2000-2011年历年考研英语真题+答案完美打印版（2012考研英语） -

2011年考研英语一真题及答案

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as ―a bodily exercise precious to health.‖ But ---_____some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ____ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to ____, a good laugh is unlikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.

____, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the ____, studies dating back to the 1930‘s indicate that laughter. muscles,

Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ______feedback,that improve an individual‘s emotional state. ______one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _______ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.

Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow _____ muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz. 1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like

2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce

3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining 4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe

5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable 6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief 7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected 8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes 9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance 10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal 11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for 12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at

13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because

14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses 15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond 16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold

17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent 18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted

19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing 20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely

Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:

1

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. ―Hooray! At last!‖ wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.

One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert‘s appointment in the Times, calls him ―an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.‖ As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.

For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.

Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‘s live performances; moreover, they can be ―consumed‖ at a time and place of the listener‘s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.

One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert‘s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into ―a markedly different, more vibrant organization.‖ But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra‘s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America‘s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.

21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert‘s appointment has [A]incurred criticism. [B]raised suspicion. [C]received acclaim. [D]aroused curiosity.

22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is [A]influential. [B]modest. [C]respectable. [D]talented.

23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers [A]ignore the expenses of live performances.

2

[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances. [C]exaggerate the variety of live performances. [D]overestimate the value of live performances.

24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings? [A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality. [B]They are easily accessible to the general public. [C]They help improve the quality of music. [D]They have only covered masterpieces.

25. Regarding Gilbert‘s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels [A]doubtful. [B]enthusiastic. [C]confident. [D]puzzled.

Text 2

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving ―to pursue my goal of running a company.‖ Broadcasting his ambition was ―very much my decision,‖ McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn‘t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don‘t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.

The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:‖I can‘t think of a single search I‘ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.‖

Those who jumped without a job haven‘t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.

Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. ―The traditional rule was it‘s safer to stay where you are, but that‘s been fundamentally inverted,‖ says one headhunter. ―The people who‘ve been hurt the worst are those who‘ve stayed too long.‖

26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being [A]arrogant.

3

[B]frank.

[C]self-centered. [D]impulsive.

27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives‘ quitting may be spurred by [A]their expectation of better financial status. [B]their need to reflect on their private life. [C]their strained relations with the boards. [D]their pursuit of new career goals.

28. The word ―poached‖ (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means [A]approved of. [B]attended to. [C]hunted for.

[D]guarded against.

29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A]top performers used to cling to their posts. [B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated. [C]top performers care more about reputations. [D]it‘s safer to stick to the traditional rules.

30. Which of the following is the best title for the text? [A]CEOs: Where to Go? [B]CEOs: All the Way Up?

[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net [D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers

Text 3

The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional ―paid‖ media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create ―owned‖ media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.

Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users‘ responses. But in some cases, one marketer‘s owned media become another marketer‘s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies‘ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.

The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the

4

opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.

If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company‘s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. 31.Consumers may create ―earned‖ media when they are [A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites. [B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them. [C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.

[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products. 32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature [A] a safe business environment. [B] random competition. [C] strong user traffic.

[D] flexibility in organization.

33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media [A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers. [B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing. [C] may be responsible for fiercer competition. [D] deserve all the negative comments about them.

34. Toyota Motor‘s experience is cited as an example of [A] responding effectively to hijacked media.

[B] persuading customers into boycotting products. [C] cooperating with supportive consumers. [D] taking advantage of hijacked media.

35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ? [A] Alternatives to conventional paid media. [B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media. [C] Dominance of hijacked media. [D] Popularity of owned media.

Text 4

It‘s no surprise that Jennifer Senior‘s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, ―I love My Children, I Hate My Life,‖ is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that ―the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.‖

5

The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual ―Jennifer Aniston is pregnant‖ news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.

In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn‘t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn‘t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.

Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their ―own‖ (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.

It‘s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it‘s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren‘t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting ― the Rachel‖ might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.

36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring [A]temporary delight [B]enjoyment in progress [C]happiness in retrospect [D]lasting reward

37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that

[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip. [B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention. [C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining. [D]having children is highly valued by the public. 38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks [A]are constantly exposed to criticism. [B]are largely ignored by the media.

[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities. [D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.

39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is [A]soothing. [B]ambiguous. [C]compensatory. [D]misleading.

40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? [A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.

