示推测或判断的用法

下表即是表示推测的情态动词使用的场合：

情态动词 对现在和未来的推测 对过去的推测 使 用 场 合

must + 动词原形 must+ have done 肯定句

may / might + 动词原形 May / might+ have done 肯定句、否定句

can /could +do Can / could+have done 否定句、疑问名（could可用于肯定句）

should 用来表示一种估计的情况“按理会/估计会”should do/be should have done 肯定句、否定句、疑问句

例如：

It must have rained last night.

She may not be at home. = It is possible that she is not at home. She can’t be at home. = It is impossible that she is at home. They should be there right now. 3、情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法

情态动词用于虚拟语气中表示责备的感情色彩，用法如下：

（1）should have done表示“本来应该做某事而实际上未做”，而shouldn’t have done则表示“本不应该做某事而实际上做了”。如： You should have told me about it earlier.

You shouldn’t have said such words to your parents.

（2）ought to have done也表示“本应该??”而ought not to have done则意为“本不应该??”。如：

You ought to have told me about it earlier.

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You ought not to have said such words to your parents.

（3）needn’t have done表示“本无必要做某事而实际上做了”。如： You needn’t have walked so quickly since time was enough.

（4）could have done表示“本来有可能??而事实上未做到”。如： I could have come on time, but my car broke on the way. 二、精典名题导解 选择填空

1. I was really anxious about you. You________home without a word.(NMET 2001) A.mustn’t have B.shouldn’t have left C.couldn’t have left D.needn’t have

解析：答案为B。本题考查的是情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法。题目给出的条件是“我确实非常担心你”，因此后面可知应是责备you不应该没说一句话就离开了。 2.—Are you coming to Jeff’s party?

—I’m not sure. I__________ go to the concert instead.(NMET 2000)

A.must B.would C.should D.might 解析：答案为D。本题考查情态动词的基本用法。由题目中“I’m not sure”,表明我可能去Jeff’s party，也可能去音乐会，故用might。 3. —Will you stay for lunch?

—Sorry, ____________. My brother is coming to see me.(NMET 99)

A.I mustn’t B.I can’t C.I needn’t D.I won’t

解析：答案为B。本题考查表示请求的英语口语，用will来向第二人称提问的疑问结构，是表示一种请求和意愿，是用疑问的形式来表达较为婉转的祈使语气，意思是“请你??，好吗”，对于这种问句的肯定回答是：Suree! Gertainly! Yes, of course. I’d be glad to 等；否定回答通常是：I’m sorry, I can’t. No, I’m afraid I can’t. I’m sorry, but ? I’d like to, but ?等。注意情态动词表客气的用法及其在一般疑问句中的问与答。 考点十：倒装句 1. 完全倒装

表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首

eg. In the dark forest _______, some large enough to hold several English towns. A. stand many lakes B. lie many lakes C. many lakes lie Key: B

D. many lakes stand

2. 部分倒装

a. only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放于句首时 eg. Only then ______ how much damage had been caused. A. she realized B. she had realized C. had she realized

D. did she realized

Key: D

b. 否定副词never,nor,not,hardly,little,seldom,rarely等置于句首时

eg. Little _____ that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business. A. he realized C. didn’t he realize Key: D

B. he didn’t realize D. did he realize

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c. 几个重要句型

So + be/情态/助 动词 + 主语 Neither + be/情态/助动词 + 主语 So + adj/adv … + that … Neither …, nor … Not only …, but also … Not until …

eg. If Joe’s wife won’t go to the party, ___________. A. he will either B. neither will he C. he neither will Key: B 3. 形式倒装

as 引导让步状语从句，必须把所强调的信息放在句首

eg. _______, his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting. A. Strange as might it sound C. As strange it might sound Key: D

考点十一：强调句 1.强调句型

It is/was + 被强调部分 + that + 句子其他成分 a. 强调句变为一般疑问句或特殊疑问句

b. not?until的强调句型

eg. It ______ we had stayed together for a couple of days _____ I found we had a lot in common. A. was until; when B. was until; that C. wasn’t unitl; when D. wasn’t until; that Key: D

c. 强调句中含有定语从句或其他从句

eg. It is not who is right but what is right ______ is of importance. A. which B. it C. that D. this Key: C

d. 强调句中强调时间装状语和 It is +时间+ when定语从句等句式的区分

2． 谓语动词的强调

强调谓语用 do/does/did 。 考点十二：省略句 1. 不定式的省略 a.

省略动词不定式后的动词，保留to。常在expect, forget, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, seem, try, want等后面

b. 在 have, need, ought, be going , used等的后面

c. 否定形式的省略用not to

d. 如果不定式中含有 be, have, have been, 通常保留be, have, have been 2. 状语从句中的省略

a. 当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be b. 当从句的主语是it，谓语动词中含有be时，可以省略it和be

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D. either he will

B. As it might sound strange D. Strange as it might sound

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c. 用so 和not代替上文内容

考点十三：介 词

介词是表示它后面的名词、代词、短语、从句等与句子其他成分的关系的词。在句子中它不能单独使用，只能由名词、代词、数词、动名词等构成的介词短语作句子的成分。介词分为简单介词、复合介词、双重介词、短语介词和分词介词五种类型。高考介词主要考查点如下： 1、常见介词的用法。 2、介词的固定搭配：

1）介词与其后的名词或代词构成介词短语，在句中作状语、宾语、表语、宾补语后置定语。 2）介词与其前面的动词或形容词构成动词词组，后面要有宾语。这时的词组相当于一个及物动词。

