综合教程第2版1 Unit1-8 Words and Expressions

Unit1 Words and Expressions

Confront anguish shudder well (up/out) rest on/upon/against have sth. in common look into give in to lock sth. away part bring back summon

?L1. confront v.

(1) to be faced with and have to deal with; meet 面临，面对，遇到 e.g.We must confront the future with optimism.

He has prepared answers to the questions he expects to confront during the interview. *be confronted with/by 面临，面对，碰上

e.g.The actress was confronted by a large group of reporters as she left the stage door. Customers are confronted with a bewildering amount of choice. All the programs will be confronted with great difficulties at the start. 所有的项目刚开始时总会遇到很大的困难。

*if a problem, difficulty etc. confronts sb., it appears and needs to be dealt with 出现在…面前（以任务、困难等名词作主语）

e.g.The problems confronting the new government were enormous. New tasks now confront the teachers and the students.

(2) to deal with something very difficult or unpleasant in a brave and determined way 勇敢面对，对抗，正视 e.g.We try to help people confront their problems.

They have confronted the problem of terrorism with great determination.

*confront sb. with sth.: to force sb. to deal with or accept the truth of sth.; bring face to face with 使不得不面对，使正视，使对质 (passive: be confronted with)

e.g.I confronted him with my suspicions, and he admitted everything.

When the police confronted her with the evidence, she admitted that she was guilty. When (she was) confronted with the evidence of her guilt, she confessed.

?L1. anguish n. very great pain and suffering, esp. of the mind （精神上的）极度痛苦

e.g.She was in anguish over her missing child.

The anguish of not knowing the truth was almost unbearable. King Lear, a broken-hearted, confused old man, died in anguish. 李尔王，这位身心交瘁、精神恍惚的老人在痛苦中死去。 *anguished a.

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–An ________ look appeared on her face.

?L5. shudder v. to shake uncontrollably for a moment 发抖，颤抖，战栗

e.g.I shudder to think how big the bill will be. I shudder with terror whenever I think about it. She shuddered at the sight of the dead body. 她一看到那具尸体就不寒而栗。 cf. shake

shudder: vi. It suggests a more intense shaking, which is less noticeable to an onlooker. shake: vt.& vi. It suggests sth. that is done to as well as by a person or object. –People still _______ at the thought of that terrible earthquake. –The tree branches were _______ in that sudden gust of wind.

?L5. well (up/out) — to start to flow （液体）涌出

e.g. Blood welled (out) from the cut.

She was so moved that tears welled (up/forth/out) in her eyes. *if a feeling wells or wells up in you, you start to feel it strongly e.g. Sympathy welled up in her for him. Anger welled up within him.

?L5. rest on/upon/against — to fall on; to lean on; to be supported by 搭着，靠着，支撑

e.g.Rest your head on my shoulder.

He rested his elbows on the table and leaned forward. Their bikes were resting against the wall. All his hopes rest on the leader. 他全部的希望寄托在领导者的身上。

Our policy should rest on the basis of self-reliance. 我们的政策要建立在自力更生的基础之上。

?L12. have sth. in common — to share the same quality or interest 有共同之处

*in common — shared with someone else; having the same interest, attitudes, etc. 共同的 e.g. I found I had a lot in common with these people. The two games have much / nothing/little in common.

In common with most young people I hate getting up early in the morning.

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和大多数年轻人一样，我也讨厌一早起床。

?L13. look into

(1) to look at sth. in a certain direction 朝某方向看 e.g.I crouched beside him and looked into his wild eyes. It is helpful for pupils not to have to look into bright light. 非必要不朝着亮光看对瞳孔是有好处的。

(2) to find out about; to examine the meaning or causes of 调查，研究 e.g. Police are looking into the disappearance of two children. cf. L10. stare off into: stop watching sth. and look at sth. else steadily

?L32. give in (to…) — to give way; to surrender; to accept that you are defeated 屈服（于…），（向…）投

降

e.g.The two boys fought until one gave in to the other. We will never give in to terrorist demands. She was determined not to give in to despair. cf. give up

give up: to stop trying to do sth.

give in: to admit that you have been defeated by sb./sth.

?L35. lock sth. away — to lock up; to put in a safe place and fasten the lock; to keep sth. secret 把某物锁藏

起来，封存起来

e.g.We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. Make backup copies of your data, and lock them away.

*lock sth. away within sb. — keep sth. in one’s mind and never forget it You should not shed tears but lock your sorrow away within yourself. 你不应当流泪，而应当把忧伤深埋心中。

?L36. part v. to be no longer together; to separate 分开，分离，离别

e.g.I hope that we part as friends / remain friends as we part. The war parted many men from their families. The crowd parted to let him through.

They had hardly ever parted from each other / They were hardly ever parted in thirty years of marriage. 结婚三十年间他们几乎从未分开过。

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No child should be parted from his parents by force. 不应该强迫孩子与父母分开。

The sunlight flooded the room when he parted the curtains. 他拉开窗帘，屋里顿时充满了阳光。

?part from: to separate from, to go away from

e.g. She has parted from her husband. (= She and her husband have parted.)

All of a sudden the front of the building parted from the rest and fell like a breaking wave into the street.

?part with: to give sth. to sb. else unwillingly or to stop having it yourself （不情愿地）放弃，舍弃，出让

e.g.Despite his poverty, he refused to part with the family jewels. The man parted with his gold medal to pay for his son’s education.

?L37. bring back — to make sb. remember sth., to cause to return to mind 使记起，使回忆起

e.g.Hearing the song brings back some happy memories. Seeing her again brought all sweet memories back. The photos brought back some wonderful memories.

?L41. summon v.

(1) to tell or request sb. to come 召唤，召集

e.g. He was summoned to (attend) an emergency meeting. Summon the pupils together in the school hall.

*summon a meeting/conference — to arrange for a meeting to take place and order people to come to it He summoned a meeting of business leaders.

(2) to make a feeling, an idea, a memory, etc. come into your mind 唤起，使想起 e.g.The book summoned up memories of my childhood.

(3) to force (a particular quality) to come as if from deep inside oneself, in an attempt to do sth. 发挥出（某品性）来做某事，鼓起，鼓足…

e.g.They summon (up) their courage for the battle. I had to summon (up) all my nerve to face my boss. I can’t summon up much enthusiasm for the project.