6

[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing. [C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life. [D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.

Part B

Directions:

The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.

[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a ―general education‖ should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, ―the great books are read because they have been read‖-they form a sort of social glue.

[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor‘s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.

[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.

[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that ―the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.‖So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.

[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which ―the producers of knowledge are produced.‖Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.‖Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.‖Yet quite

7

how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.

[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.

G → 41. → 42. →E → 43. → 44. →45. Part C Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

With its theme that ―Mind is the master weaver,‖ creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.

(46) Allen‘s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: ―Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ‖

Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : ― We do not attract what we want, but what we are.‖ Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don‘t ― get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.

Part of the fame of Allen‘s book is its contention that ―Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.‖ (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.

This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been ―wronged‖ then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person‘s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.

The sobering aspect of Allen‘s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.

Section Ⅲ Writing Part A

51. Directions:

Write a letter to a friend of yours to

1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendation

Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2

8

Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User ―LI MING‖ instead. Do not writer the address.(10 points) Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain it‘s intended meaning, and 3) give your comments.

Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

9

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

附阅读Part A翻译：

译文 1

2009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦?吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼?托姆西尼就这样写：从长时间来看，这次委命是英明的。

然而，这次任命还是令人意外。原因之一在于吉乐伯特名声相对较小。就连那时主张雇用吉尔伯特的托姆西尼，也称吉尔伯特其貌不扬，缺乏一位令人敬仰的指挥大师的气质。作为对这个很牛的管弦乐队（牛的表现：到目前为止一直被牛人领导着）下一任指挥家的描述，这种描述跟虚浮的赞扬一样，确实会令至少一部分泰晤士报

第 10 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

的读者觉得愕然不解（让他们觉得不可思议）。

就我的观点而言，我不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥家，甚至连他是不是算好的指挥家也不敢确定。可以确信的是，虽然他演出了很多令人印象深刻的有趣的乐曲。然而，我不需要访问Avery Fisher Hall（可能是纽约交响乐团所在地，即吉尔伯特表演之所），或者其他地方才能听到有趣的管弦乐。（作者意思是，不需要听吉尔伯特，到处可以听到有趣的管弦乐。）我所做的，只需要到我的CD棚里去，随便打开我的电脑，从ITUNES上就可下载比那（当指吉尔伯特表演的）多得多的类似的音乐。

对于唱片，那些专门参加音乐会的人会说，现场表演是不可替代的。他们显然忽视了一个要点。为了替音乐爱好者节省时间、精力、金钱考虑，古典乐曲表演表不仅要在各种表演场所进行竞争，还要在记录这些行为的媒介上竞争。记在唱片上的表演比现场表演更便宜，更易得，甚至质量更好。而且它们的消费时间地点可以任由听者选择。因此，这种唱片的广泛应用，给传统音乐会带来了生存危机。

一个可能的应对方式（解决办法）是古典音乐表演者发明有吸引力的从唱片上听不到的曲子。吉尔伯特在新音乐方面投入了自己的兴趣，这已广被人知：如古典音乐评论家罗斯就把吉尔伯特描述成一个可以扭转交响乐方向的人，认为他把交响乐带进了一个明显不同的更有活力的天地。但是，这种“不同”的实质是什么呢？仅仅扩展交响乐的节目是不够的。吉尔伯特和交响乐要想取得成功，必须首先改变美国旧的管弦乐和它们想吸引的新的听众之间的关系。

译文 2

当列姆?麦克杰八月份从美国银行任上离职时，他的解释确实令人意外。与通常会用的模糊理由不同的是，他直率地说，他离开是为了找一家公司当管理者，而那是他一向就有的追求。他说，作出这一选择纯属个人原因。两周之内，他与哈佛财务服务集团的董事会实现了首次会谈，这一集团在9月29日聘他担任CEO。

麦克杰说，他离开时并没有确定的目标，这使他得以思考自己究竟想管理什么样的公司。这同时也可以让他向外界展示自己的魄力。无独有偶（并不只有他才有这种雄心）。最近几周，雅芳公司和美国联邦快递公司的第二执行官都离开自己的公司，他们的解释都是想当CEO。由于股东施压，董事会需要审查继承人方案，还没有被准许离开的这几位执行官肯定希望事情早点出来结果。商业环境复杂异常，这使得高级经理人员不愿用模糊的声明来损害自己的名声。