3、最常见表示时间、地点与方式介词的用法。 4、某些意思比较相近的介词用法辨析。

5、同一介词可表达多种意义，同一场合意义不同则介词不同；； 6、复合介词及双重介词的使用 解题策略：

● 牢记固定的介词词组 ●正确把握重要介词的用法 ● 辨析意义相近的介词 【要点点拨】

复习时要把握三点：

A. 要注意理解情景意义：同一介词可表达多种意义，同一场合意义不同则介词不同。 He hasn’t come for a month. (for 持续时间) The day is warm for April .（for 就??而言）

B. 要突破几个关键介词in , on , at , with , by , from , of , to , for .

1 . 表示时间的：at; in ; on , since , from , to , after , within , during , throughout , towards , over , by , till ;

2 . 表示穿越的:through , across , over

3．表示地理位置的：in ; on; to ;

4． 表示原因、目的的：for ;with ; from ;

5. 表示关于的:about , concerning , regarding , with regard to , as for ,as to ; 6. 表示根据：on ; according to ;

7. in the corner ;on the corner , at the corner 的区别 8．between 和among

9．besides ;except ; but ;except for

10．in 和with

C. 要注意介词搭配，集中归纳，反复练习。

1. 固定与to 构成搭配的名词：key , answer , visit , apology , introduction ,note , etc. 2. 与on 有关的：mercy , congratulations

3. 与at有关的：angry , good , bad , clever , terrified , surprised ; 4. 与of 有关的：afraid , sure , full , tired , fond , proud , worthy , certain ; 5. 与with 有关的：angry , strict , careful , busy , poplar ;

6. 与to 有关的：next, good , polite , kind , cruel , rude , known , anxious , married , close , near , similar, due ;

7. 与for 有关的：sorry , good , free , fit , unfit , eager, anxious , hungry ;

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8. 与from 有关的：far , different , free, safe , absent , tired .

几组介词的区别：

一、 表示地点时 at, in, on 的区别

★ at 表示在较小的地方(村庄, 小城镇,门牌); 在某物旁(不确定的地方)

★ in 表示在较大的地方(国家,城市); 在某物范围内.(地点的排列顺序是由小到大).

★ on 表示在某物上(表面接触); road 前用on, street前用in/on; 楼层用on; farm前用on, field前用in.

二、 表示时间时 at, in, on的区别

★ at表示时间点(在几点,中午;午夜;夜里;某日期或一段时间的开头或结尾)(at sunrise; at the weekend; at Christmas)

★ on 表示在特定的某一天或某天的上午,下午,晚上等 ★ in 表示一段时间.后接月,年,季等表一段时间的名词. 三、 表持续时间的since, for, in, after的区别 ★ since 接过去的某时间点, 常用于完成时.

★ for 接一段具体的时间, 常用于完成时.

★ in + 一段时间与非延续性动词连用,表一段时间以后,多用于将来时; 与延续性动词连用,表一段时间内,时态不限.

★ after + 一段时间,常用于过去时.

四、 表方位的介词in, on, to, off的区别 ★ in 表示在境内.

★ on 表示相邻或在边界上, 不在境内. ★ to 表示在境外, 不接壤.

★ off 表示在海面上靠近海岸的地方. 五、 表示运动方向或目的的介词 ★ across 表示穿过物体表面,或横过. ★ through 表示在某一空间通过,或纵向穿过. ★ along 表示沿着一条线平行.

★ up 表示向上,由南到北,由东到西,由沿海到内陆,由小地方到大地方,由农村到城市. 反之则用down.

★ to 表示动作的目的地; towards指朝向,无到达的意思; for表示前往的目的,连用的动词有leave, start off, set out, head, sail 等. 六、 表示除---- 之外的介词

★ besides 表示包含, 除 --- 之外还有--- ★ except 表示排除, 除 ---- 之外

★ but 表示排除, 多与nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all, who 等连用. ★ except for 表示除去整体中的部分, “只是, 只不过” 七、 介词 among 和 between 的区别

★ among 表示三个或以上的人或物之间,后接复数名词或集体名词.

★ between 用于两者之间, 或三个以上的两两之间(具体的名词已经列出) 八、 表示价格,比率,标准,速度的介词

★ at 表示价值，价格, 比率或速度, 表单价.

★ for 表示交换, 指总价钱

★ by 表示度量单位或标准. 后接表计量单位的名词一般是单数,前面需加定冠词the. 数词或复数名词前不加.

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九、介词with后面加上doing/done/adj./prep/prep-phrase的复合结构作定语或状语。

考点十四：形容词和副词 ?高考形容词考查项目

1）形容词作定语、表语和宾语补足语的用法； 2）比较等级：原级、比较级、最高级。 副词考查项目

1）时间、地点、方式、程度、疑问、连接、关系等副词的用法； 2）比较等级：原级、比较级、最高级。 ?解题策略：

高考题中多次出现对形容词、副词考点的考查，而侧重语境考查的题目占较大比重。答此类题目时不仅仅要理解形容词和副词的词义，而且对语境的正确理解更为重要。 ?知识盘点

* 形容词及其用法

1．形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。

1）直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。

2）叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。

这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。 3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后。例如：something nice. 2. 以-ly结尾的形容词

1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。

2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等。 3. 用形容词表示类别和整体

1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。

2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用，如the British，the English，the French，the Chinese等。

4. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序

多个形容词修饰名词时，限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词，如those + three + beautiful + large + square +old + brown + wood + table。

下面的口诀可帮你记住这一先后顺序，也是解题的关键。 限定描绘大长高， 形状年龄和新老； 颜色国籍跟材料， 作用类别往后靠；

其中，“限定词”包括：冠词、物主代词、指示代词、或数词，它位于各类形容词前。它本身分为三位，即：前、中、后。前位限定词有all、half、both、分数和倍数；中位限定词有冠词、指示代词、物主代词等；后位限定词有基数词和序数词，但序数词位于基数词前。如:both my

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hands、all half his income等。“描绘”性形容词如：beautiful、bad、cold、great等。“大长高”表示大小、长短、高低等一些词。表示“形状”的词如：round square等。“国籍”指一个国家或地区的词。“材料”的词如：wooden, woolen, stone, silk等。“作用类别”的词如：medical, college，writing desk，police car等。

