2016年职称英语新增文章

2016年,职称英语,新增文章

2016年职称英语新增文章(5篇)

2016年职称英语等级考试教材_理工类新增文章 (1)

Common Questions about Dreams

Does everyone dream? Yes. Research shows that we all dream. We have our most vivid dreams during a type of sleep called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. During REM sleep, the brain is very active. The eyes move quickly back and forth under the lids, and the large muscles of the body are relaxed. REM sleep occurs every 90-100 minutes, three to four times a night, and it lasts longer as the night goes on. ___1___ We dream at other times during the night, too, but those dreams are less vivid.

Do people remember their dreams? A few people remember their dreams. However, most people forget nearly everything that happened during the night — dreams, thoughts, and the short periods of time when they were awake. ___2___ It seems that the memory of the dream is not totally lost, but for some reason it is very hard to bring it back. If you want to remember your dream，the best thing to do is to write it down as soon as you wake up.

Are dreams in color? Most dreams are in color. However, people may not be aware of it for two reasons ： They don’t usually remember the details of their dreams, or they don’t notice the color because it is such a natural part of our lives. ___3___ Do dreams have meaning?

Scientists continue to debate this issue. ___4___ Some people use dreams to help them learn more about their feelings, thoughts, behavior, motives, and values. Others find that dreams can help them solve problems. It’s also true that artists, writers, and scientists often get creative ideas from dreams.

How can I learn to understand my dreams?

The most important thing to remember is that your dreams are personal. The people, actions, and situations in your dreams reflect your experience, your thoughts, and your feelings. Some dream experts believe that there are certain types of dreams that many people have，even if they come from different cultures or time periods. Usually, however, the same dream will have different meanings for different people. For example, an elephant in a dream may mean one thing to a zookeeper and something very different to a child whose favorite toy is a stuffed elephant. ___5___ Then look for links between your dreams and what is happening in your daily life. If you think hard and you are patient, perhaps the meaning of your dreams will become clearer to you.

词汇： vivid /'vivid/ adj. 清晰的，生动的，逼真的

lid /lid/ n. 眼睑（=eyelid)

motive /m utiv/ n. 动机

stuffed /st ft/ adj. 填充的，塞满了的

注释：

2016年,职称英语,新增文章

1. back and forth：来回地，反复地。

2. bring it back：回忆起它来。bring back：使回忆起来，带回来、拿回来，使恢复。

3. Scientists continue to debate this issue. 科学家们不断地讨论这个问题。“debate”作动词“争 论，辩论，讨论”讲，既可以是不及物动词也可以是及物动词，作不及物动词时常与 “about/ on/upon” 搭配。

练习：

A However, people who spend time thinking about their dreams believe that they are meaningful and useful.

B The final REM period may last as long as 45 minutes.

C People who are very aware of color when they are awake probably notice color more often in their dreams.

D Our most powerful dreams don’t happen during deep sleep.

E To learn to understand your dreams, think about what each part of the dream means to you or reminds you of.

F Sometimes, though, people suddenly remember a dream later in the day or on another day.

答案与题解： 1. B 文中第一部分主要介绍快速眼动睡眠期，而且前一句正好提到每晚快速眼动睡眠期的间隔时间、出现频率及其持续时间的情况。

2. F 题目所在的前一句提到大多数人会忘记晚上所发生的几乎所有事情，而后一句中又提到人们对梦的记忆好像没有完全丢失，由此可以推断出中间这一句应该说的是人有时会记起自己的梦。

3. C 文中第三部分提到梦是彩色的，前面主要讲的是人们可能意识不到这个问题以及意识不到的原因，由此可以推断后面应该会提到那些可以意识到这个问题的人。因此，答案为C。

4. A 文中第四部分讲的是梦的意义，纵观六个选项与部分主题相关的只有选项A，而且后面主要提到人们会利用梦做些什么，这也就意味着人们会思考他们的梦而且相信梦是有意义的。

5. E 由第五部分的标题就可以锁定选项E，而且后一句讲的是要寻找梦与现实的联系，正好与选项E的意思相吻合。

2016年,职称英语,新增文章

2016年职称英语等级考试教材_理工类新增文章 (2)

Baby Talk Babies normally start to talk when they are 13 to 15 months old. Ryan Jones is only eight months old, but he is already “talking” with his parents. When lie is hungry, he opens and closes his hand. This means milk. He also knows the signs for his favorite toy and the word more. Ryan is not deaf, and his parents are not deaf, but his mother and father are teaching him to sign. They say a word and make a sign at the same time. They repeat this again and again. When ___1___ Ryan’s parents think that he will be a happier baby because he can communicate with them.

