肠促胰素的胰腺外作用研究进展

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研讨GLP一1

肠促胰素的胰腺外作用研究进展

纪立农

【提要】肠促胰素是经食物刺激后由肠道细胞分泌入血、能够刺激胰岛素分泌的一类激素。人体中,胰升糖素样肽1(GLP—1)和糖依赖性胰岛素释放肽(GIP)发挥肠促胰素效应。本文简要介绍肠促胰素的胰腺作用,重点回顾其胰腺外生理作用,以全面评价肠促胰素类药物的临床应用前景。

【关键词】肠促胰素;胰升糖素样肽1;糖依赖性胰岛素释放肽;糖尿病,2型

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二十世纪初,人们认识到营养物质摄人后会刺激肠粘膜释放某种因子,而该因子能够激发胰腺分泌具有降糖作用的物质:随后进一步发现,口服葡萄糖刺激胰岛素分泌的量明显大于静脉输注葡萄糖所引起的胰岛素释放量.这种现象被称为“肠促胰素”效应…。人体内主要有两种肠促胰素:第一个被发现的肠促胰素,是从猪小肠提取物中分离出来的、具有葡萄糖依赖性刺激胰岛素分泌作用的物质.称为糖依赖性胰岛素释放肽(ducose dependent

insulinotmpic

当比值下降时,钾离子通道不能被关闭,胰岛素分泌的启动机制不能被触发[3]。同时,GLP.1还可与仪细胞上的受体结合.通过直接作用或生长抑素的旁分泌作用.抑制胰高血糖素分泌。从而对血糖升高进行调节【4]。CLP.1可通过不同信号通路抑制p细胞凋亡,其中最主要是通过激活环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)和磷脂酰肌醇-3.激酶(P13K)途径,提高细胞中抗凋亡分子Bcl.2和Bcl.xL的水平,降低促凋亡分子c鹊pase一3水平,从而抑制p细胞凋亡、促进B细胞增殖【5】。GLP.1的胰腺生理作用和2型糖尿病患者GLP一1分泌减少[6】,而外源性给予GLP.1能增加胰岛素分泌,那么其可作为2型糖尿病治疗的崭新武器。多项研究表明,长效人GLP.1类似物可以有效降低2型糖尿病患者的血糖水平、改善B细胞功能和减少低血糖风险。

GIP是人17号常染色体长臂基因编码的具有42个氨基酸的肽类物质,在碳水化合物和脂类刺激下,主要由十二指肠和空肠近端的K细胞分泌。营养物质摄人后,K细胞分泌的GIP通过与胰腺B细胞上的特异性受体结合,促进胰岛素分泌,该过程中主要涉及抑制K。通道、增加细胞内ca2+和刺激胞吐作用等分子机制【7]。但2型糖尿病患者的循环GIP水平正常或升高[8],同时GIP对B细胞的促胰岛素分泌作用显著降低,并对仪细胞没有作用[9j,因而限制了其临床应用前景。

二、肠促胰素的中枢神经作用

GLP.1可与脑中负责调节食物摄取区域的受体结合,发挥抑制食欲、增加饱腹感等作用。从而达到减少摄食的目的。GLP—l免疫阳性神经元细胞位于孤束核和延髓网状结构,孤束核中的GLP.1免疫阳性细胞数是网状结构的3倍,并主要位于中间亚核、内侧亚核和外侧亚核,其中,内侧亚核主要与胃肠功能相关【I…。因此,GLP.1受体主要表达在大脑中负责调节食物

polypeptide,GIP);随后,

在对哺乳动物胰高血糖素原基因的克隆和序列测定过程中,发现了第二个可以刺激胰岛素分泌的肠促胰素,即胰升糖素样肽1(ducagon—likepeptide—l,GLP一1)。近年来,随着对B细胞功能衰减、体重增加、心血管风险、高血压等糖尿病治疗挑战的认识不断深入,肠促胰素降糖同时具有的多种生理优势引起了学者们的广泛关注。

一、肠促胰素的胰腺作用

GLP—l是人2号常染色体长臂的胰高血糖素原基因编码而后经修饰的具有30个氨基酸的肠肽类激素,在食物刺激下由回肠和结肠的L细胞分泌释放人血.从而发挥葡萄糖依赖性促进胰岛素的合成和分泌、抑制B细胞凋亡、促进p细胞增殖和新生、抑制胰升糖素分泌等生理作用心J。GLP.1的促分泌作用具有葡萄糖浓度依赖性特点,是因为GLP.1与其B细胞上的特异受体结合引发一系列反应,其中生成的PKA依赖于^TP/ADP比值变化从而触发钾离子通道关闭.而葡萄糖浓度又决定

