05 投资学 第七版

Multiple Choice Questions

D 1. Over the past year you earned a nominal rate of interest of 10 percent on your

money. The inflation rate was 5 percent over the same period. The exact actual growth rate of your purchasing power was

A) 15.5%. B) 10.0%. C) 5.0%. D) 4.8%. E) 15.0% Rationale: r = (1+R) / (1+I) - 1; 1.10% / 1.5% - 1 = 4.8%.

A 2. A year ago, you invested $1,000 in a savings account that pays an annual

interest rate of 7%. What is your approximate annual real rate of return if the rate of inflation was 3% over the year?

A) 4%. B) 10%. C) 7%. D) 3%. E) none of the above. Rationale: 7% - 3% = 4%.

B 3. If the annual real rate of interest is 5% and the expected inflation rate is 4%,

the nominal rate of interest would be approximately

A) 1%. B) 9%. C) 20%. D) 15%. E) none of the above. Rationale: 5% + 4% = 9%.

B 4. You purchased a share of stock for $20. One year later you received $1 as

dividend and sold the share for $29. What was your holding period return?

A) 45% B) 50% C) 5% D) 40% E) none of the above Rationale: ($1 + $29 - $20)/$20 = 0.5000, or 50%.

D 5. Which of the following determine(s) the level of real interest rates?

I) the supply of savings by households and business firms II) the demand for investment funds

III) the government's net supply and/or demand for funds

A) I only B) II only C) I and II only D) I, II, and III E) none of the above

B

D

B

A

Rationale: The value of savings by households is the major supply of funds; the demand for investment funds is a portion of the total demand for funds; the government's position can be one of either net supplier, or net demander of funds. The above factors constitute the total supply and demand for funds, which determine real interest rates.

6. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true?

I) The real rate of interest is determined by the supply and demand for

funds.

II) The real rate of interest is determined by the expected rate of inflation. III) The real rate of interest can be affected by actions of the Fed.

IV) The real rate of interest is equal to the nominal interest rate plus the

expected rate of inflation. A) I and II only. B) I and III only. C) III and IV only. D) II and III only.

E) I, II, III, and IV only

Rationale: The expected rate of inflation is a determinant of nominal, not real, interest rates. Real rates are determined by the supply and demand for funds, which can be affected by the Fed. 7. Which of the following statements is true?

A) Inflation has no effect on the nominal rate of interest.

B) The realized nominal rate of interest is always greater than the real rate of

interest.

C) Certificates of deposit offer a guaranteed real rate of interest. D) None of the above is true. E) A, B and C

Rationale: Expected inflation rates are a determinant of nominal interest rates. The realized nominal rate of interest would be negative if the difference between actual and anticipated inflation rates exceeded the real rate. The realized nominal rate of interest would be less than the real rate if the

unexpected inflation were greater than the real rate of interest. Certificates of deposit contain a real rate based on an estimate of inflation that is not guaranteed.

8. Other things equal, an increase in the government budget deficit

A) drives the interest rate down. B) drives the interest rate up.

C) might not have any effect on interest rates. D) increases business prospects. E) none of the above.

Rationale: An increase in the government budget deficit, other things equal, causes the government to increase its borrowing, which increases the demand for funds and drives interest rates up.

9. Ceteris paribus, a decrease in the demand for loanable funds

A) B) C) D)

B 10. A 11.

D 12.

drives the interest rate down. drives the interest rate up.

might not have any effect on interest rate.

results from an increase in business prospects and a decrease in the level of savings.

E) none of the above.

Rationale: A decrease in demand, ceteris paribus, always drives interest rates down. An increase in business prospects would increase the demand for funds. The savings level affects the supply of, not the demand for, funds. The holding period return (HPR) on a share of stock is equal to A) the capital gain yield during the period, plus the inflation rate. B) the capital gain yield during the period, plus the dividend yield. C) the current yield, plus the dividend yield. D) the dividend yield, plus the risk premium. E) the change in stock price.

Rationale: The HPR of any investment is the sum of the capital gain and the cash flow over the period, which for common stock is B.

Historical records regarding return on stocks, Treasury bonds, and Treasury bills between 1926 and 2005 show that

A) stocks offered investors greater rates of return than bonds and bills. B) stock returns were less volatile than those of bonds and bills.