Ryan s parents are teaching Ryan to sign because of a man named Joseph Garcia. Although Garcia was not from a deaf family, he decided to learn American Sign Language (ASL). First, he took courses in ASL. Then he got a job helping deaf people communicate with hearing people. In his work, he saw many deaf parents sign to their infants. He noticed that these babies were able to communicate much earlier than hearing children. ___2___ When they were one year old, they could use as many as 50 signs. Garcia decided to try something new. He taught ASL to parents who were not deaf. The families started to teach signs to their infants when they were six or seven months old. ___3___ More and more parents took Garcia’s ASL classes. Like Ryan’s family, they were excited about signing with their babies. They wanted to give their babies a way to communicate before they could use spoken words.

Some people worry about signing to babies. They are afraid that these babies won’t feel a need to talk. Maybe they will develop spoken language later than other babies. ___4___ In fact, one study found just the opposite. Signing babies actually learned to speak earlier than other children. As they grow older, these children are more interested in books. They also score higher on intelligence tests1. There is still a big question for parents: Which are the best signs to teach their babies? Some parents make their own signs. Other parents want to teach ASL. ___5___ There’s no clear answer, but we do know this: All signing babies and their families are talking quite a lot!

词汇： normally /'n :m( )li/ adv. 正常地；通常地，一般地

infant /'inf nt / n. 婴儿；幼儿；未成年人

communicate /k 'mju:nikeit/ 通信；交流；感染 opposite /' p zit/ adj. 相反的；n. 对立面，反义词

注释：

1. intelligence test：智力测试

练习：

A However, research does not show this.

B All parents want to teach babies to sign.

2016年,职称英语,新增文章

C Ryan learns a new sign, his family is very excited.

D These babies started using signs about two months later.

E It can be useful because many people understand it.

F They talked with signs by the time they were eight months old.

答案与题解： 1. C 第二段主要是讨论Ryan学习手语的过程，当他学会一种新的手势时，父母非常高兴。

2. F 这一段讲的是婴儿在学习手语过程中的共同规律。题目前一句讲Garcia注意到学习手语的婴儿比普通婴儿更早开始交流，后一句讲婴儿1岁时能使用的手势多达50种，因此，此处应填“这些婴儿从8个月起就开始用手语交流”。

3. D 这一段讲有些家庭在婴儿六七个月的时候开始教他们手语。D选项中的these babies指代这些婴儿，符合题意。

4. A 前文讲有些人担心婴儿学习手语会导致其会话能力发展缓慢，后文讲的是研究表明并不是这样，因此空格处应填表示转折的句子。

5. E E选项是对前文中ASL的解释，ASL是通用手语，因此能被更多的人理解。选项中的it即指代ASL。

2016年,职称英语,新增文章

2016年职称英语等级考试教材_理工类新增文章 (3)

The Apgar Test The baby was born at 3:36 p. m. At 3:37, she scored 4 out of 10 on her first test. At 3:41, she scored 8 out of 10. The doctor was glad.

Another baby, born at 8:24 p. m., scored 3 out of 10 on his first test. He scored 4 out of 10 on his second test. He took another test at 8:34 and scored 5. ___1___ He called for help1. These newborn babies took a test called the Apgar test. This test helps doctors diagnose problems. ___2___ Most babies take two tests. The first is at 1 minute after birth, and the second is at 5 minutes after birth. If a baby’s score at 5 minutes is less than 6, the baby takes another test at 10 minutes after birth. The Apgar test is not an intelligence test. It’s a test that shows a baby’s health right after it is born. The Apgar test measures things such as a baby’s color, heart rate, and breathing. The test has five parts, and the score for each part can be 0, 1, or 2. ___3___

A doctor named Virginia Apgar developed the test. Apgar went to medical school at Columbia University in New York City in 1929. She faced many challenges because she was the first woman in the program. However, she was one of the best students in her class. After medical school, she started treating patients2. Apgar also became a researcher in anesthesiology, a new topic in medicine at the time3. During her studies, she learned how to give patients anesthesia. ___4___

In the 1940s, many women started to have anesthesia when they gave birth. Apgar had a question: How does anesthesia affect newborn babies? In 1949, when Apgar was a professor at Columbia’s medical school, she created her simple test. She wrote a paper about her methods in 1953. Soon after, people started using the Apgar test around the world.

In her work, Apgar saw that many newborns had problems. She wanted to help these babies survive. She stopped practicing medicine in 1959, and she went back to school to get a master’s degree in public health. ___5___

Today, the Apgar test is still used all over the world. Newborn babies don’t know it, but Virginia Apgar is a very important person in the first few minutes of their lives.