?L47. move on

(1) (to order) to go away to another place （使）离开 e.g. “Come along, sir, move on,” said the policeman.

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The drunk was annoying people, so the policeman moved him on. (2) to change to sth. different or new 更换（话题，工作等） e.g. I think we’ve talked about that subject enough; let’s move on. I enjoyed my job, but it was time to move on.

Before we move on, does anyone have any questions?

Unit2 Words and Expressions

head crinkly be through scornful send for take sth. apart calculate superior loftily regular dispute adjust tuck insert sigh ?L1. head v.

(1) to be at the top of; to provide a heading for 位于…上面，给…加标题

e.g.*be headed… — if a page is headed with a particular name, title, image etc, it has it on the top The chapter __________ “My Early Life”. The memorandum __________“Confidential.”

(2) to lead; to be at the front of; to be in charge of 带领，居…之首； 主管，领导 e.g.The sales director heads a team of 20 representatives.

The Commission of Inquiry headed by the president of the Board of Trustees is investigating the case. (3) to move in a certain direction 朝着…行进 e.g. Where are you guys heading/headed? We headed south towards the capital.

?L5. crinkly a. having many thin folds; (of hair) curly 起皱的，多皱纹的；（头发）卷曲的

e.g.The paper was brown and crinkly at the edges. The leaves turned brown and crinkly.

My shirts were all crinkly when I got them out of the suitcase. 衬衫从箱子里拿出来时全都皱了。

*crinkle v. to become covered with small folds, or make sth. do this （使）起皱 e.g.The leaves of the dead plant crinkled. He smiled, his eyes crinkling. Her face crinkled up in a smile. ?L9. be through (with sb./sth.)

(1) to have finished doing sth. or using sth. 做完，用完，看完

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e.g.I’m not through yet — I should be finished in an hour. I need to use the computer when you’re through. When will you be through with your work? 你什么时候会干完你的活？ I’m just about half-way through. 我就完成一半左右。

The novel is a delight. I am only about two thirds through.

(2) to no longer have a relationship with sb. 与某人关系结束，不再来往 e.g. That’s it! Simon and I are through. I’m through with you!

Do what you like. We are through.

?L19. scornful a. showing great disrespect for sb. or sth. 鄙视的，轻蔑的 e.g.Her scornful smile hurt him.

How can you put up with his scornful remark? He was scornful of idol worship. 他鄙视偶像崇拜。

*scorn v. to show that you think that sth. is stupid, unreasonable, or not worth accepting 鄙视； n. the feeling that sb. or sth. is stupid or does not deserve respect 轻蔑，蔑视 e.g.Some people scorn the use of make-up. She scorned all our offers of help.

He felt/had scorn for his working-class parents. Rachel looked at me with scorn (=scornfully). ?L23. send for — to ask or order sb. to come by sending them a message 要求或指示将…送到，使…来

到

e.g. Get back into bed. I’ll send for the doctor. I’ve sent for help.

I sent for someone to repair the TV. 我叫了人来修理电视机。

?L26. take sth. apart — to separate sth. into all its different parts 拆开某物

e.g.Tom was always taking things apart in the garage.

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cf. L33. take sth./sb. away — to remove sb. or sth., or to make sth. disappear 移开，使消失 e.g. She whisked the tray off the table and took it away.

?apart or away?

–Nothing can take _____ the anguish of losing a child.

–Take the watch ______ and see if you can see what’s wrong with it. –Anxiety has taken _____ his appetite.

?L32. calculate v.

(1) to find out how much sth. will cost, how long sth. will take, etc. by using numbers 计算 e.g. With that information you can calculate the data access time. Oil prices are calculated in dollars.

I am trying to calculate how much paint we need.

We calculate that the average size farm in Lancaster County is 65 acres.

It has been calculated that the world’s population will double by the end of the century. They have used this formula to calculate the average. 他们用了这个公式来计算平均值。

We need to calculate how much time the task will take. 我们需要算出完成这项任务要用多少时间。

(2) to guess sth. or form an opinion by using all the information available; estimate 估计，推测 e.g. It’s difficult to calculate what effect all these changes will have on the company. Conservationists calculate that hundreds of species could be lost in this area. ?L35. superior a.

(1) [derog] (as if) thinking oneself better than others [贬义] 有优越感的，高傲的，傲慢的 e.g. He smiled a superior smile as he drove past in his expensive new car. She had that superior tone of voice.

(2) better, more powerful, more effective etc. than others 更好的 *superior to… — better than…

e.g. Fletcher’s superior technique brought him victory. Your computer is far __________ mine. She always acts so __________ everyone else.

*superiority n. an attitude that shows you think you are better than other people 傲慢，优越感；state

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of being better 优越，优胜

e.g.Janet always spoke with an air of superiority.

The organization is technically superior to its rivals. (adj. → n.) The organization has a technical superiority over its rivals.

*inferior a. lower (in rank, social position, importance, quality, etc.) 较次的，较差的 e.g.This resulted in overpriced and often inferior products.

He preferred the company of those who were intellectually inferior to himself.

?L37. loftily ad. haughtily; in a manner that shows one is better than other people 高傲地，傲慢地 e.g.That man behaves loftily and turns down any request for help. When I asked for help, he just smiled loftily and turned away. *lofty a.

(1) showing that one thinks one is better than other people 高傲的，傲慢的 She has such a lofty manner.

She said that in a lofty manner / with a lofty smile.

(2) (of ideas, feelings, aims, etc.) of unusually high moral quality （理想、情感、目标等）高尚的，崇高的

He had set himself the lofty goal of reaching the world’s top five. She has lofty ideals of equality and social justice. He set himself lofty goals. ?L41., 65. regular a.

(1) [only before noun] normal, ordinary 平常的，普通的，一般的 e.g.I have a regular wallet with everything you can possibly think of. How long does it take by regular mail？

Regular teachers just don’t have the training to deal with problem children.

(2) following a pattern, esp. with the same time and space in between each thing and the next 规则的，有规律的，定期的

e.g.We should have regular habits / be regular in our habits (=do the same things at the same times every day).