随着经济开始出现复苏的迹象，这些希望离任者可能在还没有找到下家时就跳槽。根据“登记册”研究机构的报告，在第三季度，CEO营业额从一年前开始下降了23%，把那些紧跟在这些领导人身后的董事会也弄得神经兮兮。由于经济复苏，那些有抱负的领导人将大有机会。

放弃高级职位去寻找更好的职位，这种决定是非同寻常的，过去可不常见。多年来，执行官和猎头们都坚持认为，最好的CEO候选人需要去挖别人的墙角才能得到（而不是那些主动离开原岗位的人）。某某猎头说，当董事会还没有委托我先去找一个还在任上的CEO时，我不能去考虑那些我在网上一搜就有的人。

那些没有工作去向就跳槽的人不会总是很快找到理想岗位。十年前爱伦?马拉姆从T公司领导人的位子上退下，也是为了当一个CEO。一年前她才成为一家小型电子交易所的领导人。罗伯特在2005年为了当CEO而离开，他最终在一家重要的财务机构找到这种工作是在三年之后。

许多招聘人表示，对于那些最好的演员来说，旧的耻辱正在淡忘。财务危机使得在两个工作机会之间进行选择或者离开更坏的工作这样的行为变得可以接受。“传统规则是，最好呆在你原来的地方，但现在这种规则被从根本上颠覆了。” 一个猎头说，“在一个地方呆得越久，就越容易受损。”

译文3

在过去，销售成功的基本法则是：种瓜得瓜，一分耕耘一分收获。现在不同了。传统的付出方式（媒介，指企业付钱给电视台做广告或者报社做报刊广告）——电视购物和印刷广告——虽然仍占主要地位，但是现在的企业可以开发出更多的替代这些媒介的形式。对产品有热情的用户可能通过给在自己网站上注册的顾客发关于产品和商品的电邮的提醒，来建立自己的媒介。这样用户现在接近了广阔的媒介因素，这些因素超越了传统的付费媒介。

付费并占有的媒介，是被想促销自己产品的商人控制的。而对于白捡的媒介（免费的媒介报道）而言，这种商人的角色仅是作为响应用户需求的第一环（直接面对用户的不是他们）。但是在一些案例中，一个商人拥有的媒介成为另一个商人的付费媒介（但有时候，促销产品的商人也直接面对用户，即把别人占有的媒介暂时变成自己占有的媒介）。例如，当一个电子商务零售商在自己的网站上出售广告空间时，就是如此。我们把这种出售的

第 11 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

媒介定义为拥有的媒介。这种（出售空间式的）拥有的媒介是如此强大普遍，以致于其他团体把他们的希望（满意；内容；电子商务发动机）寄托在这种环境中。这种（寄托）趋势虽然依然在婴儿期，但我们相信这种从零售商和旅行提供商（如航空公司、旅馆）有效起步的趋势会越来越强劲。例如强生建立了一个婴儿中心，这是一种杰出的媒介资产，可用于推销提升配套产品，包括那些有竞争力的产品。除了带来利润，除了由于其他商人的到场可以使这个地方显得客观可信，以及给各个公司有机会了解有关其他公司需求的有价值的信息，还能有利于拓展所有公司都关心的用户交易。

这类戏剧性的技术革新给商人带来数量越来越多（种类也越来越多）的通信机会的同时，也同样会提高风险。因为热情的用户会更快、更形象、更有破坏力地表达自己的反对，这种被绑架的媒介，与上述的免费利用的媒介背道而驰（不是商人所希望出现的）。此时，媒介就像人质一样，成为敌人可用的财产或者发起的一次行动（敌人有用户、其他竞争对手、对某商标或产品向来没有好话的社会活动家）。例如，社会网络中的成员正在意识到他们可以绑架媒介，来对建立媒介的那些商人施加压力。

如果这种事情发生了，热情的用户就会努力劝说其他人抵制产品，使得目标公司声名处于危险之中。此时，公司的反应往往不会足够快，也不会足够理性，学习曲线将会变得很陡（学习曲线是表示单位产品生产时间与所生产的产品总数量之间的关系的一条曲线。一般情况下，产品总量越大，单个产品生产时间越短。也可以表示工人一定时间所犯错误数量与练习时间的关系，一般练习时间越长，单位时间内错误越少。这里的曲线陡时大约表示相同产量规模下，现在比原来单个产品所消耗的资源更多，或者说相同练习程度下，一定时间错误更多。总之，是比原来更糟糕了）。例如丰田汽车，今年早些时候通过相对来说较快和精心策划的行动从车辆召回危机中把损尽量降下来，丰田的行动包括努力请用户进土威特这样的地方，挖掘社会新闻的利用等等。