词汇： diagnose /'dai gn uz/ vt. & vi. 诊断（疾病）

anesthesiology /,ænis,θizi’ l d i/ n. 麻醉学

anesthesia /,ænis'θizi / n. 麻醉

注释： 1. called for help：需要帮助，求救。call for：需要，要求，提倡；来找（某人），来取（某物）。

2. she started treating patients：她开始治疗病人。treat sb.有三种意思，分别是“对待某人”“治疗某人”和“款待某人”。treat作“治疗”讲，是普通用语的治疗，意义广泛，cure多用于疾病方面，heal多用于创伤或外伤方面。

3. at the time：当时，在那时。同义短语有at that point, at that time, on the occasion。

2016年,职称英语,新增文章

练习：

A Doctors add the scores together for the total Apgar score.

B She spent the rest of her life doing research and raising money to help newborn babies.

C A score of 10 is uncommon.

D The doctor was worried.

E They decide if a baby is normal or needs special care.

F Anesthesia is a procedure that makes patients lose consciousness, so they do not feel any pain during surgery.

答案与题解： 1. D 由第二段的前半部分可知这个婴儿三次健康测试的分数都不理想，而且最后一句提到他需要救助，说明他的情况不容乐观，所以医生应该担心。因此，答案为D。

2. E 第三段中第二句话提到这项测试帮助医生诊断新生儿的问题，即医生可以根据测试结果判断新生儿的健康状况。因此，答案为E。

3. A 顺承本段倒数第二句的句意可知选项A和选项C都可以，但选项C说10分的成绩不常见，这一点由全文其他地方推断不出来。因此，答案为A。

4. F 本段第二句话最后提到阿普加学习给病人实施麻醉，而选项F讲的是麻醉是什么，正好与本段第二句话句意吻合。因此,答案为F。

5. B 本段主要讲的是阿普加帮助新生儿的愿望以及她为此所做的努力，纵观六个选项符合段意的只有选项B。因此，答案为B。

2016年,职称英语,新增文章

2016年职称英语等级考试教材_理工类新增文章 (4)

Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet Job

John Harrison has what must be the most wanted job in the United States. He’s the official taster for Edy’s Grand Ice Cream, one of the nation’s best-selling brands. Harrison’s taste buds are insured for $1 million. ___1___ And when he isn’t doing that, he travels, buying Edy’s in supermarkets all over the country so that he can check for perfect appearance, texture, and flavor.

After I interviewed Harrison, I realized that the life of an ice cream taster isn’t all Cookies ’n Cream — a flavor that* he invented, by the way. No, it’s extremely hard work, which requires discipline and selflessness. For one thing, he doesn’t swallow on the job. Like a coffee taster, Harrison spits. Using a gold spoon to avoid “off” flavors, he takes a small bite and moves it around in his mouth to introduce it to all 9,000 or so taste buds. ___2___ Then he breathes in gently to bring the aroma up through the back of his nose. Each step helps Harrison evaluate whether the ice cream has a good balance of dairy, sweetness, and added ingredients 一 the three-flavor components of ice cream. Then, even if the ice cream tastes heavenly, he puts it into a trash can. A full stomach makes it, impossible to judge the quality of the flavors.

During the workweek, Harrison told me that he has to make other sacrifices, too: no onions, garlic, or spicy food, and no caffeine. Caffeine will block the taste buds, he says, so his breakfast is a cup of herbal tea. ___3___

Harrison’s family has been in the ice cream business in one way or another1 for four generations, so Harrison has spent his entire life with it2. However, he has never lost his love for its cold, creamy sweetness. ___4___ On these occasions3, he does swallow, and he eats about a quart (0.95 liters) each week. By comparison4, the average person in the United States eats 23.2 quarts (21. 96 liters) of ice cream and other frozen dairy products each year. Edy’s ice cream is available in dozens of flavors. So what flavor does the best-trained ice-cream taster in the country prefer? Vanilla! In fact, vanilla is the best-selling variety in the United States. ___5___ “It’s a very complex flavor,” Harrison says.

词汇： taste bud 味蕾

texture /'tekst /a/ n. 质地

aroma / 'r um / n. 芳香

vanilla /v 'ml / n. 香草

注释： 1. in one way or another：以某种方式,用这样或那样的方式

2. has spent his entire life with it：为此他已付出一生。spend.…with sth.：花（时间等）在某事上

3. on these occasions：在这种场合下

4. by comparison：相比之下

2016年,职称英语,新增文章

练习：

A However, you should never call it plain vanilla.