He works hard and keeps regular hours. I visit my parents at regular intervals.

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(3) [only before noun, of people] doing the same thing or going to the same place often 经常做某事的，常去某地的

e.g. The store has a lot of regular customers. I am a regular visitor to this website. *irregular a. not regular

e.g.Apparently newborns can sometimes have problems with irregular breathing. His attendance at school has been somewhat irregular. *regularity n. state of being regular

e.g. Find something you enjoy doing and do it with regularity (=regularly) to establish a routine. Is there any regularity in English word stress? ?L47. dispute

(1) v. to question or doubt the truth of sth.; to argue (about sth.), esp. angrily or passionately and for a long period （尤指生气地或激烈而长时间地）争论，辩论，争执 e.g.The two governments ____________ the ownership of the territory. The question was hotly disputed in the Senate. 这个问题在参议院中引起激烈辩论。

(2) v. to disagree about or question the truth or correctness of 反对，辩驳，对…表示怀疑 e.g. The main facts of the book have never been disputed. Few would dispute that travel broadens the mind.

(3) n. (an) argument or quarrel, esp. an official one between one group or organization and another 辩论，争端，纠纷

e.g. There has been much dispute over the question of legalized abortion. The miners were ____________ their employers over pay. This question is still in/under dispute. (=being argued about)

?L53. adjust v.

(1) to alter (sth.) slightly so that it will fit or be right for use 校正，调准，调整 *adjust sth. to…

e.g.You can adjust the color on the TV by turning this knob. Check and adjust the brakes regularly.

The desks and seats can ____________ the height of any child.

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You can’t see through a telescope unless it is adjusted correctly to your sight.

(2) to change slightly in order to make suitable for a particular purpose or situation; to gradually become familiar with a new situation（使）适应 *adjust (oneself) to…

e.g. Have you adjusted (yourself) to the heat of Guangzhou? The former president still has difficulty in adjusting to civilian life.

*adjustment n. a small change made to sth. 调整，调节；a change in the way a person behaves or things （思想、行为的）调整，适应

e.g. I’ve made a few minor adjustments to the plan.

She went through a period of emotional adjustment after her marriage broke up. ?L61. tuck v.

(1) to put sth. into a small space, esp. in order to protect, hide, carry or hold it 将某物藏到…下面，把…收藏到…

e.g.He tucked the newspaper under his arm and walked on. Tuck that money into the top of your sock for safekeeping. He took the glasses off and tucked them in his pocket. 他把眼镜摘下塞在口袋里。

(2) to take the edge or end of (a garment, piece of material, etc.) and to put or push it into a desired or convenient position, usu. a narrow space 把…的端部或边缘塞进…，叠拢或卷起（使之看不见或固定） e.g.Tuck your shirt into your trousers. Tuck your trousers into your boots.

She tucked an unruly lock of hair behind her ear.

?L67. insert v. to put sth. inside or into sth. else or between two things 插入，放进

e.g.His hand shook slightly as he inserted the key into the lock.

Insert the correct coins, then select the drink you want and press the button. A nurse carefully inserted the needle into my left arm.

I’ve filled in the form, but you still need to insert (= add) your date of birth. (to add sth. to a piece of writing)

我已经把表格填了，但你还得填上你的生日。 ?L68. sigh

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(1) n. a slow deep breath with a sound expressing sadness, tiredness, or satisfaction 叹息声，叹气声 e.g. We all ____________________________ a sigh of relief when we heard that they were safe. She let out a sigh of impatience.

(2) v. to let out a deep breath slowly and with a sound, usu. expressing sadness, tiredness, or satisfaction 叹息，叹气

e.g. She sighed with relief / despair.

He sighed with despair at the thought of all the opportunities he had missed. Frankie stared out of the window and sighed deeply/heavily.

Unit3 Words and Expressions

manner get away appreciation pull out do/work wonders (for…) compliment bet put off board bother apologize melt away a thing of the past value cherish count matter routine infectious

?manner

n.

(1) [S] a personal way of acting or behaving towards other people 态度，举止 e.g. She has a calm and relaxed manner.

She was unusually soft and gentle in her manner when talking to him.

(2) [pl.] (polite or generally accepted) social habits or ways of behaving 礼貌，规矩 e.g. Some people have no manners.

Dad gave us a lecture about our table manners.

It’s bad manners to talk with your mouth full (=talk and eat at the same time). 嘴里一边吃着东西一边说话是不礼貌的。

?L3. get away

(1) become different from what it should be like 与?-不同，偏离，背离

e.g. The book produces a new image of teacher which gets away from the stereotype. (2) to leave; to succeed in leaving esp. when this is not easy 离开 e.g. The meeting dragged on, and I didn’t get away until seven. I like to ____________ London at the weekend. Follow that car and don’t let it ____________ you.

(3) to escape from the scene of a crime or from being caught 逃走，逃离 e.g. I caught a really big fish but it got away.

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The thieves ___________ jewellery worth over ￡50,000.

?L7. appreciation

n.

(1) a feeling of being grateful for something someone has done; grateful recognition of an action 感激，感谢 e.g.It is my way of showing my appreciation for their support, and it comes from the heart. Please accept this gift in appreciation of all you’ve done for us.

To show our appreciation for all your hard work, we’d like to give you a bonus. 为了对你的辛勤劳动表示感谢，我们要给你发奖金。 (2) understanding of the good qualities of sth. 欣赏，赏识 e.g. The audience showed their appreciation with loud cheers.

?L43. appreciate v.

(1) to be thankful or grateful for 感激，感谢

e.g. I appreciate your concern, but honestly, I’m fine. _______________ you let me get on with my job. (2) to understand and enjoy sth., to value highly 欣赏，赏识 e.g. You can’t fully appreciate foreign literature in translation.

*appreciative a. feeling or showing understanding or gratitude 有欣赏力的，赞赏的，感激的 e.g. The appreciative audience applauded. We could see their appreciative look. I appreciate your generosity most. (v. → a.) I’m most appreciative of your generosity. ?L8. pull out

(1) to drive onto the road or over to another lane of the road to join in the traffic （机动车辆、船只等）驶出，打斜开出

e.g. A car suddenly pulled out in front of me. The boat pulled out into the middle of the river. He waved me goodbye and pulled out into traffic. 他向我挥手告别，将车驶入车流。

(2) (to cause) to leave a place or time of trouble（使）撤离，（使）脱身 e.g. The general pulled his troops out of the area.