A7IⅣADP比值的改变。当ATP/ADP比值升高时。A,I'P依赖的

钾通道关闭并导致细胞膜去极化.引起胰岛素的分泌。相反。

DOI:lO.3760/c

ma.j.iⅫ.1000巅99.2011.06.025

作者单位:100044北京大学糖尿病中心、北京大学人民医院内分泌科

摄取的区域【8】,并且研究表明脑室内注射低剂量的GLP.1可以产生抑制食物摄取的作用【1“。在健康受试者中,静脉输注高

增录6a.1

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于生理水平的GLP.I可以诱导增加饱腹感,同时减少食物摄取mJ。同样,GLP.1也可增加肥胖和2型糖尿病患者的饱胀感、降低食欲。在一项评价连续使用GLP.1的长期效果的研究中.20例2型糖尿病患者通过胰岛素泵持续输注GLP—l6周后,明显增强饱胀感、降低饥饿感,同时显著降低预计进食量m]。外周注射GLP.1可以增加饱腹感并减少摄食的确切机制尚不明确,但可能与GLP.1的对迷走神经传人纤维的作用、直接与血脑屏障自由区受体结合、抑制胃排空、从而增加饱腹

感和恶心副作用等机制相关。

大规模临床研究证实,长效GLP.I类似物治疗可使糖尿病患者

的收缩压下降2.1~6.7mmHg(1

r啪№=0.133

kPa),同时,

该作用在基线收缩压较高的患者中尤为明显、并独立于同期服用的降压药物、也与患者的体重减少无显著相关性心埘]。GLP.1的抗高血压作用可能与其增加钠和水的排泄有关∞J。Nystmm等【26j的研究表明,GLP.1输注显著增加内皮依赖的血管舒张程度的相对变化,改善2型糖尿病患者的内皮功能,但在健康人群中,GLP.1输注对内皮功能没有显著影响。Plutzku等的脚把分析进一步证实.长效GLP一1类似物治疗26周可以改善2型糖尿病患者的血脂谱、脑钠肽和高敏c反应蛋白等其他心血管危险因素[27]。

2.GLP.1的心肌缺血、心功能作用:心肌梗塞是糖尿病患者常见的急性心血管疾病,梗塞后再灌注的心肌功能恢复情况影响患者的预后。Nikolaidis等Ⅲ]将6只狗的冠状动脉左旋支

闭塞10min后进行24hGI,.1再灌注。结果表明,缺血再灌注

GIP在中枢神经系统主要起到促进神经祖细胞增殖和协调行为的作用,而没有抑制食欲、减少摄食的作用。脑海马部位可以表达GIP,同时GIP受体主要位于中枢神经系统的大脑皮质、海马和嗅球。大鼠体内实验和成人离体细胞培养实验证实,外源性注射GIP可以诱导海马细胞增殖,不同的是,成年GIPR-/.小鼠能够诱导海马齿状回产生大量新增殖细胞,同时,与野生型小鼠相比,过表达GIP受体的转基因小鼠增强感觉运动协调能力和记忆识别能力[1“。

三、肠促胰素的胃肠道作用

期间输注GLP.1后,心脏的局部室壁运动早期恢复,局部收缩功能完全恢复,并且无再灌注心律失常发作。在起搏诱导的扩张性心肌病狗中进行的研究表明,48

GLP.1输注显著增加左

作为一种肠肽类激素,GLP.1可以通过与胃肠道受体结合,发挥延缓胃排空和肠道蠕动的作用,并可以抑制胃酸和五肽胃泌素分泌,从而减少餐后血糖漂移和体重。食物引起的GLP.1释放可抑制胃排空和小肠运动.参与所谓的“回肠制动”效应。近期的研究提出,GLP.1具有明显的回肠制动效应,在促胰岛素分泌所必需的最小输注速度下。GLP.1即可影响胃排空速度,健康志愿者输注生理剂量GIJP.1,会出现剂量依赖性的胃排空和葡萄糖吸收延迟,进而减少餐后血糖浓度fl“。2型糖尿病患者外源性输注GLP。l后,胃排空时间的延长,可以通过减慢营养物质从胃到小肠的运输时间,以达到降低餐后血糖水平的目的[16,”]。此外,GLP.1注射使进食流质后的综合葡萄糖反应增量降低了40%(P=o.05),从而有效减少餐后血糖漂移[1“。l型糖尿病患者输注GLP—l后观察到.胃排窄时问的延长对降低餐后血糖水平具有很大作用fI…。除了对胃排宅的作用外,GLP.1还可以抑制清醒大鼠禁食和进食状态的小肠运动,并且有证据说明禁食状态的动力抑制作用依赖于一氧化氮,而进食状态的抑制作用不依赖于一氧化氮.因此.GLP.1对

进食状态的抑制作用更为广泛f20】。另外,GLP—l还能够明显抑

心室射血分数、每搏输出量、心排出量,同时显著降低左室舒张末期压、心率和全身血管阻力,并增加了心肌胰岛素敏感性和心肌葡萄糖摄取[29]。同样,S0kos等【30J在21例充血性心衰患者中进行的研究表明,GLP.1输注改善充血性心衰患者左室射血分数和功能状态,同时6min步行距离和生活质量也得到提高。另外,GLP.1能对扩张性心肌病、高血压性心衰和心肌梗死的实验模型起到保护作用,并可以恢复慢性心衰患者和血管