译文 4

毫无疑问，作为有煸动性的杂志封面故事，詹尼弗西尼尔的深刻见解——“我爱我的孩子们，我讨厌我目前的生活状况”——可以唤起人们的谈兴。可是，人们不会想到，养孩子可不是一件完全令人愉悦、生活充实的事情。西尼尔并没有简单地说，孩子使得父母既快乐又痛苦。她建议，我们需要重新定义幸福：幸福不应该像过去那样被定义为由一个个瞬间的快乐组合而成的东西；我们应该把幸福视为一种过去的状态。尽管抚养孩子的日子漫长难熬，令人筋疲力尽，但是西尼尔认为，正是那些心绪沉重的时刻，日后却给我们带来由衷的欣喜。

杂志封面上一位有魅力的母亲抱着一个可爱的婴儿，这种圣母与圣子的图画这周在报摊上可不止西尼尔这一起。例如杂志上讲到最近刚收养孩子的母亲——有时是刚变成单身母亲的人——桑德拉布鲁克，以及那种很常见的“詹尼弗阿尼斯顿怀孕了”的新闻。实际上，每周都有至少一位名流母亲、或者准母亲在杂志上笑迎读者。

在一个坚持不懈地倡导生育的社会中，承认自己后悔生育孩子就相当于承认自己赞同谋杀宠物猫，这难道不值得反思吗？把父母亲的后悔与孩子的后悔相提并论（可能指把作为孩子家长的那种辛苦产生的悔恨理解为根源出在孩子身上，从而产生关于生下孩子的后悔），这显然并不合理。（因此）不情愿养孩子的父母很少会反思自己是否应该养育孩子。但是那不幸福的无孩子的人却为类似“孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的东西”这样的信息所烦恼。显然，他们的不幸必须通过生儿育女才能得以消除。

当然，在美国周刊与人这样的杂志上所提供的“社会名流父母亲”现象是不切实际的。特别是当“父母亲”是布鲁克这样的单身母亲时更是如此。多项研究表明，有孩子的父母很少比没有孩子的夫妇更快乐，而单亲家庭中的家长烦愁尤甚。这并不奇怪，因为一个人养一个孩子实在太麻烦了。然而，你看看桑德拉和布列尼说的话：自己“一个人”养孩子，其实非常简单。（她们当然觉得简单了，因为她们是在周围人全天候的帮助下养着孩子的。）

当然，要说很多人傻头傻脑地生育孩子，只是因为里斯和安格丽娜这种名流使这种行为看上去显得诱人，这也是不可能的——多数成年人其实理解：养孩子可不是像做个发型那么简单。但是这确实是一件很有趣的值得反思的事情：我们每周看的“轻松快乐做父母”的杂志封面，并不是通过潜意识的方式里让我们对（没有孩子的）现实经历不满，而是这些图片在潜意识中让我们有那种想成为雷切尔的心理，但实际上却使得我们看上去有点像詹尼弗亚尼斯顿。（大约指雷切尔养孩子显得潇洒，而詹尼弗生养孩子显得狼狈。）

第 12 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I Use of English Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting大1家 workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 大2家 giving their name to the \大3家 to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.

The idea arose because of the 大4家 behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家 what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家 to alter workers' behavior 大10家itself.

After several decades, the same data were 大11家 to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.

It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家 interpretation of what happed. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 大16家rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged \

1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted[D] restored 2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off

第 13 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof

4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous 5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments 6. [A] conclude[B] matter [C] indicate [D] work

7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as 8. [A] awareness 10. [A] about

[B] expectation [C] sentiment

[D] illusion

9. [A] suitable [B] excessive 11. [A] compared

[C] enough [D] abundant

[D] conveyed

[B] for [C] on [D] by

[B] shown [C] subjected

12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to 13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source 14. [A] disputable

[B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading

[D] suddenly

15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual 16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably 17. [A] failed

[B] ceased [C] started [D] continued

20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hitting Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. ―So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,‖ Newman wrote, ―that I am tempted to define ?journalism‘ as ?a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.‘‖

第 14 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England‘s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.

Is there any chance that Cardus‘s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.

21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that

[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers. [B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews. [C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers. [D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.

22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by [A] free themes. [B] casual style. [C] elaborate layout. [D] radical viewpoints.

