英语近义词名词辨析

§1．4 名词辨义

1．近义名词

（1）custom，habit，tradition 误：Social habits vary greatly from countuy to country． 正：Social customs

custom意为“风俗、习惯”，一般指社会而言，有时也指个人。cus－toms指“关税”，the customs指“海关”。 a．It is the custom with/of certain foreigners to do so．

b．How long will it take us to pass the customs．

habit意为“习惯”，仅指个人而言：be in the/a habit of（有?的习惯），break sb．/oneself of the habit of（使某人去掉?的习惯），fall/getinto the/a habit of（沾染?的习惯），get out of a habit

（戒除某种习惯），out of habit（出于习惯）；tradition指“传统”，多年以来形成的习俗：bytradition（根据传统或口传）。 c．You'll not be afraid of snakes if you understand their habits．

d．We must keep up the fine tradition of plain living and hardwork． （2）dress，suit，costume，clothing，clothes，cloth

误：My brotner never wears ready－made dresses．

正：suits/clothes

dress指“女装”，不过dress表示“a style or choice of clothing”（服装的型式或选择）时，也可用以指男性的服装；suit指“男装”，尤指“成套的衣服（如制服）”。 a．He doesn't care much about dress．

b．His dress was somewhat conservative．

c．My uncle bought a new suit a week ago．

costume指“戏服”或“化装用的衣服”；clothing和clothes都可以指“衣服”，但注意clothing是不可数名词，clothes是可数复数名词，clothes前不加a，也不可加数字，但可以用few，a few，many等词修饰。cloth则指“布、衣料”，是不可数名词。

d．A coat is an article of clothing． e．Your clothes are a perfect fit． 男子穿大礼服是in full dress，晚礼服是evening dress。只可说anarticle/a piece of clothing（一件衣服），a suit of clothes（一套衣服），不可以说an article of clothes，a suit of clothing。 （3）skin，complexion，leather

误：Look at her rosy cheeks，she has a lovely skin． 正：complexion

skin意为“皮、皮肤”，be in sb．'s skin（处于某人的地位）；complex-ion意为“肤色、面色、气色”；leather表示“皮革”，不可指人或动物。

a．He wears his sweater next to the skin．

b．I wouldn't be in your skin． c．She has a high complexion after two years exercise．

d．This suit is made of leather． （4）scene，scenery

误：Taxis and buses were part of the street scenry． 正：scene

scene是可数名词，指“风景、布景、场面、景象”，既可指动的场面，也可指不动的风景，a change of scene（改换环境），behind the scenes（在后台、在幕后），come on the scene（出现）；scenery是不可数名词，一般指“自然风景”。 a．The picture presents the bleak，bare，greyish scene of a Februarymorning．

b．The seat of the puppet government was the scene of angry demon－strations．

c．In the industrial area，there is no scenery to speak of． （5）sample，example

误：The nurse took an example of my blood． 正：a sample

sample意为“抽样（化验等用）、货样”，be up to sample（货物符合样品规格）；example意为“例子、例句或榜样”，beyond example（没有先例），for example（例如），without example（没有先例），set/give a goodexample to sb．（为某人树立了好榜样），make an example of sb．（惩一儆百）。

This is an example of early Chinese architecture．

（6）country，state，nation

误：Some parts of the state are much warmer than others． 正：country

这三个词都可指国家，但含义不同。country指国家时，着重指“国土”，也可指具有某种地理特点的区域或地区。the country意为“（总称）国民、选民、乡下、农村”； nation着重指“民族、人民”； state着重指“政体”。

a．China is a great socialist country． b．It was unknown/strange country to me．

c．The Chinese nation struggled for the independence and liberationunder the leader of C．P．C．．

d．China is a socialist state． （7）produce，product

误：Our car is a produce of that factory． 正：product

produce是不可数名词，它仅指“农产品”； product是可数名词，既可指“农产品”，也可指“工业产品”。

a．I'll bring you some produce when I come back．

b．They sell a lot of industrial and agricultural products tocustomers．

（8）error，mistake

误：He repented the mistakes of his youth． 正：errors

mistake和error常可互相换用，但是，error可指道德方面的过失，而mistake则不能。另外，在下列固定搭配中，两词不可换用：anerror of judgement，in errors，by mistake，and no mistake（的确）。I took hisumbrella by mistake． （9）weather，climate

误：What's the climate like today． 正：weather

weather意为“天气”，指某地每天的晴雨寒暖等变化，be/feel un－der the

weather（①不舒服、有点小病；②微醉），in all weathers（无论天气如何、风雨无阻），keep the weather意为“占上风、操大权”；climate意为“气候”，指某地一

年的一般天气状况，包括气温、降雨量等，有时也指政治气候。

a．Weather permitting，I'll come． b．Just a bit under the weather，nothing to fret about．

c．Kunming has a mild climate． d．We must pay attention to the climate of opinion．

（10）environment，surrounding 误：My environment，is not beautiful． 正：My surroundings are

这两词都可指“环境”，但其含义不相同。environment是集合名词，没有复数形式，常指“给人思想、感情等造成影响的事物或情况”；surrounding常以复数形式出现，多指自然环境。

a．He told a story of man's struggle with his environment．

b．The guest house stands in picturesque surroundings． （11）salary，wage

误：The president's wages ￡ 200000 a year．

正：salary is

这两词都指“工资”，但其含义不同。salary通常指“每月或每年支付给政府官员、专业人员、技术员、银行职员、公司经理等的工资”；wage常指“付给体力劳动者、仆人、店员、办事员等的工资”，常以复数形式出现：He works at a wage of ￡ 12 a month．

（12）laugh，laughter

误：Mrs．Knight gave a loud laughter． 正：laugh

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