C) bonds offered investors greater rates of return than stocks and bills. D) bills outperformed stocks and bonds.

E) treasury bills always offered a rate of return greater than inflation.

Rationale: The historical data show that, as expected, stocks offer a greater return and greater volatility than the other investment alternatives. Inflation sometimes exceeded the T-bill return.

If the interest rate paid by borrowers and the interest rate received by savers accurately reflects the realized rate of inflation: A) borrowers gain and savers lose. B) savers gain and borrowers lose. C) both borrowers and savers lose.

D) neither borrowers nor savers gain or lose. E) both borrowers and savers gain.

Rationale: If the described interest rate accurately reflects the rate of inflation, both borrowers and lenders are paying and receiving, respectively, the real rate of interest; thus, neither group gains.

Use the following to answer questions 13-15:

You have been given this probability distribution for the holding period return for KMP stock:

A 13. B 14. A 15. E 16. D 17.

B 18.

What is the expected holding period return for KMP stock? A) 10.40% B) 9.32% C) 11.63% D) 11.54% E) 10.88%

Rationale: HPR = .30 (18%) + .50 (12%) + .20 (-5%) = 10.4% What is the expected standard deviation for KMP stock? A) 6.91% B) 8.13% C) 7.79% D) 7.25% E) 8.85%

Rationale: s = [.30 (18 - 10.4)2 + .50 (12 - 10.4)2 + .20 (-5 - 10.4)2]1/2 = 8.13% What is the expected variance for KMP stock? A) 66.04% B) 69.96% C) 77.04% D) 63.72% E) 78.45%

Rationale: s = [.30 (18 - 10.4)2 + .50 (12 - 10.4)2 + .20 (-5 - 10.4)2] = 66.04% If the nominal return is constant, the after-tax real rate of return A) declines as the inflation rate increases. B) increases as the inflation rate increases. C) declines as the inflation rate declines. D) increases as the inflation rate decreases. E) A and D.

Rationale: Inflation rates have an inverse effect on after-tax real rates of return.

The risk premium for common stocks

A) cannot be zero, for investors would be unwilling to invest in common

stocks.

B) must always be positive, in theory.

C) is negative, as common stocks are risky. D) A and B. E) A and C.

Rationale: If the risk premium for common stocks were zero or negative,

investors would be unwilling to accept the lower returns for the increased risk. A risk-free intermediate or long-term investment

D 19.

D 20.

A) is free of all types of risk.

B) does not guarantee the future purchasing power of its cash flows. C) does guarantee the future purchasing power of its cash flows as it is

insured by the U. S. Treasury. D) A and B. E) B and C.

Rationale: A risk-free U. S. Treasury bond is a fixed income instrument, and thus does not guarantee the future purchasing power of its cash flows. As a result, purchasing power risk is present.

You purchase a share of Boeing stock for $90. One year later, after receiving a dividend of $3, you sell the stock for $92. What was your holding period return? A) 4.44% B) 2.22% C) 3.33% D) 5.56%

E) none of the above

Rationale: HPR = (92 - 90 + 3) / 90 = 5.56%

Toyota stock has the following probability distribution of expected prices one year from now:

If you buy Toyota today for $55 and it will pay a dividend during the year of $4 per share, what is your expected holding period return on Toyota?

A) 17.72% B) 18.89% C) 17.91% D) 18.18% E) None of the above Rationale: E(P1) = .25 (54/55 - 1) + .40 (64/55 - 1) + .35 (74/55 - 1) = 18.18%. C 21. Which of the following factors would not be expected to affect the nominal

interest rate?

A) the supply of loanable funds B) the demand for loanable funds C) the coupon rate on previously issued government bonds D) the expected rate of inflation E) government spending and borrowing Rationale: The nominal interest rate is affected by supply, demand,

government actions and inflation. Coupon rates on previously issued government bonds reflect historical interest rates but should not affect the current level of interest rates.

D 22. Your Certificate of Deposit will mature in one week and you are considering

how to invest the proceeds. If you invest in a 30-day CD the bank will pay you 4%. If you invest in a 2-year CD the bank will pay you 6% interest. Which option would you choose?