23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on? [A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals. [B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists. [C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism. [D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.

24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs? [A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today. [B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute. [C] His style caters largely to modern specialists. [D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition. 25. What would be the best title for the text? [A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days [B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers [C] Mournful Decline of Journalism [D] Prominent Critics in Memory Text 2

Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its \for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.

第 15 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is \very big deal\says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It \the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.\

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.

The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should \

The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for \that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are \to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court\says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.

26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of [A] their limited value to business [B] their connection with asset allocation [C] the possible restriction on their granting [D] the controversy over authorization

27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case? [A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions [B] It involves a very big business transaction [C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit [D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.

28. The word \[A] loss of good will [B] increase of hostility [C] change of attitude [D] enhancement of dignity

29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents [A] are immune to legal challenges

第 16 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

[B] are often unnecessarily issued [C] lower the esteem for patent holders [D] increase the incidence of risks

30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text? [A] A looming threat to business-method patents [B] Protection for business-method patent holders [C] A legal case regarding business-method patents [D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents Text 3

In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.

The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the \and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends

In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.

The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.

Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call \– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.

31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to

第 17 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics [B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas [C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics [D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials. 32. The author suggests that the \[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems [B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends [C] has won support from influentials [D] requires solid evidence for its validity

33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that [A] the power of influence goes with social interactions [B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media [C] influentials have more channels to reach the public [D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention

34. The underlined phrase \[A] stay outside the network of social influence [B] have little contact with the source of influence [C] are influenced and then influence others [D] are influenced by the initial influential

35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence? [A] The eagerness to be accepted [B] The impulse to influence others [C] The readiness to be influenced [D] The inclination to rely on others Text 4

Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch. Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.

After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who \our motives.\Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls \

European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)

第 18 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did \Europe could yet develop different rules.

It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.

To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.

36. Bankers complained that they were forced to [A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules [B] collect payments from third parties [C] cooperate with the price managers [D] reevaluate some of their assets.

37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in [A] the diminishing role of management [B] the revival of the banking system [C] the banks' long-term asset losses [D] the weakening of its independence

38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to [A] keep away from political influences. [B] evade the pressure from their peers. [C] act on their own in rule-setting. [D] take gradual measures in reform.

39. The author thinks the banks were \[A] misinterpreted market price indicators [B] exaggerated the real value of their assets [C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts. [D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.

40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of [A] satisfaction. [B] skepticism. [C] objectiveness

第 19 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

[D] sympathy Part B Directions:

For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)

[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.

[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.

[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.

[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.

[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as \cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.

[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this

第 20 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.

[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.

41 →42 →43 →44 → E →45 Part C Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.

When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.

It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.

A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on \

Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.

To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.

Section Ⅲ Writing Part A 51. Directions:

You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.

You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use \

Part B 52. Directions:

第 21 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

第 22 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案

Section I: Use of English (10 points) 1. A 6. B 11. C 16. A 2. B 7. D 12. A 17. D 3. C 8. A 13. A 18. C 4. B 9. C 14. D 19. B 5. C 10. D 15. B 20. D Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) Part A (40 points) 21. B 26. D 31. B 36. A 22. C 27. D 32. D 37. D 23. D 28. C 33. A 38. C 24. A 29. B 34. C 39. B 25. A 30. A 35. C 40. A Part B (10 points) 41. B

Part C (10 points)

46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。

47. 但我们至少几乎也承认这样一点：不管鸟类是否给我们带来经济上的好处，但鸟类作为生物其固有的权利应该继续存在。

48. 曾几何时，生物学家们有点过度使用这个证据，即这些物种通过杀死体质弱者来保持猎物的正常繁衍或 者这些生物捕杀的仅仅是毫无价值的物种。

49. 在欧洲，林业在生态方面更加发达，无商业价值的树种被看作是原生森林群落的一部分，而得到合理的保护。

50. 这一系统易于忽视，因而最终会消除掉这个土地共同体里的许多要素(成员)，虽然这些要素(成员)缺乏商业价值，但这些要素(成员)对这个共同体的健康运行来说是必要的。

Section III: Writing (30 points) Part A (10 points) 51. 参考范文

Volunteers Wanted/Needed

An international conference on globalization will be held in the coming winter vacation. This conference will be organized by the Postgraduates’ Association。