Jim saw that the firm was going to be ruined, so he pulled out.

?pull up: when a car or someone driving a car pulls up, the driver stops the car, often for a short time

（使车

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辆）停下

?A car pulled up outside my house.

?pull out: if a vehicle pulls out, it starts moving onto a road or onto a different part of the road

?A car pulled right out in front of me.

打斜驶出

?pull off: to drive a car off a road in order to stop, or to turn into a smaller road

?We pulled off the road to get some food.

驶离（道路）（至路侧停下)

?pull in: (1) if a train pulls in, it arrives at a station （火车）到站，进站；(2) if a car or a driver pulls in they

move to the side of the road and stop 驶向路边（或某处）靠停

?The train pulled in exactly on time. ?She pulled in to let the ambulance pass.

?pull down: (1) to destroy a building completely 拆毁，摧毁；(2) [also: pull in] to earn a particular amount

of money 挣（钱、薪水）

?The old chapel is dangerous and will have to be pulled down. ?He is pulling down/in $5,000 a year.

?L23. do/work wonders (for…) — to bring unexpectedly good results （为…）创造奇迹，（给…）带来惊

人效果

e.g.A long weekend away from work will do wonders for your peace of mind. She looked so tired before, but her holiday has worked/done wonders (for her). This tonic will work wonders for your depression. 这种补药对治疗你的忧郁症十分有效。

?L27. compliment

(1) v. to praise or express admiration for sb. 称赞，赞扬 *compliment sb. on sth.

e.g. Bob complimented me on my new hairstyle. He was complimented on his fluency in English. 他英语流利，获得称赞。

(2) n. an expression of praise, admiration, or respect 恭维（话），赞扬，赞词 e.g.He was showered with compliments on his excellent performance.

His manner made it clear that he was simply stating a fact, not flattering with a compliment.

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?L30. bet

(1) v. to state confidently what will happen 肯定，预言 *I bet — I am sure; I am certain; surely; certainly

*you bet — sure; you can be sure; used to emphasize that you agree with sb. or are keen to do what they suggest

e.g.Come and sit down, ____ you’re exhausted. He’ll be really pleased to see you, ____! “Going to the party on Saturday?” “_______!”

(2) v. to risk (money) on the result of a future event 下赌注，（与…）打赌 e.g.She bet all her money on a horse that came last. I’ll bet you $5 that you can’t do it.

?L31. put off (doing) sth. — to postpone sth.; to move to a later date; to delay 推迟

e.g. I put off going to the doctor but I wish I hadn’t.

The match has been put off until tomorrow because of bad weather. 因为天气不好，比赛已推迟到明天进行。

?L38. board

(1) v. to get on a ship, plane, train etc in order to travel somewhere 登上（船、飞机、火车等交通工具） e.g. Passengers were standing on the dock, waiting to board. The couple boarded the train/plane for New York. 夫妇俩登上了前往纽约的火车/飞机。

(2) n. on a ship, plane, etc. 在…（船、飞机等）上 e.g.There are 12 children on board the plane. As soon as I’m on board (the ship) I always feel sick. *go/get on board the train/ship/plane 上火车/船/飞机

?L38. bother

v. to disturb or annoy sb.; to make sb. worry or confused 打扰，烦扰，使麻烦;使不安，使困惑 *(not) bother to do sth./ (not) bother doing sth. — (not) take the time or trouble to do sth. （不）费神、操心去做某事

e.g. I sent them an invitation, but they didn’t even bother to reply.

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You needn’t bother to clean the house. / Don’t bother cleaning the house. 你不必费心去打扫房子。

“Shall I help you with the washing up?” “Don’t bother. I’ll do it later.” 不必了 /不用麻烦了。

?L40. apologize

v. to say one is sorry for having done sth. wrong 道歉

*apologize to sb. for (doing) sth.

e.g. The US ________________ Britain ____ the accident that cost nine British lives. I apologize for losing my temper. 我为自己发脾气而道歉。

*apology n. a statement expressing that one is sorry for having done sth. wrong, for causing pain or trouble, etc. 道歉，谢罪，认错

e.g.I make an apology for what I did to you.

I _________________ (=didn’t apologize for) what I said — it was a fair comment. *apologetic a. feeling or expressing regret, making an apology 表示歉意的，道歉的 e.g.As I reproached him, he heard me in silence, gave me finally an apologetic smile. She was/felt deeply apologetic about her late arrival. ?L40. melt (sth.) away — (to cause sth.) to gradually disappear （使）融化，（使）熔化 ，（使）消失

e.g.The sun has melted the snow away. The crowd melted away when the storm broke. Her determination to take revenge slowly melted away. 她复仇的决心慢慢地消退了。

?L44. a thing of the past — sth. that no longer exists 不复存在的事物，过往的事物

e.g.With swift action and investment from all the industrialized nations, acid rain could become a thing of the past.

Writing letters seems to be a thing of the past. All his achievements have become a thing of the past. 他所有的成就都已不复存在了。

?L45. value

v. to think that sb. or sth. is important 重视，尊重

e.g. I’ve always valued your friendship / advice.

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He values truth above all else.

?L53. cherish

(1) to love; to care for tenderly 珍爱，钟爱 e.g. One should cherish one’s family.

At the wedding, the man promises to cherish his wife. (2) to keep firmly in mind 心中怀有，珍藏 I cherish the hope that he will come back. He cherishes good memories of his childhood.

?L49. count

v. to be important or valuable 有重要性，有价值，有影响

e.g.Every minute counts. We must race against time. It is not what you say but what you do that counts. The individual doesn’t count much in the situation.

Their opinions count for little; what their boss says counts (the most). His reputation does not count for much.

She regards me as a little kid who ________________ （=is not important at all).

In business, a strong personality often _______________ (= is more valuable or important) than formal training.

?L10. matter v. to be important 有关系，要紧，重要

*matter to sb. — to be important to sb., to have an important effect on sb. e.g.I don’t think anything matters to her apart from herself. Money mattered a lot to us.