还有一句最简单的口诀更容易记记：限观形龄色国材 * 副词及其基本用法

副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。 一、副词的位置 1） 在动词之前。

2） 在be动词、助动词之后。

3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。 注意：

a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。 b. 方式副词well，badly，hard等只放在句尾。 二、副词的排列顺序：

1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。

2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。 3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。 注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。

注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 三、兼有两种形式的副词

1） close与closely

close意思是\近\；closely 意思是\仔细地\。 2） late 与lately

late意思是\晚\；lately 意思是\最近\。

3） deep与deeply

deep意思是\深\，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，\深深地\。 4） high与highly

high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much。 5） wide与widely

wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是\广泛地\，\在许多地方\。 6） free与freely

free的意思是\免费\；freely 的意思是\无限制地\。 * 形容词与副词的比较级

大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。

1） 规则变化

单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。 构成法 原级 比较级 最高级 一般单音节词末尾加-er,-est tall taller

tallest

以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st nice nicer nicest 以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er,-est big bigger biggest

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\以辅音字母+y\结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-est busy busier busiest

少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est clever/narrow cleverer/ narrower cleverest/ narrowest

其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级 important/ easily more important/ more easily most important/ most easily 2） 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good better well（健康的） bad

oldest/eldest

most

ill（有病的） old older/elder

best worse

worst

much/many more little less least

far farther/further farthest/furthest * 一些固定结构的用法

1．as + 形容词或副词原级 + as

1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so? as。

2）当as? as 中间有名词时采用以下格式：as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。 注意：

too和so也可以构成 too+形容词+ a +单数名词 结构

3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。 4）倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the ? + of。例如：

This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。 This bridge is three times the length of that one.

Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大。 Your room is twice the size of mine. 2．比较级形容词或副词 + than 。 注意：

1）要避免重复使用比较级。

2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。

3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。 4）要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。 3． 可修饰比较级的词

1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。 2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。

3）以上词（除by far）外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。

4. many, old 和 far

1） 如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。 2） old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。

3） far 有两种比较级，farther，further。一般father 表示距离，further表示进一步。 5． the + 最高级 + 比较范围

1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。

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形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示\非常\。

注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。

2）在比较级前可以使用much,(a)little, a lot, far, even, still, any, a great deal, rather等副词表示比较的程度,many,(a)few只能用在表示数量比较的more前。 另外,在too, very, quite, so, rather等后应用原级。例如: 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost。 注意：

a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。 b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。

3） 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。

4） \否定词语+比较级\，\否定词语+ so? as\结构也可以表示最高级含义。 6. 和more有关的词组，

1） the more?the more? 越??就越??。

2） more B than A=less A than B 与其说A不如说B。 3） no more? than? 与??一样??，不比??多。 no less? than? 与??一样??。

4） more than 不只是，非常。

7．.the+形容词/副词比较级+of the two “两个中更??的那一个” 。 8．最高级后表示比较范围的介词使用。例如: Han Meimei is the youngest ______ all the students. A. in B. than C. of D. over

在最高级后通常会用一个in或of引导的介词短语来表示比较的范围。in表示在一定场所、范围内进行比较,of则表示与同类对象进行比较,故该题选C。 考点十五：动词时态语态考点盘点 1、动词时态考查要点简述

（1）一般现在时考点分析

①表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）

The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. Water boils at 100oC.

②表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。 Ice feels cold.

We always care for each other and help each other.

③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如： I know what you mean. Smith owns a car and a house.

All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.

④在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。

If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。

⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be

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表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。

The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day. Tomorrow is Wednesday.

（2）一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点）。

①一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：

I met her in the street yesterday. I once saw the famous star here. They never drank wine.

I thought the film would be interesting,but it isn’t.

②如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如：

He told me he read an interesting novel last night.

③表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。

The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her. He bought a watch but lost it. ④常用一般过去时的句型： Why didn’t you / I think of that? I didn’t notice it.

I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before. I didn’t recognize him.

（3）一般将来时考点分析。

①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。

②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。

We’ll die without air or water.

③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。 ④be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：

be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。

be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如： If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正确)

If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)

be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。 A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.

be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。 Autumn harvest is about to start.

（4）现在进行时考点分析。

①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如： It is raining now.

He is teaching English and learning Chinese.

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I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.

We are leaving on Friday.

At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)

The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)

②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。 （5）过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）。

①常用过去完成时的几种情况：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/

though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned ? + to have done。（C）“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.（D）表示“一??就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. ②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。

After he (had)left the room, the boss came in. We arrived home before it snowed. （6）过去将来时考点分析。

参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来；come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。 （7）过去进行时考点分析。

①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。

②某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。 （8）现在完成时考点分析。

①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。 ②下列句型中常用现在完成时

It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句

This(That / It)is the first(second?)time that + 完成时 This(That / It)is the only ? + that + 完成时

This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting ? + that 从句 + 完成时 ③在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如： I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.

If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better. Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.

（9）注意几组时态的区别：

①一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。

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结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。 ②过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。 2、被动语态考查要点简述

被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。 （1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。 ①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。 My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.

An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.

I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday. ②主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。 The boss made him work all day long.

He was made to work all day long(by the boss)

③短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。 The children were taken good care of (by her).

Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.

④情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。

⑤当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如： People say he is a smart boy. It is said that he is a smart boy. He is said to be a smart boy.

People know paper was made in China first. It is known that paper was made in China first. Paper was known to be made in China first.

类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that ? （2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。

①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。

②表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。

③表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。

④表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。 ⑤宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。 ⑥宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。

⑦有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。

（3）主动形式表被动意义。

①当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。

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This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。 These novels won’t sell well.这些小说不畅销。 My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。 The door won’t lock.门锁不上。 The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。

②当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。

The plan worked out successfully. The lamps on the wall turn off.