成形术后心梗患者的心脏收缩功能[22】。

五、肠促胰素的其他作用

肠促胰素GLP.1或GIP,还可以通过与分布于脂肪、肝、肾、肌肉等组织的相应受体结合,发挥其它多种不同生理作用,从而为糖尿病治疗带来多种临床收益。

1.肠促胰素的脂肪作用:肠促胰素具有调整脂肪代谢和脂肪能量摄取的作用。在原代大鼠脂肪细胞和3B.L1脂肪细胞培养中,GLP—l可以增加胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖代谢作用.增加脂肪的葡萄糖摄取;在大鼠脂肪细胞中.GLP.1具有脂肪分解作用,在健康者和2型糖尿病受试者中,GLP.1能够减少餐后血浆甘油三酯水平,并且抑制空腹和餐时相关非酯化脂肪酸水平的增加[3¨3|。离体大鼠脂肪细胞和3,13.Ll细胞表达功能性的GIP受体,提示GIP可能与脂肪代谢控制和肥胖发生相关惮J。脂肪摄入可以刺激人体分泌GIP,同时肥胖个体的血浆GIP水平增加,证明其具有调节脂肪细胞代谢、刺激脂肪酸合成的作用[35,3“。GIP的脂肪合成作用包括刺激脂肪酸合成和再酯化,增加胰岛素刺激的脂肪酸合成甘油三酯.上调脂蛋白脂酶,减少糖原刺激的脂肪分解[37]。同时.GIP具有调节体重的作用,GIPR-/.小鼠在几个月高脂饮食后.不能产生饮食诱导的肥胖,并表现出减少脂肪细胞数量的作用”8|。在大规模GLP.1临床试验中,研究数据表明GLP—l可以有效的减少脂肪组织含量,最高可达2.4kg,其中腹腔脂肪含量减少尤为

突出‘39]。

制五肽胃泌素和进食诱发的胃酸分泌。GLP一1对胃肠运动和分泌的作用可能与中枢介导的迷走神经途径相关。GIP对胃肠道运动没有明显影响,但在超生理剂量下,可以抑制胃部的胃酸分泌,同时具有上调肠道内已糖转运的功能【21|。

四、肠促胰素的心血管作用

由于受体分布等原因,关于GIp心血管作用的研究为数不多。相反,GLP.1的心血管作用普遍受到各国学者的广泛

关注。

1.GLP.1的收缩压、心血管危险因素作用:很多糖尿病患者伴发高血压,并且多数糖尿病患者死于心血管疾病。证据表明,GLP.1可通过与相应受体结合发挥降低收缩压、减少心血管危险因素等作用,如啮齿类动物和人类的心血管组织表达的GLP.1受体、调节心血管功能的孤素核表达的GLP.1受体m]。

2.肠促胰素的肝、肾、肌肉作用:肠促胰素具有抑制肝脏

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葡萄糖生成、刺激肌肉葡萄糖摄取、保护肾脏功能的作用。在离体原代大鼠肝细胞中,GLP—l可以促进葡萄糖合成糖原,并

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8ensitiVity,∞d

当斋,2型糖尿病治疗手段面临“血糖控制不理想、现有方

案很难从根本上改善B细胞功能、降糖药物可引起体重增加和低血糖等不良作用、患者同时存在肥胖和高咀压等心血管高危因素”等多种挑战。在这种背景下,人们普遍开始关注新型的肠促胰素类药物。研究证实,肠促胰素具有促进胰岛素的合成和分泌、保护B细胞、减少低血糖、减少食物摄取、延缓胃排空、降低收缩压和改善心血管危险因素等生理作用。由于GIP对2型糖尿病患者的B细胞促胰岛素分泌作用屁著降低,并对n细胞没有作用。因而限制了其临床应用前景。但是,外源性补充GLP.1可以促进2型糖尿病患者胰岛素分泌的现象.表明其可作为2璎糖尿病治疗的崭新武器,并且,GLP-l在显著降糖的同时还具有保护胰腺p细胞、减少低jlIL糖事件、降低收缩压、减少体重和改善心血管危险凶素等作用,从而有效的改善糖尿病患者的疾病状态。

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inhibitory叫ypeptiderelease

(本文编辑:朱簸达)

[本文发表由诺和诺德(中国)制药有限公司赞助]

[36]sal哪M,Giac0啪niP,Pimni

L.Gastric

增录6a一4

肠促胰素的胰腺外作用研究进展

作者:作者单位:刊名:英文刊名:年,卷(期):

纪立农, JI Li-nong

北京大学糖尿病中心、北京大学人民医院内分泌科,100044中华内分泌代谢杂志

CHINESE JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM2011,27(6)

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