At present we will recruit 10 volunteers to work as assistants for this conference. The applicants are required to speak English fluently. Those who can speak another foreign language such as French or Japanese are preferable. In addition to the language skills, those volunteers are expected to be patient, helpful, open-minded with a loving heart. The volunteers will be provided free three meals a day as well as transportation from and back to the conference site。

第 23 页 共 94 页

42. F 43. D 44. G 45. A 2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Those who are interested in working as volunteers, please send your resume and application letter to the e-mail address postgraduateassociation@163.com\Postgraduates’ Association will contact those chosen candidates for an interview before Febulary, 1th。

We are sincerely waiting for you to join us! Postgraduates’ Association Part B (20 points) 52. 参考范文

As is vividly depicted in the drawing, in the middle of the cartoon stands a hot pot, containing many Chinese cultural symbols, such as Beijing operas, Daoism, and some foreigh cultural symbols, etc. How impressive the drawing is in describing the common phenomenon that Chinese culture is becoming increasingly integrated into the world. The drawer’s intention seems to be highly self-evident and the meaning causes us to be thought-provoking。

It holds to be apparent that the cartoon is indicative of a pervasive phenomenon with regard to culture. When it comes to(一谈到) culture，its great impacts and benefits can’t be too estimated. As China opens to the outside world, our traditional culture is embracing the foreign culture, thus making our Chinese culture more diversified, colorful and internationalized just like a melting pot. What the picture conveys goes far beyond this. The fact that people from different countries are attracted to each other, indicating that to some extent different cultures can be accepted，respected，appreciated and shared internationally. Or put it in another way, Chinese unique culture can become international through worldwide cultural exchanges. Since the trend of globalization become irresistible, cultural integration can effectively improve mutual understanding and friendship among different countries.

In my personal sense, Chinese national culture as priceless spiritual treasure should be preserved and cherished. Meanwhile，there are good reasons to embrace foreign cultures on the ground that those ideas from other cultures can provide different perspectives for us to observe the world in the long run. However，confronted with a different culture，we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark side. Only in this way can we promote cultural integration positively, thus making our motherland dimensional, colorful and vigorous. (298 words)

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 英语试题

Section I Use of English Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.

Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .

Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly

第 24 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.

Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.

1. [A] Suppose 2. [A] tended

[B] Consider [C] Observe [B] feared

[D] Imagine

[C] happened [D] threatened

3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer

[D] puts forward

4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority 5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out 6. [A] off

[B] behind [C] over

[B] doubt

[D] along

[D] think

7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual 8. [A] fight 9. [A] invisible 10.[A] upward 12. [A] outside 13. [A] deliver 15. [A] if

[C] stop

[B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward

[B] influences [B] on

[C] results

[D] costs

[C] by

[D] across

[D] for instance

11. [A] features

[B] carry [C] perform [D] apply

[C] as usual

[C] as

[D] lest

[D] with [D] Otherwise [D] Better still

14. [A] by chance 16. [A] moderate 17. [A] at 18. [A] Above all 20. [A] By accident Part A Directions:

[B] in contrast [B] overcome

[B] unless

[B] for

[C] determine [D] reach

[C] after

[B] After all [C] However [B] In time

[C] So far

19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile Section II Reading Comprehension

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text1

Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.

第 25 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.

But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.

―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. ―But we are taught instead to ?decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ?the Decider.‘ ‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖

All of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.

The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.

21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being A. casual B. familiar C. mechanical D. changeable. 22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be A. predicted B. regulated C. traced D. guided 23.“ruts‖(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to A. tracks B. series C. characteristics D. connections

24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formed B, no longer emphasizes commonness

C, maintains the inherent American thinking model D, complies with the American belief system 25. Ryan most probably agree that A. ideas are born of a relaxing mind B. innovativeness could be taught C. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas D. curiosity activates creative minds Text 2

It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom

第 26 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

– or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.

More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.

Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .

Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.

But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.

Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.

26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________. [A]easy availability [B]flexibility in pricing [C] successful promotion [D] popularity with households 27. PTK is used to __________. [A] locate one‘s birth place [B] promote genetic research [C] identify parent-child kinship [D] choose children for adoption

28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________. [A]trace distant ancestors

[B]rebuild reliable bloodlines [C]fully use genetic information [D]achieve the claimed accuracy

29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.

第 27 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

[A]disorganized data collection [B]overlapping database building

30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________. [A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing [B] DNA testing and It‘s problems [C] DNA testing outside the lab [D] lies behind DNA testing Text 3

The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.

Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.

More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.

What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.

As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t constrain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.

31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries

第 28 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

___________.

[A] is subject groundless doubts [B] has fallen victim of bias [C] is conventional downgraded [D] has been overestimated

32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________. [A]challenges economists and politicians [B]takes efforts of generations

[C] demands priority from the government [D] requires sufficient labor force

33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________. [A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined [B] the Japanese workforce is more productive [C]the U.S workforce has a better education [D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize

34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________. [A] when people had enough time [B] prior to better ways of finding food [C] when people on longer went hung [D] as a result of pressure on government

35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________. [A] results directly from competitive environments [B] does not depend on economic performance [C] follows improved productivity [D] cannot afford political changes Text 4

The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ According to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.

To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.

The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade

第 29 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched. Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖

36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________. [A] Puritan tradition dominated political life. [B] intellectual interests were encouraged.

[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors. [D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.

37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________. [A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history. [B] brought with them the culture of the Old World [C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life [D] were obsessed with religious innovations

38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________. [A] were famous in the New World for their writings [B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs

[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World [D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England

39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________. [A] influenced by superstitions [B] troubled with religious beliefs [C] puzzled by church sermons [D] frustrated with family earnings

40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________. [A] were mostly engaged in political activities [B] were motivated by an illusory prospect [C] came from different backgrounds. [D] left few formal records for later reference

第 30 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Part B Directions:

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.

American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.

In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .

Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.

Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.

Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.

[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.

[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.

[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.

[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.

[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.

[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.

第 31 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.

Part C Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46 It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.

But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.

50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group. Section Ⅲ Writing Part A

51. Directions: Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to

give your opinions briefly and make two or three suggestions

You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use \Ming\

Part B 52. Directions:

第 32 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

51：在某些地区塑料袋的禁止使用并不是很成功，因此白色污染仍然继续 给当地报纸的编辑写一封信，信内包括 1 给出自己简短的看法和观点 2 给出2-3条建议 【范文】 Dear Editors,

I, as your faithful reader, am writing this letter to suggest that plastic bags should be restricted in our daily life. However, to my surprise and sadness, I have found that disposable plastic bags are still widely used in some areas just because people are unwilling to change their old habits, thus causing their surroundings to be even worse.

To solve this serious problem, I would like to put forward a couple of practical suggestions. Above all, our country should establish a strong agency to limit the production of those bags and monitor the use of them. Furthermore, some other choices should be adovcated to replace plastic bags with paper or bamboo ones. Finally, consumers should pay for the use of plastic bags so as to enhance their consciousness of environmental protection.

I really hope my suggestions would attract your due attention and receive an early reply. Yours Sincerely, Li Ming

52：用网络使我们看不见的东西能听见，远隔千山万水但能联系，意思就是网络的远与近 大作文是：网络的近与远 一 客观描述图 二 说明意思 三 给出观点 【范文】

As is vividly depicted in the drawing, in front of computers and in narrow spaces are sitting many people, exchanging their views with each other by surfing the Internet. How impressive the drawing is in describing the people‘s addiction to the Internet. The drawer‘s intention seems to be highly self-evident and the meaning causes us to be thought-provoking.

It holds apparent that the cartoon is indicative of a pervasive problem with regard to Internet. When it comes to(一谈到) Internet，its great impacts and benefits can‘t be too estimated. It is the Internet that makes our big world become a global village. However, as a growing number of individuals are addicted to (沉溺于) the Internet, they forget doing other important work and are gradually indulged in(沉溺在)

第 33 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

the virtual world, unwilling to go into the real society. As a consequence(因此), they close their doors and never go out as soon as they return home from work, reluctant to have any face-to-face connection even with other folks except on line. What‘s worse, they become indifferent（漠不关心）to their friends, neighbours, as well as relatives.

This phenomenon is harmful to us and our community too. As the pressure in life and work increases, we should learn to use proper ways to relieve it. It‘s time that we took some measures to improve the situation. People can be organized to hold some activities together to develop some good hobbies. Consequently, we must make full use of Internet to do everything beneficial to make our daily life both joyful and meaningful. （272 words ）

2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 大1家 to say it anyway. He is that 大2家 bird, a scientist who works independently 大3家 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 大4家 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.

大5家 he, however, might tremble at the 大6家 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 大7家 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 大8家 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.