③want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。 ④be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。

⑤在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。 This kind of water isn’t fit to drink. The girl isn’t easy to get along with.

另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。 （4）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。

①be seated坐着

He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。 ②be hidden躲藏

He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。 ③be lost迷路

④be drunk喝醉 ⑤be dressed穿着

The girl was dressed in a red short skirt. （5）被动语态与系表结构的区别

被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如： The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态) The book is well sold.(系表结构) 二、精典名题导解 选择填空

1. Visitors ________not to touch the exhibits.(NMET 2001) A.will request B.are requested

C.are requesting D.request

解析：答案为B。此题的时态是不难判断的，因为说的是一条规定，所以用一般现在时，而visitor与request之间是动宾关系，即request visitors not to touch the exhibits,究竟是谁要求他们这样做呢？不清楚，也不必知道，因此需要用被动语态。分析visitors与request之间的关系是此题的解题关键。

2. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology __________ so rapidly.(NMET 2001)

A.is changing B.has changed

C.will have changed D.will change

解析：答案为A。此题考查现在进行时态的用法。句意为“选择一部移动电话不是一件容易的事，因为科技发展得十分迅速。”本句的主句一般现在时表达的是目前的情况，而“科技发展迅速”也是现阶段正存在的一种状态，不是在过去，也不是在将来，因此只能用现在进行时

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表达。

3. All the preparations for the task ___________, and we’re ready to start.（2000年春季高考） A.completed B.complete

C.had been completed D.have been completed

解析：答案为D。现在完成时表示过去年做的事对现在的影响。从and we’re ready to start句意可知，一切准备工作已经就绪，可以开始工作了。complete是及物动词，与句子的主语是被动关系，所以需要用被动语态表达。注意①分清complete与主语之间的关系；②结合语境选择正确时态。

考点十六：动词短语考点盘点 1.break

vt. A. 打破、打碎、打断 Who broke the window into pieces? He fell and broke his leg. Try not to break the silence.

B.违反

He often breaks his promise/his word/ the law/ the rule. C.习语

break away突然离开

break away from sb.脱离、离开、背弃

break down 中断、粉碎、发生故障、（身体）跨了、（机器）坏了 break forth迸发、爆发、发泄

break in闯进、打断

break in on sb.打断某人的谈话 break into?闯入、侵占

break?into pieces打碎 break off折断、突然中断 break?open 撬开 break out爆发 break through?突破

break?up开垦、破碎、解散、分解 break with sb.与某人断交 break sb's heart使某人心碎 2.bring

A. vt. 带来、拿来（由远而近） Bring me the paper, please. He forgot to bring his umbrella. May I bring her to see you? Shall I bring the books upstairs?

After we were seated, she brought out dishes. B.习语

bring?about造成、导致

bring? down打落（飞机、禽鸟等）、降低（物价、温度等） bring? forward提出

bring?in引进、介绍、收获 bring?into being实现、使产生

bring?into effect/practice实行、贯彻

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bring?out出版、发表

bring?to an end/ a stop/ a close使终止、结束 bring? to mind使想起、回忆起 bring?together集合；召集 bring?up养育、呕吐 bring?to victory使走向胜利 bring?to safety带到安全地带 3.catch

A. vt. 抓住、逮住、挂住

He caught my hand and held it tightly. We caught ten monkeys in all. The nail caught my coat.

但是 vi. 挂住 His coat caught on a nail. The kite caught in a tree. B.赶上、搭上We'll hurry and catch the 10:30 bus. C.听懂Pease repeat it. I didn't quite catch you. Do you catch my meaning?

D.染上He caught a bad flu.

E.（出其不意地）撞上、碰上She caught him smoking. Some boys were caught stealing flowers from the garden. F. 给撞上、碰上The ship was caught in a hurricane. One night we were caught in a thunderstorm. Hurry up and don't get caught in a storm. G.习语

catch at sth. 想抓住、设法抓住 catch sb. by surprise出其不意抓住

catch/get/seize/take hold of?（突然）抓住、抓牢 catch sb's attention/eye吸引某人注意 catch sight of?看到、发现

catch the point of?抓住?的要点 catch up赶上

catch up with?赶上? 补上COME 4．Do

A. aux. v.

(1) 帮助构成一般过去时或一般现在时的疑问或否定式 They do not believe it. When id they arrive there?

(2) 用在肯定句和祈使句中加强语气 I do miss you, Mum. She does sing well. Do be on time.

So she did come after all.

(3) 用来表示前边提到的动作（以免重复）

---May I come round in the evening? ---Yes, please do. I knew he would help us, and he did.

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(4) 用于某些倒装句中

Only then did I realize he had been wrong. Never did he know anything about it. B. 做 vt.

Can I do anything for you?

We often do our homework together. The glass is broken. who did it? We did some reading last night. She did most of the talking. C. vi.

(1) 表示生活、学习等情况 How do you do?

They did very well in English but badly in maths. How did you do in the exam? How are you doing? (2) 行了、够了、可以

Talking with your mouth full won't do. On e piece of bread will do. (3) 做、办

Do as you are told to.

When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

Let her do as she likes. D.习语

do?with?处理 What have you done with my bike? can do with?将就用 I can do with the old bed. do something about?对?采取措施

do sb. a favor=do a favor for sb.帮某人个忙

do away with?废除、破除、去掉

do sb. good/harm/wrong= do good/harm/wrong to sb. 对某人有益/有害/冤枉某人 do one's best/ bit/part=do everything/all/what one can尽力 do ?up包扎、扣（纽扣）

do without?没有?也行、不需要 have something to do with?与?有关 do right/wrong做得对/做错了 come A. vi.来

She is coming in no time. Here comes the soup. He came running all the way. 逐渐

He has come to love the stories by William Shakespeare. He has come to realize the importance of good English. B. link v.

