英语学习材料第21期

13 Erikson Psychological Society in eight stages, is the most famous lifelong development theory. These eight stages are: basic trust in trust, autonomy for shyness and doubt, initiative to guilt, hard work toward inferiority complex (more than for childhood); self consistency in self consistency (Adolescence); intimacy to loneliness, output and stagnation, and complete despair (adulthood).

The fifteenth chapter psychological barriers and psychotherapy

1 mental disorder, refers to the influence of a person's sense of peace, or the influence of social, professional functions of thinking, emotion and behavior patterns.

2 the concept of mental disease with history and culture and change. On abnormal psychology description of different cultures and different definitions, but \to normal a label.

3 the mental dynamics point of view of the disorder, personality disorders and mental disorders, they form a continuum of physical and mental disorders. From the perspective of psychological dynamics, to evaluate a person's desire and fear, cognition and emotional resources, self and other people's experience.

4 the cognitive behavior view is a combination of classical and operating conditions and cognitive social perspectives. Functional disorder is the result of environmental incident and false cognition.

5 to understand the psychological metamorphosis, often requires the level of biological analysis. From a biological point of view, the psychological metamorphosis from the brain of the wrong connection, in particular, the amount of neurotransmitter activity is large, sometimes too active, sometimes too quiet, prone to error connection. The quality of mental disorder - the stress model indicates that there is a kind of mental disorder quality (innate genetic and psychological tendency), potentially vulnerable people, in the form of stress can show symptoms.

6 system view, trying to explain a person's behavior in a person's social organization, such as a couple, family, or a larger social system. The family system model, that any person's symptoms are actually family dysfunction.

7 the diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (Fourth Edition) (DSM-IV) (1994) is the Official Handbook of mental disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association, which is the basis of the description of the diagnosis. China published in 1989, \diagnosis of mental disorders in China\

8 the first symptom of childhood or adolescence is often a symptom of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, characterized by the age of the discrepancy, the impulse and the hyperactivity. The other is a conduct disorder, that the child continued violation of the rights of others and social norms.

9 substance related disorders, a substance that is continuously used to have an adverse effect on psychological and social functions. Alcohol and alcohol abuse is the most common substance used in the world. Like most other mental disorders, the root causes of alcoholism include genes, environment, and their interactions.

10. Schizophrenia is out of touch with reality of a barrier, which includes the positive symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, incoherence, negative symptoms (lack of emotional and social skills). Schizophrenia disease types include: paranoia (characterized by delusions and hallucinations), tension type (mainly the changes in physical activity, intense sexual excitement and tension type stupor, both of which appear alternately), disorganized (contact with reality is particularly poor, looks messy, strange behavior, apathy or incongruous), no differentiation type (mix of symptoms, do not meet any of the above types of standards), residual type (mainly negative symptoms, such as lack of emotion, poverty of speech, have nothing to say, or lack of motivation). Schizophrenia is a highly genetic disease of the brain, but it is susceptible to the stimulation of the environment and the emergence or deterioration of the environment.

11 mood disorders, with the characteristics of emotional and mood disorders. In this state of mania, people feel very happy, think they can do anything. The most severe depression is the main depressive disorder. Mental depression, refers to the long-term, more than two years of the nameless depression. Polar disorder, manic and depressive episodes are the main characteristics of alternating mood problems. Mood disorders do not have to commit suicide, but suicide thought is a common ingredient of depression.

12 mood disorders contribute to the etiology of genes, but in addition to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, the environmental events themselves can contribute to depression. Cognitive theory to find the source of depression in the functional disorder of thinking. According to the theory of psychological dynamics, the essence of depression and the induced volatiles depend on the individual's personality structure.

13 anxiety disorder, which is characterized by a strong, frequent or continuous, and without the proper situational reasons of anxiety. The fear barrier is characterized by a strong fear of not being a situation or a sense of doom or terror. Square phobia, refers to a very difficult time to escape the fear of a place or situation. Obsessive compulsive disorder, in order to be a sign of the repeated occurrence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (persistent or stable thought or idea) and impulse (in a way that is intended to be a stereotyped way). Posttraumatic stress disorder, which is characterized by psychological distress events and repeated flashbacks of human experience than usually thought.

14 anxiety disorder and depression like, there is a certain genetic, but not necessarily a genetic predisposition. Cognitive behavior theory, which is related to the emotional reaction and the functional disorder of the condition. The psychological dynamics theory links the anxiety disorder to conflict, childhood beliefs, fears and desires.

15 the separation barrier, which is characterized by consciousness, memory, self consistency, or environmental perception, appears to be divided. The most important feature is separation, that is, the important aspect of the experience in the sense of being separated from each other, unrelated to the chaos of the state. The most serious type is the separation of personality disorder, also known as multiple personality disorder.