It mattered a great deal to her what other people thought of her. 她很在乎别人怎么看她。

?L57. routine

(1) a. regular; according to what is always habitually done; not special 例行的，惯常的 e.g.It’s just a routine medical examination, nothing to get worried about. A major electrical fault was found during a routine safety inspection.

(2) n. (a) regular and habitual way of working or dong things 常规，惯例，例行公事 e.g. She longed to escape from the same old familiar routine. Her departure has upset our daily routine.

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她的离去扰乱了我们的日常生活。

?L60. infectious

(1) having an effect on everyone and making them want to take part 有感染力的 e.g. Her smile and laughter are both very infectious.

(2) (of a disease) that can be passed from one person to another by infection, esp. in the air （疾病）传染性的

e.g.Foot and mouth disease is caused by a highly infectious virus which animals either eat or inhale. Flu is highly infectious.

*infection n. becoming ill through contact with bacteria, etc. 感染，传染；disease caused by a micro-organism, contagion 传染病

e.g.Always sterilize the needle to prevent infection. You ought to get some antibiotics for that ear infection.

*infect v. to make a disease or an illness spread to a person, an animal or a plant 传染，使感染； to make sb. share a particular feeling 影响，是感染（某种情感）

e.g. People with the virus may feel perfectly well, but they can still infect others. She infected the children with her enthusiasm for music.

Unit4 Words and Expressions

strengthen mature hang out hang up as to break down make sense handle stick (sth.) out in fear that blame go through keep (sth.) in/back mark hold sth./oneself in educate sb. about/in/on sth.

?L1. strengthen

? v. become or make sth. stronger or more powerful 加强，增强

e.g.The President’s first priority was to strengthen the economy. We’re looking for ways to strengthen our sales team. Our friendship has steadily strengthened over the years. 我们的友谊逐年加深。

*strength n. the quality or degree of being strong or powerful 力量，力气，实力 e.g.He does weight-training to build up his physical strength. She pulled on the rope with all her strength.

?L2. mature

(1) a. behaving in a sensible adult way; fully grown or developed 成熟的，理智的

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e.g.In China a person over 18 years old is considered mature. The human brain isn’t fully mature until about age 25.

After two years of college, the students have a much more mature attitude. 两年的大学生活过后，这些学生心态成熟多了。

(2) a. [fml.] carefully decided, after a time of thought 慎重的，深思熟虑的 e.g.After mature consideration I entered the competition.

On mature consideration/reflection we have decided to decline their offer. (3) v. (cause to) become mature （使）成熟 e.g.Our plans have not yet matured.

Her responsibilities matured her at an early age. He matured the novel by constant revision.

*maturity n. the quality of behaving in a sensible way like an adult 成熟；the time when a person, animal, or plant is fully grown or developed 成熟期

e.g.Beth remained calm, showing maturity beyond her 16 years. These insects reach maturity after a few weeks.

*maturation n. [fml] the process of becoming or being made mature 成熟过程

e.g.The excess males must wait until large enough units have been generated through the maturation of female offspring.

?L7. hang out — [infml.] spend time somewhere in a casual or relaxed way; visit a place often; spend a

lot of time in a particular place 闲荡，玩乐 e.g.Where has he been hanging out these days? I don’t really know whom she _____________.

?L10. hang up (on sb.) — [infml.] end a telephone call by putting the receiver back (often abruptly);

end a telephone conversation by replacing the receiver 挂断电话 e.g.I said goodbye and hung up. If a caller is rude, just hang up.

Don’t __________ me — I need to talk to you.

?L12. as to — with regard to; on the subject of; concerning

关于，有关，至于，提到…

e.g. The President asked for opinions as to the likelihood of war. We are puzzled as to how it happened.

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He is very uncertain ___________ it is the right job for him.

As to correcting our homework, the teacher always makes us do it ourselves. 在我们作业批改的问题上，老师总是让我们自己改。 cf. as for — [esp. spoken] used to start talking about sb./sth. e.g.As for Jo, she’s doing fine.

As for the hotel, it was very uncomfortable and miles from the sea.

?L13. break down

(1) lose control of one’s feelings 感情失去控制 e.g.He __________________ when he heard the news. She ________________ when her mother died.

(2) (esp. of machinery) stop working; fail 停止运转，坏掉 e.g.The telephone system has broken down.

She was late for the meeting because her car broke down. The elevators in this building are always breaking down. 这栋楼的电梯老是坏。

(3) (to cause) to come to an unsuccessful end; to fail to have any results（使）挫败，（使）失败 e.g. Negotiations between the two sides have broken down. He left London when his marriage broke down.

This agreement signed will break down the barriers to free trade. cf. break off: stop speaking 停止讲话

e.g. He broke off in the middle of a sentence and took a sip of his tea.

?L16. make sense

(1) have a clear and understandable meaning 有明确而易理解的意义，意思清楚 e.g.Read this and tell me if it makes sense.

No matter how I tried to read it, the sentence didn’t make (any) sense (to me).

cf. make (some) sense of sth. — to understand sth., especially sth. difficult or complicated 理解，弄明白，弄懂

e.g.Can you make any sense of this article?

Evelyn stared into the dark, trying to make sense of the day’s events. (2) be sensible; have or show sense; be a wise course of action 合乎情理，明智

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e.g.It makes sense to save money while you can. Would it make sense for Sam to live nearer the college?

?L23. handle

(1) to deal with; to cope with or dispose of 处理，解决，应付 e.g. Computers can handle huge amounts of data. It was a difficult situation and he handled it very well. The case is being handled by a top lawyer. 案件正由一位顶级律师处理。

(2) to touch, lift, or hold with hands; to move by hand 拿，触碰，移动，搬运 e.g.The box is too heavy for me to handle.

Customers are asked not to handle the goods in the shop. Glass — handle with care!

?L31. stick (sth.) out — continue to the end of (sth. difficult)（把难事）坚持到底，忍耐到底

e.g. I don’t like this course, but I’ll stick it out somehow.