His dream finally came true. C.习语

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come about发生

come across?偶遇；偶尔发现

come along一道来；一起去；进步；赶快 come at?袭击 come by? 获得

How did you come by these pictures? come away脱离；折断

come back回来；复员；恢复 come down倒下；跌落；传下来 come down with?患（病） come (in) first/second得第一/二 come forth出来；涌现

come forward 前进；自告奋勇；涌现 come from? 出身于；来自

come in/ into sight出现；被看见

come into being/ existence发生；产生；出现 come into effect/ force开始生效；开始实施 come into power/ office上台；掌握政权 come into use 开始使用

come off脱落；发生

come on（风雨等）到来；演出；赶快 come out长出来；出版

come out against? 起来反对

come out with? 讲出；泄露（秘密等） come to= come to oneslef苏醒过来 come to ?总计；谈到

His earnings comes to $182,000 a year.

When it comes to football, everyone likes David Beckham. come a conclusion得出结论；告一段落 come to a sto/ an end停止

come to nothing毫无结果；失败

come to the point说到要点；抓住关键 come up走近；长出；流行 come upon?碰见 5.feel感觉、觉得 A. (1) vt

Do you feel any pain when I press here? Facing this situation, they felt both joy and fear. (2) link v. I don't feel very well today. The busier he is, the happier he feels. The desk feels smooth.

(3) vt. 接复合宾语

I felt someone go upstairs.

I felt a great weight taken off my mind after the exam.

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She felt their eyes watching her when she came to the stage. She felt herself (to be) right. I felt it my duty to help you.

He felt it necessary to talk about his own shortcomings. (4) vt. 宾语从句

He felt strongly that we should take some action about the bad practice. B. vt. 摸 He felt the pot and it felt very hot. C.习语

feel like doing sth.想要 feel one's way摸索前进 feel sb's pulse切脉

feel as if/ as though感觉似乎

She felt as if she were a member of the family. feel quite oneself 觉得身体很好 6.find

A. vt. (1) 发现

I found a wallet on the street corner yesterday.

He found her in danger.=He found that she was in danger.

I found him (to be) a tough guy.=I found that he was a tough guy.

This method was found to be practical.=It was found that the method was practical. I find it interesting to read these stories.= I find that it is interesting to =read these stories. I found a dog killed in the park.= I found that a dog had been killed in the park.

I found a man breaking into a warehouse.= I found that a man was breaking into a warehouse. (2) 找到

Have you found the book you have been looking for? B.习语

find?out查清楚；弄明白；了解；打听 find one's way to sp.设法赶到；进入 They found their way to the front of the crowd. The news found its way to a lot of people. find fault with sb. 对某人吹毛求疵；挑剔 find oneself?发现自己?、不自觉地? They found themselves in a difficult situation.

Then I found myself surrounded by some boys.

He found himself walking in the direction to the park.他发现自己不知不觉地在往公园的方向走。 7.get

A. vt.得到、弄来Where did you get these good ideas? Let me go get the doctor.

Will you get me a ticket?=Will you get a ticket for me? He got a poor wage. Let's get something to eat. B.习语

get about（消息）传开

A rumor(谣传) got around that Fu Biao was ill in hospital. get?across讲清楚;渡过

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I wonder how to get my new ideas across. get ahead of?领先

get along进展、过活、相处 get away逃掉

get away from?避免、摆脱、离开 get back回来 get?back收回、找回 get behind落后 get ?down记下来

get down to (business/ work/ studies)认真做 get to know/ realize/love/like逐渐地了解/爱上 get in进来

get?in收进来、请来 get off起飞、下车、出发 get?off脱下

get on?上车/船/飞机等；继续进行；相处 get?out拔出、洗掉、出版 get out传出

News got out that you were leaving. get over?克服、摆脱

get rid of?消灭、摆脱、除掉 get round?绕过、回避

get somewhere有结果/成就

get through?做完、结束；看完、用完

get together聚会、联欢 get up起床、举办

The students are going to get up a concert on May Day. have got=have有

have got to=have to不得不

8.give vt. 给Who is going to give the talk? He was given a good beating last night. 习语

give?away泄露、送掉、分配

give?back归还、报复 give...forth发出；发表 give in屈服、让步 give?in交上

give in to sb./ sth.屈服于；对?让步

give?off放出、发出（光、热、气味等） give oneself up to doing sth. 献身于、专心于 give up放弃、投降 give?up停止、戒掉

give way to sb.让步；让位于

As winter gave way to spring, days were getting longer. given that假定；已知

give sb. a hand帮某人忙 give rise to导致 9.go A. vi. 走

He has gone back home a newspaper.

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Pride goes before a fall.

B. link v.

He went hungry for a week.

His face went pale when he heard the news.

This guy went wild/ crazy/ mad after the loss of his wife. Don't ever eat the bread. It has gone bad. C.习语

go after?设法得到；追求

go along向前发展 We'll learn as we go along. go back on one's word/ promise失信

go back to?追溯到 This custom goes back to Roman times. go beyond?超过 go down下落；减弱 go up增长；提高 go into?研究；从事 go off爆炸；（电、水等）停掉 go ahead继续进行；去做吧 go all out全力以赴

go and do sth.= go to do sth. go down on one's knees跪下 go in for喜爱；从事 go on发生；持续 go on to do sth.接着做（另一件事情）

go on doing sth.继续做（同一件事情）

go on with sth. .继续做（同一件事情，可以有间隔）

go out熄灭；过时

go over sth.浏览；复习；审阅 go through?经历；检查；

go shopping/ fishing/ skiing/ skating/ begging/ boating/ swimming/ fox hunting/ sightseeing/ mountain climbing

go from bad to worse每况愈下

go from door to door

be gone丢了；走了；一去不复返

Gone are the days when we studied together happily. have a go试一下

go out of one's way to do sth. 不辞辛劳去做??. go to hell见鬼去吧 go to sleep睡着

go through with?.把??.进行到底 go well with?与??相配/协调 go without?不吃/用??过日子

Sometimes they went for days without washing their faces. 10.have

句型1 have sb./ sth. do sth. Let's have them stand facing the wall. 句型2 have sb./ sth. doing

We had the fire burning all night.