A) the 30-day CD, no matter what you expect interest rates to do in the future B) the 2-year CD, no matter what you expect interest rates to do in the future C) the 30-day CD if you expect that interest rates will fall in the future D) the 2-year CD if you expect that interest rates will fall in the future E) You would be indifferent between the 30-day and the 2-year CDs. Rationale: You would prefer to lock in the higher rate on the 2-year CD rather

than subject yourself to reinvestment rate risk. If you expected interest rates to rise in the future the opposite choice would be better.

A 23. In words, the real rate of interest is approximately equal to A) the nominal rate minus the inflation rate. B) the inflation rate minus the nominal rate. C) the nominal rate times the inflation rate. D) the inflation rate divided by the nominal rate. E) the nominal rate plus the inflation rate. Rationale: The actual relationship is (1 + real rate) = (1 + nominal rate) / (1 +

inflation rate). This can be approximated by the equation: real rate = nominal rate - inflation rate.

B 24. If the Federal Reserve lowers the discount rate, ceteris paribus, the

equilibrium levels of funds lent will __________ and the equilibrium level of real interest rates will ___________

A) increase; increase B) increase; decrease C) decrease; increase D) decrease; decrease E) reverse direction from their previous trends Rationale: A lower discount rate would encourage banks to make more loans,

which would increase the money supply. The supply curve would shift to the right and the equilibrium level of funds would increase while the equilibrium interest rate would fall.

D 25. What has been the relationship between T-Bill rates and inflation rates since

the 1980s?

A) The T-Bill rate was sometimes higher than and sometimes lower than the

inflation rate.

B) The T-Bill rate has equaled the inflation rate plus a constant percentage. C) The inflation rate has equaled the T-Bill rate plus a constant percentage. D) The T-Bill rate has been higher than the inflation rate almost the entire

period.

E) The T-Bill rate has been lower than the inflation rate almost the entire

period.

Rationale: The T-Bill rate was higher than the inflation rate for over two

D 26.

E 27.

D 28.

Use the following to answer question 29:

You have been given this probability distribution for the holding period return for Cheese, Inc stock:

decades.

“Bracket Creep” happens when

A) tax liabilities are based on real income and there is a negative inflation

rate.

B) tax liabilities are based on real income and there is a positive inflation rate. C) tax liabilities are based on nominal income and there is a negative inflation

rate.

D) tax liabilities are based on nominal income and there is a positive inflation

rate.

E) too many peculiar people make their way into the highest tax bracket. Rationale: A positive inflation rate typically leads to higher nominal income. Higher nominal income means people will have higher tax liabilities and in some cases will put them in higher tax brackets. This can happen even when real income has declined.

The holding-period return (HPR) for a stock is equal to A) the real yield minus the inflation rate. B) the nominal yield minus the real yield. C) the capital gains yield minus the tax rate.

D) the capital gains yield minus the dividend yield. E) the dividend yield plus the capital gains yield.

Rationale: HPR consists of an income component and a price change

component. The income component on a stock is the dividend yield. The price change component is the capital gains yield.

The historical arithmetic rate of return on small stocks over the 1926-2005 period has been _______. The standard deviation of small stocks' returns has been ________ than the standard deviation of large stocks' returns. A) 12.43%, lower B) 13.11%, lower C) 16.24%, higher D) 17.95%, higher E) 21.53%, higher

D 29. Assuming that the expected return on Cheese's stock is 14.35%, what is the

standard deviation of these returns?

A) 4.72% B) 6.30% C) 4.38%

E 30.

B 31.

A 32.

C 33.

B 34.

D) 5.74%

E) None of the above

Rationale: Variance = .20*(24-14.35)2 + .45*(15-14.35)2 + .35*(8-14.35)2 = 32.9275. Standard deviation = 32.9275.1/2 = 5.74.

An investor purchased a bond 45 days ago for $985. He received $15 in interest and sold the bond for $980. What is the holding period return on his investment? A) 1.52% B) 0.50% C) 1.92% D) 0.01%

E) None of the above

Rationale: HPR = ($15+980-985)/$985 = .010152284 = approximately 1.02%. Over the past year you earned a nominal rate of interest of 8 percent on your money. The inflation rate was 3.5 percent over the same period. The exact actual growth rate of your purchasing power was A) 15.55%. B) 4.35%. C) 5.02%. D) 4.81%. E) 15.04%

Rationale: r = (1+R) / (1+I) - 1; 1.08 / 1.035 - 1 = 4.35%.