Although we are faced with many difficulties, we must stick it out and finish the research project on time. 虽然我们面临很多困难，但我们必须坚持到底，按时完成这个研究项目。 I don’t know if I’ll be able to stick out the evening. 我不知道我能否熬过这个夜晚。

?L32. for/in fear that/of — because of anxiety that/of; in case (of) 由于担心…，因为怕…

e.g.They all dare not say what was in their mind for/in fear that it might cause trouble. He got to the station early, for fear of missing her / that he would miss her. I dare not go there for fear of him seeing me / that he will see me. 我不敢去那里，怕他见到我。

?L35. blame

(1) v. find fault with; censure 责怪，怪罪，把…归咎于 *blame sb. for (doing) sth. 因某事责怪某人 *blame sth. on sb./sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某事物

*be to blame (for sth.) 应（为某事）承担责任，该（为某事）受责备 e.g. The report blames poor safety standards for the accident. I _____________ being late.

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We had the whole house decorated before we moved in. Tom had decorated his room with a series of photos of Naples. The bathroom is decorated in blue. 洗手间装修成蓝色调。 L13. usher sth. in

— to signal the start of sth. 开创，开始，引进 e.g.

The Stockholm Conference ushered in a new era of international cooperation. The new government ushered in a period of prosperity. The change of management ushered in fresh ideas and policies. 管理层的更换带来了新思想和新政策。

cf. usher sb. into/to — to lead sb. in the specified direction e.g.

The girl ushered me into the room

I was ushered in, and stood before the manager. L14. tease

v. to make jokes and laugh at sb. in order to have fun by embarrassing them, either in a friendly way or in an unkind way 戏弄，取笑 e.g.

At school the other children always teased me because I was fat. Don’t take it seriously. He was only teasing (you). She used to ____________ my hair.

His classmates used to tease him because of / about his accent. 他的同学过去常拿他的口音取笑他。 L20. surpass

v. [fml] do or be better than sb./sth., exceed sb./sth. 优于或超过 e.g.

It will be hard to surpass this very high score.

The beauty of the scenery surpassed all my expectations (=better than I had expected). He hopes one day to surpass his father.

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You’ve really surpassed yourself this time! His goal is to surpass the world record. 他的目标是刷新世界纪录。 L21. give way to sth.

— be replaced by sth. 被某事物代替 e.g.

The storm gave way to bright sunshine. Steam trains finally gave way to electricity. After a while my anger gave way to depression. My desktop now gives way to a laptop. 我的台式电脑换成一部手提了。

?give way — break or collapse 断裂，倒塌

?The bridge gave way under the weight of the lorry.

?give way to sb./sth. — allow sb./sth. to be first, yield 让某人/某事物在先，让出，放弃；be overcome by

sth. 被某事物制服；make concessions to sb./sth. 让步，妥协

?Give way to traffic coming from the right. ?Don’t give way to despair.

?We must not give way to their demands.

L24. take sth./sb. for granted

— to expect that sb. or sth. will always be there when you need them and never think how important or useful they are 视某事为当然（因而对其不特别关注） e.g.

Don’t take parents’ love for granted.

I’m sick and tired of my husband taking me for granted.

cf. take it for granted (that) … — to believe that sth. is true without making sure 想当然地认为 e.g.

I take it for granted (that) you have read this book. L32. relegate

v. put sb. or sth. into a lower or worse position 降级，降低地位 e.g.

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He relegated the old files to the storeroom. I have been relegated to the role of a mere assistant.

In monarchy the king is relegated to a purely ceremonial function. 在君主政体中，国王被降低为一个纯形式的作用。 L34. address v.

(1) to write on an envelope, package etc. the name and the address of the person you are sending it to 写上姓名和地址 e.g.

If you address the letter, I’ll mail it for you. The letter is addressed to you, not me.

The postcard was wrongly addressed to (us at) our old home. 那张（给我们的）明信片误写了我们的旧住址。

(2) to speak directly to, to make a speech to, esp. formally 向…发言，演讲 e.g.

The chairman will now address the meeting/ crowd / conference (=to make a speech to a large group of people).

You will have to address your complaints to the Head Office. (3) to say sth. directly to sb. 向…说话 e.g.

I was surprised when he addressed me in English. Any questions should be addressed to your teacher.

(4) to use a particular title or name when speaking or writing to sb. 称呼 e.g.

The president should be addressed as “Mr. President” Don’t address me as “Mrs.”: I am not married. L40. signal v.

(1) to communicate a message to sb. 传达，表明，表示 e.g.

I signaled my discontent by refusing to vote.

Both sides have signaled their willingness to start negotiations. / Both sides have signaled that they are

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willing to start negotiations.

This event signals a change in public opinion. / This event signals that the public opinion has changed. 这个事件表明公众舆论的改变。

(2) to make a signal or signals in order to give information or tell sb. to do sth. 发信号，用信号示意 e.g.

Mary was signaling wildly at us, but we didn’t even notice. She was signaling (to) the children to stay outside. He signaled (to) the waiter to bring / for the menu. The police signaled the traffic to move forward.

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One of the computers is broken and she’s blaming it on me. The crash _____________ pilot error.

He blamed the children for the failure of their marriage. / He blamed the failure of their marriage on the children.

他把婚姻失败归咎于孩子。

The children __________________ (=should not be blamed for) the failure of their marriage. The child cannot concentrate on his homework. Television is partly to blame. (2) n. responsibility for sth. bad 过失，对坏事所负的责任 *put/lay the blame on... 把过失归咎于…，把责任推到…上 e.g.The government cannot escape blame for the state of the economy. They blamed the accident on the driver of the car. (v.→ n.) They put/laid the blame for the accident on the driver of the car. We were ready to take/bear the blame for what had happened.

?L41. go through — to suffer or to experience 遭受，经历

e.g.When you’re going through a crisis, it often helps to talk to someone. He’s going through a divorce at the moment. The country has gone through too many wars. Must I go through this kind of pain/test again? 我必须再经受这种痛苦/考验吗？

?L52. keep (sth.) in — not express (an emotion); restrain sth. 不表露，克制住

e.g.Hearing the news, she could scarcely keep in her excitement. He could hardly keep in his indignation. 他愤怒得难以自持。

cf. keep sth. back (from sb.) — refuse to tell sb. sth., hold sth. back 隐瞒 e.g. I got the feeling he was keeping something back (from us).