This group generally do well in IQ test, 大9家 12-15 points above the 大10家 value of 100, and have contributed 大11家 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 大12家 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 大13家. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 大14家, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 大15家 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 大16家 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 大17家 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 大18家. His argument is that the

第 34 页 共 94 页

Use of English

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

unusual history of these people has 大19家 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 大20家 state of affairs.

1. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased 2. [A] unique [B] particular 3. [A] of [B] with 5. [A] Only

[C] special [D] rare [C] in [D] against

4. [A] subsequently[B] presently [C] previously [D] lately

[B] So [C] Even [D] Hence

[C] cost [D] risk

[D] question

[D] calculating

[D] total

6. [A] thought [B] sight

7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects 8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need 10. [A] normal [B] common 11. [A] unconsciously

[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably 12. [A] missions [B] fortunes 14. [A] moreover 16. [A] assessing

[C] interests [D] careers

[C] observe [D] approve

[D] put down

[D] valuing

13. [A] affirm [B] witness

9. [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching

[B] disproportionately

[C] mean

[B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile [B] supervising [C] administering

15. [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on 17. [A] development [B] origin 18. [A] linked [B] integrated 19. [A] limited [B] subjected

[C] consequence [D] instrument [C] woven [D] combined [C] converted

[D] directed

[D] continuous

20. [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. ―Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,‖ according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York‘s Veteran‘s Administration Hospital.

Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.

第 35 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Adding to a woman‘s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased ―opportunities‖ for stress. ―It‘s not necessarily that women don‘t cope as well. It‘s just that they have so much more to cope with,‖ says Dr. Yehuda. ―Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men‘s,‖ she observes, ―it‘s just that they‘re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.‖

Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. ―I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.‖

Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. ―I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.‖ Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. ―It‘s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.‖

Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez‘s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs? [A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress. [B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men. [C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress. [D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress. 22. Dr. Yehuda‘s research suggests that women [A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress. [B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress. [C] are more capable of avoiding stress. [D] are exposed to more stress.

23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be [A] domestic and temporary. [B] irregular and violent. [C] durable and frequent. [D] trivial and random.

24. The sentence ―I lived from paycheck to paycheck.‖ (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that [A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money. [B] Alvarez‘s salary barely covered her household expenses. [C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs. [D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.

第 36 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out? [B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference [C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say [D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress Text 2

It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors‘ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

No longer. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.

The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report‘s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses [A] the background information of journal editing. [B] the publication routine of laboratory reports. [C] the relations of authors with journal publishers. [D] the traditional process of journal publication. 27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report? [A] It criticizes government-funded research. [B] It introduces an effective means of publication. [C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.

第 37 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.

28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that [A] it provides an easier access to scientific results. [B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers. [C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge. [D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.

29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to [A] cover the cost of its publication. [B] subscribe to the journal publishing it. [C] allow other online journals to use it freely. [D] complete the peer-review before submission.

30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text? [A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers. [B] A new mode of publication is emerging.

[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication. [D] Publication is rendered easier by online service. Text 3

In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.

The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today‘s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren‘t likely to get any taller. ―In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we‘ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,‖ says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.

Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women – hasn‘t really changed since 1960.

Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. ―There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,‖ says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern

第 38 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

University.

Genetic maximums can change, but don‘t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, ―you could use today‘s data and feel fairly confident.‖

31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to [A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players. [B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.. [C] compare different generations of NBA players. [D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.

32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text? [A] Genetic modification. [B] Natural environment. [C] Living standards. [D] Daily exercise.

33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree? [A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation. [B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture. [C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world. [D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood. 34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future [A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size. [B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged. [C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen. [D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable. 35. The text intends to tell us that

[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern. [B] human height is becoming even more predictable. [C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit. [D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered. Text 4

In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.

That‘s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998,

第 39 页 共 94 页

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation‘s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country‘s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.

More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.

For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was ―like having a large bank account,‖ says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the ―peculiar institution,‖ including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.

And the statesmen‘s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.

Still, Jefferson freed Hemings‘s children – though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.

36. George Washington‘s dental surgery is mentioned to [A] show the primitive medical practice in the past. [B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days. [C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history. [D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life. 37. We may infer from the second paragraph that

[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research. [B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations. [C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson‘s life. [D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history. 38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?

[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery. [B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves. [C] His attitude towards slavery was complex. [D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige. 39. Which of the following is true according to the text? [A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery. [B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.

第 40 页 共 94 页

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/vrp7.html