16 personality disorder, which is characterized by a poor adaptation of the personality model, resulting in many years in the interpersonal and professional functions of the obstacles. Borderline personality disorder, and its logo is extremely unstable relationships, mood swing sharply, the unity of the self feel unstable, very afraid of isolation and abandonment, control, impulsive behavior, self injurious behavior. Antisocial personality disorder, which is a sign that some of the areas of the irresponsible and interfering with social behavior patterns. Genetic inheritance plays a certain role in many personality disorders; childhood experiences, such as abuse and neglect, also play a similar role.

Treatment of psychological dynamics

17 psychological dynamics, insight into the understanding of a person's own psychological process - the relationship between the change of treatment and treatment.

18 free association, is a technique used to explore the related network and the unconscious process involved in the formation of symptoms. Another key factor in the treatment of psychological dynamics is the explanation of the formation of conflict, defense, compromise and the transfer reaction. Transfer, refers to the thought, emotion, fear, desire and conflict from the past, especially from childhood transferred to the body of the treatment. The healer also must be very careful to note that their own counter transfer, that is, because of the interaction with the patient, in particular, the patient's emotional reaction to the transfer of the patient.

19 the main treatment methods of psychological dynamics are psychological analysis (which is very typical and long-term), psychological and psychological treatment (depending on the same principle, but the dialogue more), and short-term psychological treatment (is also dependent on the same principle, but there is a specific focus and limited activity time).

Cognitive behavioral therapy

20 cognitive behavioral therapy, time is relatively short, direct, and focused on specific symptoms. They rely on the role of operation and classical conditioning, as well as cognitive social and more stringent cognitive interventions.

21 in a systematic desensitization (a classical conditioning technology), the patient slowly approaches the fear of irritation in a relaxed state. Exposure to technology, like desensitization, depends on the classic conditions of action, but they make the patient come into contact with the real life of the actual fear of stimulation rather than just imagine it. To modify the improper behavior of the reward and punishment according to the operation conditions.

22 in the model, the treatment not only to shape the behavior, but also gradually guide the patient to participate in it. Skill training, the process of completing the relevant objectives. Social skills training to help people with specific defects in their interpersonal skills.

23 cognitive therapy is trying to use a more effective and accurate understanding of the failure of cognitive functions. Ellis introduced the rational and emotional treatment, proposed the ABC theory, A refers to the theory, B refers to the belief system, C refers to the emotional consequences. Beck's cognitive therapy is similar to the proposed change, and the change of cognition is the key to the change of treatment.

Human, team and family therapy

24 people this treatment, focused on the patient's phenomenon (experience) the world. Rogers's central treatment, the purpose is to help the individual through the treatment of empathy and unconditional attention, experience the real self.

25 groups of treatment, family and marriage, involving the simultaneous face of multiple individuals. Team therapy, focused on individual dynamics and team processes. A variant of team therapy is a self - help team, which is not directed by a professional. Family therapy, if the symptoms of the root cause of the family system structure, so the treatment should point to family interaction model. The change in family therapy is a marriage or couple therapy, with a couple as a unit of treatment, and can be used as a system, a psychological dynamics, or a cognitive behavioral technique.

Biological treatment

26 The purpose of biological treatment is to change the brain's function, as far as possible to restore normal function. Drug treatment is the main type of biological treatment, it refers to the use of drugs to treat mental disorders. Electric spasm therapy (ECT), or electric shock therapy, remains as a final option for treatment of severe depression. In a period of time, the psychological operation, namely to reduce the psychological symptoms of brain surgery has been widely used.

27 drug treatment, has been established as an effective method for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and many other mental disorders, but the disease of the recurrent rate and side effects are the two major issues.

28 the researchers found that the effect of all psychological treatment methods are relatively, and none of them is more effective than other methods. Cognitive behavioral and biological treatment methods have gained much attention and support, but they have not found them better than the short-term psychological treatment.

29 the treatment method depends on the cultural value system and the related personality and

psychological abnormal belief.

Sixteenth chapter attitude and social cognition

1 social psychology, the study of actual, imagined or implied by the presence of other people's thinking, emotion and behavior.

2 attitude, is an object that has a link between the evaluation, usually including cognition, evaluation and behavior of components. However, these three components can be independently changed. Attitude, not necessarily a predictor of behavior.

3 social psychologists are concerned about two kinds of attitudes: persuasion and cognitive dysfunction. To persuade, to deliberately try to guide the attitude change. The ideal of persuasion requires that all components of Persuasion Communication include: communication source, information, channel (information delivery), recipient and information directed behavior. When people realize that there is a difference between attitude and behavior, or when there is a difference between the attitude and the new information or not, the cognitive disorders will occur.

4 social cognition refers to the process of people's understanding of the process of the interaction and relationship between others, themselves, and society. Social cognition and non social cognition

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