I won't have you talking to your dad like that!

句型3 have sb./ sth. done I will have my radio fixed.

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He had his wallet stolen.

句型4 have sth. to do I have a letter to write.

句型5 have to do sth. I have to get up early every day. 习语

与动词同行的名词连用，表示动作：have a talk with?

have a look/ glance/ glimpse at have a meeting/ discussion/ operation/ haircut have an English lesson have a swim/ wash/ rest/ try/ smoke/ taste/ dream/ walk have a cold/ cough/ headache/ pain have lunch/ some beer

have a good/pleasant/ tough/ bad/ hard/ difficult terrible time They had a hard time solving the problem. have fun

have a word/a few words with sb. have words with sb. have something/ nothing/ a lot to do with…

have sth. on

had better (not) do sth. have something with sb.随身携带 have a baby

have a test/ talk/ speech/ lecture/ chat have had enough of厌倦

have sth. back要回

have one's own way按照自己的意思办；我行我素 have sth. to oneself完全由自己使用

You can have the house entirely to yourself. 11.hold

A. vt.拿着；握着

Holding my hand, he tried to calmed me down. Hold the line, please.

容纳 How much water can the tank hold? 拥有；占有He held the position for years.

举行Chinese film weeks will be held in other places. B.习语

hold?back阻碍；忍住；保留 hold?down 控制； 镇压 hold?forth提出；

hold?in memory 记住 hold on坚持下去；（电话）别挂 hold on to?抓住不放

hold out坚持到底；维持；伸出

We must hold out, and the enemy will give up. They were ready to hold out a friendly hand.

hold to sth.紧紧抓住；坚持（路线、道路、看法等） hold?together合在（一起）；团结（在一起） hold?up举起；耽搁；耽误

The storm held us up, so we were late for the meeting.

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Their wages were help up or reduced for no reason.

12.keep A. vt.

(1)保留 I'll keep a seat for you.

(2)养活；饲养 He has a large family to keep. He keeps some chicken. (3)使??处在??状态 Sorry to have kept you waiting. Let's keep the door open but keep the windows closed. You must keep us well informed Mr. Xue always keeps us busy. Close the door to keep the cold out. Let's keep the room in order. B. link v. 保持

We must keep fit.=We must keep in good health. Keep calm in time of danger. C.习语

keep a record of登记；记录 keep a secret保密 keep watch注意；提防

keep one's promise/word履行诺言 keep the law/rule遵守法律/法规 keep?apart使分离

keep away不接近；避开

keep?back扣下；阻止；留下；忍住（眼泪等） keep birthday/ Christmas庆祝生日/圣诞等 keep body and soul together维持生活 keep?down控制；缩减

keep sb. doing sth. 使??.坚持做 keep silence保持安静；保持沉默 keep sth. to oneself把??据为己有

keep sb. from doing sth. 阻止；使免于；抑制 keep hold of?抓住不放 keep ?in mind记住

keep doing sth. 继续做；不断地做 keep on doing sth. 不停地做;反复地做 keep?out不许??.入内 keep out of?不参与

keep sb. company与某人做伴； 陪伴某人 keep to sth.坚持；固守（习惯等） keep?under control使得以控制 keep in touch with?与保持联系

keep up坚持；继续 keep up with?跟上 keep watch守望；站岗 13.know

A. vt.

(1)知道 I have known him since childhood. (2)懂得 Do you know Japanese?

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B.习语

be known as?通称为；以著称；被认为是 be known for?因而出名

be known to sb.为某人所了解 become well known出名

for all/anything/ everything I know 据我所知 It is well known that?众所周知 know about/ of了解；知道 know?for certain确实知道

know sb. by name仅知道某人的名字（不认识） know sb. by sight与某人面熟（不熟悉） know/learn ?by heart背诵

make?known/public公告；发表；表示 know/ tell right from wrong辨别是非

know no limits是无限的

A man's life is limited, but service to the people knows no limits. 14.leave

A. vi.离开；离去He left in a hurry without telling anyone. When are you leaving?

B. vt.(1)留下 She asked us to leave our address. (2)使处在某种状态

Sorry to have left some questions unanswered. He left the window open.

She left the baby crying bitterly. The illness left him rather weak. (3)剩下We have only three months left. C.习语

leave?about乱放 leave?alone放任不管 leave?behind留下；遗下 leave A for B离开A去B

leave hold of?放弃；松手

leave nothing to be desired尽善尽美

leave ?off停止

leave ?out省去；遗漏 leave?over留下；剩下 leave room for留下??余地 15.look A. vi. 看

He looked happily at his great grandchildren playing about him. B. link v.看起来 He looks cheerful and carefree. C.习语

have/take a look a?看一看 have a look of?好像；仿佛 look about四下环顾

look about for?四下寻找

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look after?照看；目送

look ahead考虑未来；预做准备 look as if?似乎；好象 look at?看

look away from?转移目光 look back回头看 look back on/ upon?回忆；回顾 look down on/ upon?俯视；蔑视 look for?寻找

look forward to doing sth. 期待；展望 look in（随便）看望

He looked in on Mr. Smith on his way to work. He went to look in at the fish farm.

look into?窥视；调查 look like?看起来像 look on旁观 look on A as B 认为A是B look out向外看； 注意；警戒 look out for?提防

look ?over审阅； 翻阅

look through?透过??看去; 彻底调查；从头看到底 look up to sb. 尊敬/仰望某人 look up仰视；胸怀大志

look sth. up查阅 look sb. in the eye/ face直视某人 16.make

A. vt.

(1)做；制造

Cell phones are made in this factory.