?L68. mark v.

(1) be a sign of (an important change or an important stage in the development of sth.); indicate or denote sth. 标志着

e.g. Today’s ceremony marks 100 years of trade between our two countries.

The opening of the new factory marked an important stage in the company’s development.

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His death marked the end of an era. 他的死标志着一个时代的结束。

(2) to celebrate an important event 庆祝，纪念

e.g.A firework display was organized to mark the 10th anniversary of Hong Kong’s return to China.

?L70. hold sth./oneself in — restrain emotions; control sth./oneself 控制，抑制情绪

e.g.The man beat the table hard because he could not hold in his anger. He’s incapable of holding himself in when he gets extremely excited. 他极度激动的时候便无法控制自己情绪。

?L73-74. educate sb. about/in/on sth. — give sb. information about a particular subject, or to show them a

better way to do sth. 教育某人使之了解有关信息和知识

e.g.This is a campaign to educate the public on the dangers of smoking. Youngsters must _______________ the dangers of drugs.

The public should be educated in how to use energy more effectively. 公众应接受教育，了解如何合理利用能源。

Unit5 Words and Expressions

??

demonstrate sell out expediency at hand demand sth. of sb. consist of stand for ensure account for object back down appoint lack challenge succumb

L4. demonstrate v.

(1) to prove or make clear a fact, esp. by reasoning or providing examples; to show or prove clearly 证明，论证，证实 e.g.

The study demonstrates the link between poverty and malnutrition. Galileo demonstrated that objects of different weights fall at the same speed.

His last remark demonstrates his total ignorance of the subject / that he is totally ignorant of the subject. 他最后的评论证明他对这个学科一无所知。 (2) to show or describe clearly 示范，演示 e.g.

The first-aid instructor demonstrated the correct way to bandage a wound. I will now demonstrate how the machine works.

*demonstration n. an act of showing or proving sth. 表明，证明，示范

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e.g.

Our polluted air clearly demonstrates the need for tougher environmental laws. (v.→ n.) Our polluted air is a clear demonstration of the need for tougher environmental laws. She demonstrated how the machine worked. (v.→ n.) She gave us a demonstration of how the machine worked.

*demonstrative a. showing or proving sth. 表明、证明…的；showing feelings openly 公开表露情感的，情感外露的 e.g.

The report is demonstrative of the government’s concern about this matter. My mother wasn’t demonstrative; she never hugged me. L6. sell out

(1) to be disloyal or unfaithful to one’s principles 背叛原则，出卖朋友 e.g.

He was a good writer, but he sold out and now just writes for money. The president was accused of ____________ the Republicans. (2) to sell all of what was for sale 售完 e.g.

All the tickets for the match were completely sold out.

I’m afraid we have completely _________ shirts in your size, sir. L7. expediency

also: expedience n. what it is useful or necessary to do in a particular situation, even if it is morally wrong 权宜之计，权宜的考虑 e.g.

His behaviour seems to be governed solely by expediency.

He would continue to make most of his decisions on the basis of military expediency. They acted from / out of expediency, not from / out of principle. 他们出于权宜行事，而非原则。 L7. at hand

— near in place or time 在手边，在近处；即将到来 e.g.

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When he writes, he always keeps a dictionary close at hand. Don’t worry, help is at hand!

Recent economic performance suggests that a major crisis is at hand. 最近的经济表现显示重大危机即将到来。 L10. demand sth. of sb.

— ask sb. for sth. or to need in order to be successful 需要，要求某人…（努力、勤奋等） e.g.

She demanded an apology of him.

Some parents demand too much of their children.

It seemed that no matter what she did, more _______________ her (=she needed greater effort). L11-12. consist of

— to be formed from two or more things or people; to be made up of; to be composed of 包括，包含 e.g.

The United Kingdom consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The United States consists of as many as fifty states. The audience consisted mainly of teenagers. 这批观众主要是青少年。

cf. consist in — [fml] to be based on or depend upon sth. 在于，取决于 e.g.

The beauty of the city consists in its magnificent building. True education does not consist in simply being taught facts. L13. stand for

— to have as a set of aims or principles; to support a particular set of ideas, values, or principles 支持，主张，拥护 e.g.

We stand for racial tolerance.

Before we vote for him, we want to know what he stands for.

cf. stand by — (1) support or help sb. 支持某人；(2) be present but not do anything 袖手旁观 e.g.

I’ll stand by you whatever happens.

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How can you stand by and see him bullied by others. L15. ensure

v. to make it certain that sth. will happen 确保，保证 e.g.

All the necessary steps had been taken to ensure their safety. Take a taxi if you want to ensure that you can catch the plane.

This medicine will ensure you (=make certain that you get) a good night’s sleep.

?ensure: make certain that sth. will happen; make certain that sb. can have sth.

?assure: make sb. feel certain about sth.; tell sb. that sth. will certainly happen to make them less worried ?promise: tell sb. that one will give or do sth.

?Please ______ that all the lights are switched off at night. ?I ______ you that they’ll be safe with us. ?He ________ to pay me back. ?I ______ you of their safety with us.

?She ________ me her help / She ________ her help to me.

?Our task is to ______ every passenger’s safety / to ______ every passenger their safety on the plane. ?I ________ you that I would be punctual.

L15. account for

(1) to give a satisfactory explanation for 解释…的原因，对…作出解释 e.g.

Can you account for your movements on that night?

The defendant couldn’t account for the fact that the money was found in his house.

(2) to say where all the members of a group of people or things are, especially because you are worried that some of them may be lost 说出在哪里，解释去向 e.g.

Three days after the earthquake, more than 150 people had still to ______________. (3) to be the reason why sth. happens 是…的原因 e.g.

Recent pressure at work may account for his behavior. His illness accounts for his absence.

(4) to form a particular amount or part of sth. 数量上占…

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e.g.

Afro-Americans account for 12% of the US population. L19. object

v. to say that one disapprove of or oppose sth./sb. 反对，反感，不赞成 e.g.

She wanted to cut down the hedge, but her neighbour objected. I _______ the plan on the grounds that it is too expensive. My mother ________ every boy I brought home.