B He even orders ice cream in restaurants for dessert.

C Next he smack-smack-smacks his lips to get some air into the sample.

D This is a small price to pay for what he calls the world’s best job.

E In his younger days, he would help out at the ice cream factory his uncle owned. F He gets to sample 60 ice creams a day at Edy’s headquarters in Oakland, California.

答案与题解： 1. F 文中第一段讲了Harrison的工作情况。后文提到他休假时的情况，所以此处应为对他工作状态的介绍。

2. C 第二段主要介绍了他工作时品尝冰淇淋的过程。前文介绍了刚入口中的情况，此处应该是后续介绍。

3. D 第四段讲了他为此工作做出的牺牲。

4. B 此处前文讲到他仍然爱吃冰淇淋，所以此处B选项最符合原文。

5. A 根据后文讲“香草是一种复杂的口味”可以推断此处应为A选项。

2016年,职称英语,新增文章

2016年职称英语等级考试教材_理工类新增文章 (5)

Primer on Smell

In addition to bringing out1 the flavor of food, what does the sense of smell do for us? Smell “gives us information about place, about where we are,” says Randall Reed, a Johns Hopkins University professor whose specialty is the sense of smell. ___1___ “Whether we realize it or not, we collect a lot of information about who is around us based on smell,” says Reed.

Even at a distance, odors can warn us of2 trouble — spoiled food, leaking gas, or fire. “It’s a great alert,” offers Donald Leopold, a doctor at Johns Hopkins. For example, if something in the oven is burning, everyone in the house knows it.

With just a simple scent, smell can also evoke very intense emotion. Let’s say, for example, that the smell is purple petunias. ___2___ Now let’s imagine that your mother died when you were three, and she used to have a flower garden. You wouldn’t need to identify the smell or to have conscious memories of your mother or her garden. You would feel sad as soon as you smelled that spicy odor. Compared with3 animals, how well do people detect smelts?

That depends on what you mean by “how well”. We are low on receptor cells ： current estimates say that humans have roughly five million smell-receptor cells, about as many as a mouse. ___3___

Reed says that, across species, there is a relatively good correlation between the number of receptor cells and how strong the sense of smell is. “You can hardly find the olfactory bulb in a human brain —— it’s a pea-sized object. In a mouse, it’s a little bigger. It’s bean-sized in a rat, about the size of your little finger in a rabbit, and the size of your thumb in a bloodhound.” Does that mean that our sense of smell is not very acute? Not exactly. While we may not have the olfactory range of other creatures, the receptors we do have are as sensitive as those of any animal. ___4___ A trained “nose”, such as that of a professional in the perfume business, can name and distinguish about 10,000 odors. Reed says that a perfume expert can sniff a modem scent that has a hundred different odorants in it, go into the lab, and list the ingredients. “In a modest amount of time, he comes back with what to you or me would smell like a perfect imitation of that perfume. It’s amazing.” What happens to4 our sense of smell as we age?

Many people continue to have good olfactory function as they get older. ___5___ Leopold says that smell is generally highest in childhood, stays the same from the teens through the 50s, and drops starting at about 60 for women and 65 for men. “The average 80-year-old is only able to smell things half as well as the average 20-year-old,” says Leopold.

词汇： scent /sent/ n. 气味，香味

petunia /p 'tju:ni / n. 喇叭花

olfactory / l'fækt( )ri/ adj. 嗔觉的，味道的

2016年,职称英语,新增文章

sniff /snif/ v. 嗅，闻，用力吸

注释： 1. bring out：使……显出，使……变得明显

2. warn of：发出关于……的警告。warn sb. of sth.：警告某人某事

3. compare with：与……相比

4. happen to：发生于，发生在

练习：

A These flowers have a rich spiciness that no other petunia has.

B Odors, or smells, can warn us about trouble. C That’s not the rule, however.

D And smell tells us about people.

E We can also think, and we make conscious (and successful) efforts to tell the difference between one smell and another.

F A rat has some 10 million, a rabbit 20 million, and a bloodhound 100 million.

答案与题解： 1. D 根据后文提到的“我们能够根据气味收集到有关人的很多信息”可以推断此处答案是D选项。

2. A 前文提到以紫喇叭花的香味举例，选项中只有A选项提到了喇叭花。

3. F 前文提到人类和小鼠的嗅觉受体细胞数量，可以推断此处应介绍其他物种的嗅觉受体细胞数量。

4. E 后文都在介绍人类可以区分味道的不同，所以此处E选项最符合原文意思。

5. C 后文介绍了不是每个人都随着年龄的增长嗅觉能力不发生变化，所以此处C选项最符合原文。

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