(2)和表示动作的名词连用，表示动作或活动 make a study of= study make use of= use make an examination of= examine make an explanation of= explain make a fool of=fool make fun of make repairs

make a suggestion= suggest make an attempt= attempt make an answer= answer make a decision=decide

make preparations for=prepare for make a guess at=guess make a speech make arrangements (3)使（做）；使（成为）

He made us work day and night. We were made to work day and night. Praise make good men better and bad men worse. We made you our monitor. What made you so frightened?

This machine makes it possible for us to finish the work in a short time. He made it a rule to get up at six every morning.(规定) (4)有条件成为

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She will make a good housewife. Cold tea makes an excellent drink in summer. B.习语

be made from由??原料制成 be made of由??材料制成 be made out of由??制成 be made up of由??所组成 be made into被制成??

be made to do sth. 被迫去做

make for=head for =make towards走向；冲向 make oneself understood/heard使自己被理解/听到 make?out理解；看清楚；辨认

make?up弥补；补偿；起草；捏造；化装；构成，占；言归于好，和解 make a living谋生 make bed铺床 make?clear表明；说明

make ends meet应付开支；维持生活；使收支相抵 make friends with与??交朋友

make one's way to sp.向??走去 make room/ way for为??让路

make sure/certain一定要；保证做到；核实 Make sure that you get there in time.

We must make certain they will come in time. make the best/most of尽量利用；充分利用 make up one's mind决心；决定 to make a long story short长话短说

make sb.'s hair stand on end使??毛骨悚然 make a fire生火 17.put

A. vt. 放 He put the book where he found it. B.习语

put?across清楚地表达

put an end/a stop to sth.结束；消灭 put?aside把放在一边；抛弃；积蓄

put?away把收起来；储存备用；

put?back把放回原处；拨回（钟表的指针等） put?down放下；镇压；记下；削减 put?forth发表；提出

put?forward提出；建议；拨快（钟表的指针等） put?in插话；伸进

put?off推迟；延期；脱（衣服等） put?on穿上；增加（体重等）；上演 put?out放出；熄灭；出版；生产 put?right改正（错误）；整理；治愈 put sb. at ease使某人放心、安心、宽心 put through?完成；

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put A through to B把A接通B（电话）

put?together合计；装配（机器等）；把??放在一起 put?up举起；挂起；搭起；上演；陈列；张贴 put up with?忍受

put?into practice把应用到实践中去 put sb. to bed打发睡觉

put sth. to/into use使得以应用 put?into English把翻译成英语 put in a word for sb.为某人进言 put sb. in charge使某人负责 put sth. in order使井井有条 put on airs摆架子

put sb. to death/test处死/考验 18.run

A. vi. (1)跑 They came running to meet us.

(2)行驶 The train was running at 80 miles an hour. (3)流All the rivers will run into the sea. We mustn't let the water run to waste.

His nose is running all day because he has a bad cold. B. vt. 管理；经营They have run six factories. He runs the school well.

C. link v. 变得The river began to run dry. Our food supply is running low. His blood ran cold at the news. Their money is running short. The garden was running wild. D.习语

run a fever发高烧 run after sb./ sth.追求 run away逃跑 run for?竞选

run into?邂逅；偶遇 run on滔滔不绝往下说 run out（某物）用完 run out of?用完（某物） run short（某物）短缺 run short of?短缺（某物） run up to?合计为；高达 run a risk冒险

run across?邂逅；偶遇 run ahead of?领先于 run away with?带??而逃走 run against?邂逅；偶遇；违反 run at?袭击；冲向

run over溢出； run over?.过目；浏览 run smooth进展顺利

run through?花光；用尽；略谈 run up迅速成长；（物价）上涨 run upon?邂逅；偶遇 19.see

A. vt. (1)看到；看见

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I saw the accident with my own eyes.

I've never seen you look so well.

Just now I saw someone going upstairs.

When we got there, we saw a house being built. Last night I saw a dog killed by a car. I'm glad to see all of you happy. I could see that they need my help.

*The year 1949 saw the founding of the People's Republic of China. (2)看望；接见

I went to see a friend of mine last Sunday afternoon. I'll be seeing you this evening. (3)了解；明白

He asked to look and see if he missed anything. Now you see what I mean? B. 习语

see sb. home送某人回家

see about sth.负责处理??

I'll see about the tickets for the concert. see?for oneself自己看；体验一下

see into?了解；调查

see much/a lot/nothing/little of?常/很少/从不见到 see sb. off送行

see through?看穿；识破 see sb. through支持某人到底 see to sth.处理；料理

There was much to see to. He has to see to the luggage. see to it that?注意做到；务必要 See to it that you do not fall when skating. as far as I can see踞我所知 see sb. out送某人出门 see that因为，从??一点来看 20.send

A. vt.

(1)寄（信），发（电报）

They sent me some pictures. I have a telegram to send to Bob. (2)（派人）送Let's send the radio there to be repaired. He sent his regards to you.

(3)派遣He asked to be sent to work in Tibet. (4)使??.变得

The bad news sent him mad/ out of mind.

The sight of the Red Army sent the enemy running in all directions. B.习语

send for去请 send A for B派A 去请B

send?forth发出 The sun sends forth light and heat.

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send?off送行

send?out发出（光、热、气味、烟雾等） send?up发射 send sb. away解雇；逐出 send?over播出；播送 21.set

A. vi. 下落It will be cooler when the sun has set. B. vt. (1)放置；摆设

She set the dish on the table.

Let's set the clock by the radio signal. (2)规定；确定He set a strict rule for himself. Have they set the time for the meeting? (3)使某人做事或处在某种状态 With only a few words he set us laughing. What he said set me thinking.