I strongly object to spending too much money on clothes. 我强烈反对花太多钱买衣服。 L22. back down

— to admit that one was wrong; to accept defeat in an argument, opinion, or claim 放弃论点、意见、要求，让步 e.g.

I saw that she was right, so I had to back down. The small country will not ___________ pressure. She refused to ________________ a point of principle. cf. back up: give moral, physical support to; to supplement支持 e.g.

Alexander backed me up wholeheartedly as he always did. L26. appoint

v. to choose for a position or job 任命，委任 e.g.

They have appointed him chairman of the board of directors. She’s been appointed (as) sales director / to the post of sales director. A committee was appointed to investigate these complaints.

Who shall we appoint (as) secretary / to act as secretary? Who can be appointed to the vacant post? 我们该指定谁当秘书呢？能选派谁填补这个空缺呢？ L33. lack

(1) v. be without; not have, or not have enough of (esp. sth. needed or wanted) 缺乏，不足，没有

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e.g.

He’s good at his job but he seems to lack confidence.

What the company lacks is sufficient money to invest in new products. 公司缺的是足够的资金以用于投资新产品。 They are rich and lack for nothing.

(2) n. the state of not having (enough of) sth. 缺乏，不足，没有 *a lack of… …的缺乏

*for lack of… 因缺乏…（而…） e.g.

The lack of rain aggravated the serious lack of food. You show a complete lack of interest in this course. The tours were cancelled __________ bookings.

*lacking a. not present; missing 缺少的，不足的，没有的 e.g.

I’m afraid he somewhat lacks intelligence. (v.→ a.) I’m afraid he’s somewhat lacking in intelligence. L39. challenge

(1) n. (sth. with) the quality of demanding competitive action, interest, or thought 挑战性，具有挑战性的事物 e.g.

I’m looking for a job with a bit more challenge.

Reducing the gap between rich and poor is one of the main challenges facing the government. 缩小贫富差距是政府面临的主要难题之一。

(2) n. an invitation to compete in a fight, match, etc. 挑战，（比赛等的）提议 e.g.

He accepted his friend’s challenge to swim across the river.

They gave us a ___________ a game of tennis. / We received a ___________ a game of tennis. The president faces a challenge to his leadership from his deputy.

(3) v. to invite (sb.) to compete against one in a fight, match, etc. 邀请（某人）比赛；向…挑战 *challenge sb. to sth. 向某人提出做某事的挑战

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*challenge sb. to do sth. 挑战某人做某事，激发某人做某事 e.g.

When I said I was faster, she challenged me to a race. Their school challenged ours to a football match. I challenged him to (play) a game of chess.

*challenging a. offering problems that test someone’s ability 有挑战性的 e.g.

His new book is full of challenging ideas. Life at the university is challenging. L43. succumb

v. to give in; to fail to resist; to stop opposing 屈服，屈从，不再抵抗 e.g.

The city succumbed after only a short siege.

Gina ____________ (=could not resist) temptation and had a second serving of cake.

Succumbing to pressure from the chemical industry, Governor Blakely amended the regulations. The driver has succumbed to (=died of) his injuries.

Unit6 Words and Expressions

?dilemma

concern with regard to associate lead to involve decline predict estimate potential

equivalent

?advocate

L1. dilemma

n. a situation in which one has to make a difficult choice 进退两难的局面，困难的抉择 e.g.

It is a common dilemma: Should you stay where you have friends and family, or take that good job in a far-away city?

With a child on each opposing team, Dad was faced with a dilemma: which supporters should he sit with?

I ____________________ this job offer.

Many women are faced with the dilemma of choosing between work and family commitments. 许多妇女都面临着工作和家庭之间的两难选择。

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L6, 8, 24. concern

(1) v. to worry or interest (esp. oneself) 使担心，使关心 e.g.

Please don’t let my illness concern you.

The firm’s financial problem is starting to concern its stockholders.

There’s no need to ________________________ this matter; we’re dealing with it. She ____________________ social welfare. We are all concerned about/for her safety. 我们都很担心她的安全。

I’m concerned that she might get lost. 我担心她会迷路。

(2) v. to be about 关于…，与…有关，涉及… e.g.

This report concerns drug abuse. Attend to what concerns you.

This story _______________ a Russian family in the 19th century. *as/so far as...is concerned / where sth. is concerned 就…而言 e.g.

Where money is concerned, I always try to be careful. As far as I am concerned, I do not object to your marriage. (3) n. worry; anxiety 担心，忧虑 e.g.

There is no cause for concern; your son’s accident was not too serious. The recent rise in crime is a matter of considerable public concern.

I raised my concern about the financial management, but was told to stay quiet. There is growing concern over the effect of computer games on children’s behavior. He desperately tried to hide his deep concern for the lost child.

There’s widespread concern that new houses will be built on protected land. (4) sth. that worries or interests sb. 担心的事，关切的事 e.g.

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The government’s primary concern is to create jobs. L8. with/in regard to

— concerning sb./sth.; in connection with sb./sth. 对于…，在…（这/那）点上 e.g.

With regard to future oil supplies, the situation is uncertain.

The company’s position with regard to overtime is made clear in their contracts. I have nothing to say with regard to this rumour. 对此谣言我无可奉告。 L10, 11. associate

(1) v. to connect in thought, memory, or imagination 把…与…联系起来 e.g.

I associate summer with holidays.

The scientist decided he didn’t want to be associated with the project, and left. Shoppers tend to associate certain brand names with high quality. 购物者往往把某些牌子和高品质联系到一起。 He studies problems associated with cancer treatment. 他研究与治疗癌症相关的问题。

(2) v. to join in a relationship based on friendship, business, or a shared purpose; combine as friends or partners 与…交往，与…合伙 e.g.

He may have been associating with criminals. I don’t like you associating with such people.

(3) n. a person connected with another, esp. in work; partner 合伙人，（工作上的）伙伴 e.g.

He’s not a friend; he’s a business associate.

*association n. the act of associating or fact of being associated 结合，合作，联合；connection made in the mind between different things, ideas, etc. 联想 e.g.

Our long association with your company has brought great benefits. Hospitals have rather unpleasant associations for me.

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