Over the past year you earned a nominal rate of interest of 14 percent on your money. The inflation rate was 2 percent over the same period. The exact actual growth rate of your purchasing power was A) 11.76%. B) 16.00%. C) 15.02%. D) 14.32%.

E) none of the above.

Rationale: r = (1+R) / (1+I) - 1; 1.14 / 1.02 - 1 = 11.76%.

Over the past year you earned a nominal rate of interest of 12.5 percent on your money. The inflation rate was 2.6 percent over the same period. The exact actual growth rate of your purchasing power was A) 9.15%. B) 9.90%. C) 9.65%. D) 10.52%.

E) none of the above.

Rationale: r = (1+R) / (1+I) - 1; 1.125 / 1.026 - 1 = 9.65%.

A year ago, you invested $1,000 in a savings account that pays an annual interest rate of 4%. What is your approximate annual real rate of return if the rate of inflation was 2% over the year? A) 4%.

E 35.

E 36.

E 37. E 38. E 39.

B) 2%. C) 6%. D) 3%.

E) none of the above. Rationale: 4% - 2% = 2%.

A year ago, you invested $2,500 in a savings account that pays an annual interest rate of 2.5%. What is your approximate annual real rate of return if the rate of inflation was 1.6% over the year? A) 4.1%. B) 2.5%. C) 2.9%. D) 1.6%.

E) none of the above.

Rationale: 2.5% - 1.6% = 0.9%.

A year ago, you invested $12,000 in an investment that produced a return of 16%. What is your approximate annual real rate of return if the rate of inflation was 2% over the year? A) 18%. B) 2%. C) 16%. D) 15%.

E) none of the above. Rationale: 16% - 2% = 14%.

If the annual real rate of interest is 3.5% and the expected inflation rate is 2.5%, the nominal rate of interest would be approximately A) 3.5%. B) 2.5%. C) 1%. D) 6.8%.

E) none of the above.

Rationale: 3.5% + 2.5% = 6%.

If the annual real rate of interest is 2.5% and the expected inflation rate is 3.4%, the nominal rate of interest would be approximately A) 4.9%. B) 0.9%. C) -0.9%. D) 7%.

E) none of the above.

Rationale: 2.5% + 3.4% = 5.9%.

If the annual real rate of interest is 4% and the expected inflation rate is 3%, the nominal rate of interest would be approximately A) 4%. B) 3%. C) 1%.

A 40.

E 41.

A 42.

Use the following to answer questions 43-45:

You have been given this probability distribution for the holding period return for a stock:

D) 5%.

E) none of the above. Rationale: 4% + 3% = 7%.

You purchased a share of stock for $12. One year later you received $0.25 as dividend and sold the share for $12.92. What was your holding period return? A) 9.75% B) 10.65% C) 11.75% D) 11.25%

E) none of the above

Rationale: ($0.25 + $12.92 - $12)/$12 = 0.975, or 9.75%.

You purchased a share of stock for $120. One year later you received $1.82 as dividend and sold the share for $136. What was your holding period return? A) 15.67% B) 22.12% C) 15.67% D) 13.24%

E) none of the above

Rationale: ($1.82 + $136 - $120)/$120 = 0.1485, or 14.85%.

You purchased a share of stock for $65. One year later you received $2.37 as dividend and sold the share for $63. What was your holding period return? A) 0.57% B) -0.2550% C) -0.89% D) 1.63%

E) none of the above

Rationale: ($2.37 + $63 - $65)/$65 = 0.0056, or 0.57%.

E 43.

What is the expected holding period return for the stock? A) 11.67% B) 8.33% C) 9.56% D) 12.4%

power based on historical data. An investor with a long time horizon can tolerate fluctuations in stock returns because of the long-term upward trend in stock returns. How much common stock an investor is willing to hold and what types of stocks he chooses for his portfolio will depend on his level of risk aversion.

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