He set all the prisoners free.

That set all our doubts at rest.这消除了我们所有的怀疑。 C.习语

set about doing sth.= set out to do sth.开始做 set an example做出榜样

set?apart拨出；留出

A room has been set apart for the purpose. set?aside拨出；积蓄；不理会 set?back往回拨；使倒退 set?down放下；写下；制定

set fire to sth.= set sth. on fire放火烧 set foot in?进入；踏上

set?forth列举；提出；动身；起程 set?in order整顿 set?loose释放；解开 set off动身

set?off燃放（鞭炮、烟花等）；引起 set one's mind/ heart on?下定决心 set out动身；出发 set?out列举

He set out his reasons for what he had done. set sail启航

set? to work使开始工作

He set to work at once writing the book. He set everyone to work together. set?up立起来；成立；修建 set?upside down颠倒过来

22.show

A. vt. (1)拿给人看 Show me your ticket, please! Can you show me a bigger one?

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(2)说明；表明

Her eyes showed that she was lying. Show us how to use this machine. That shows how ignorant we are.

(3)表现；显露He showed courage in face of danger. (4)放映；展出A new film is being shown at this cinema. (5)带领

Show them in, please. I'll show you into my room. B.习语

show off炫耀；表现自己 This guy likes showing off. show?off炫耀

I don't like the way he shows off his knowledge. show one's face 露面

show oneself出席；显露出来 His anger showed itself in his voice. show up出现；出席

show?up暴露，揭露

This only served to show up their weakness. 23.speak

A. vi.说；发言

He spoke with me about his childhood. He was too hurt to speak to us. I've never spoken of these things to anyone before. He spoke at the meeting yesterday. Action speaks louder than words. She spoke in broken English. B. vt.说 She speaks good French. Trust me that I am speaking the truth. C.习语

speak for?代表??说话；为??辩护 I can only speak for myself. speak out大胆讲出来

speak out against?发言反对

He spoke out against what he thought was unjust. speak up坦率说出自己的看法；说话大声些

speak highly/well/highly/ill/badly of?称赞/非议

generally/strictly/broadly/roughly/frankly speaking=to speak generally, etc.一般来说，严格地讲，广义地讲，严格地讲，老实地说

be spoken of as?被说成为

nothing to speak of?不值一说；没有说的价值 24.stand

A. vi. (1)站 Come and sit by my side if you love me. (2)立于 The house stands between the two large trees. There stood a strange man right behind me. B. vt. (1)放 Stand the ladder against the wall.

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(2)忍受If you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen. C.习语

stand against?反对

They all stood against the war. stand at attention/ease立正/稍息 stand behind sb. 支持

stand by支持；袖手旁观；准备行动 We'll stand by you through thick and thin. You mustn't stand by and do nothing about it. stand for?代表，表示；主张 X often stands for an unknown number. We stand for self-reliance（自力更生）. stand on one's own feet依靠自己 stand out突出；显著

Her talent stood out in comparison with the others. stand aside站开；不参与；靠边站 stand back向后退

stand still站住；停顿 stand up站起；起立 25.take

A. vt. (1)拿 Taking a sheet of paper, she began to write. (2)带（往某处） After that she took us to Rome.

(3)吃、喝、吸 Take a little more bread. He took some medicine. (4)乘坐 They took a taxi home.

(5)采取，接受，选择He took a doctor's degree. After lots of thinking, she took the job.

(6)测量；照（像）；记录Let me take your blood pressure. We took a few pictures of the hill.

(7)对待；接受 You cannot take this too seriously.

(8)需要 How long does it take to finish washing these dishes? (9)攻下 They took the town by surprise.

B.习语

take a chance碰碰运气 take one's seat坐下；就座 take advantage of利用；占便宜

take aim at?瞄准 take?apart拆开；拆卸 take part in?参加 take A as B当成 take?back收回 take?away拿开 take?by surprise突然袭击

take care 当心 take care of?照顾；负责 take charge of?负责

take delight/ pleasure/ interest /pride in?喜欢、以??自豪 take?down记下来；记录

take effect生效

take A for B=take A to be B认为A是B take?for granted视为当然，想必是

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Some students take it for granted that English is easy to learn. take hold of?抓住；握住

take?in订阅；欺骗；领会；接（活干）

take?into consideration把??纳入考虑范围内 take it easy别紧张；放开些；放松些

take note/notice of?注意；留心

take notes记录 take?off脱掉；起飞；打折扣 take office上任；就职 take on?雇佣；呈现 take one's time从容从事；慢慢来 take?out取出；洗掉

take pains/trouble to do sth.不辞辛劳地做 take place发生；举行 take root生根 take shape成型 take the chair主持会议 take the place of?代替

take turns to do sth.= take turns in doing sth.轮流做

take?up拿起；从事；接受；占（时间、空间、注意力等） take warning from?引以为戒；吸取教训 be taken ill/sick生病 take a short cut走捷径 26.talk

A. vi. 谈话；讲话

He is talking loudly in the front of the classroom. B.习语

talk away不停地讲；通过谈话消除 talk back (to sb.)还嘴；顶嘴

talk big吹牛 talk sb. into doing sth.劝说干 talk sb. out of doing sth. 劝说不干

talk out说完 talk to sb.与谈话；责备 talk ?over讨论 talk of?谈到

talk about?谈论；讲 talk together商量；谈判 27.tell

A. vt. （1）告诉；讲

Tell me your name. He told us what had happened to him. I'll tell you what to do next. Don't tell me. Let me guess. Do as you are told to.

(2)判断I really can't tell the differences between them. I can hardly tell Kate from her twain sister.

=I can hardly tell Kate and her twain sister apart. B.习语

tell A and apart= tell A from B区分开A与B to tell the truth说老实话

tell sb. about/ of sth.向某人讲起?? tell the world?公开讲；宣扬

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