英语作文开头句型

文章开头句型

1、“如今，人们普遍认为...,但是我怀疑...。”

Nowadays，it is generally/commonly believed that..., but I wonder that... 2、“如同硬币的正反面，...也有积极的一面和消极的一面。”

Like a coin has two sides, there is a positive aspect and a negative aspect to... 3、“近来，...的问题已经成为人们注目的焦点。”

Currently, the issue of ...has been brought to public attention. 4、“随着...的快速增长，...在日常生活中已经变得越来越重要。”

Along with the rapid growth of ...,...has become increasingly important in our daily life.

5、“由汽车引起的空气和噪音污染对我们的健康造成了危害。”

Air pollution and noise pollution caused by automobiles do harm to our health. 文章结尾句型

1、“因此，不难得出结论...”

Accordingly/Consequently/As a result,it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that...

2、“综上所述，我们能得出如下结论...”

From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that...

3、“这一难题，是任何人都不可能避免的。但只要处理得当，我们就会...”

The dilemma is something no one can avoid. Properly handled, however, we will... 4、“总之，全社会都应该密切关注...,只有这样我们才能...”

All in all, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of .... Only in this way can we....

5、“考虑到所有的因素，我们意识到...”

Taking into account all of these factors, we have reached the realization that... 1． 主题句

主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例：

My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don't argue with parents; they will think you don't love them. Don't argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Don't argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Don't argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother's rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Don't argue.

主题句中提出的 \指的是什么？展开句中通过四个 \逐一加以交代。从结构来看，这是一个比较典型的段落，它包括了主题句，推展句和结论句（即本段中的末句）。

1．1 主题句的位置

主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题

句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。但初学者比较难于掌握，因而在四级考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的写作手法。，

例1: Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods -- everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.，

这段文字所讲的主要是能源问题。第一句就概括性地提出“我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖于能源”。而随后出现的三句都是具体事例，对第一句进行说明和论述。我们可以断定第一句为该段的主题句（斜体部分）。 ，

例2: （主题句）No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. （推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. （推展句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness.

以上这段由三句话组成。第一句是主题句，直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题，接着列举两个推展句对其补充和支持，指出我们已无法自由选择所需的商品，理由是广告商已仔细研究了我们的心理，并完全掌握了我们的弱点。句子衔接自然，步步紧扣主题。

1．2 如何写好主题句中的关键词

段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展；二是要具体

到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。在上面的例1，例2中，主题句的关键词分别为：depends very much on energy; no one can avoid being influenced. 我们再看下列例句：

原句1: He can fix a bicycle himself.

斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容，并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开，是用因果关系法还是用分类法？

修正：He can fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps. 的

修正：There are several reasons why he can fix a bicycle himself.

原句2: She tries to improve her looks.

斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。她试着改变她面容的理由是什么？或者她采取什么方法来改善呢？我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。

修正：She tries many ways to improve her looks. 的

修正：There are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks。

1.3 如何写好主题句的中心思想

主题句由两部分组成，即主题(topic)和中心思想（controlling idea）。中心思想的作用是导向(control)和制约(limit)。我们前面谈到的关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就是规定段

落的发展脉络，所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围，两者不可分割。没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题；没有制约，内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围。

对于初学写作的人来说，“导向”的重要性容易理解，但如果由他们自己来构思一个主题句，就可能忽视“制约”这一面。例如：

There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you have made it a part of yourself and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it.

本段的主题句如果没有in which 引出的定语从句，那么two ways 不仅不能起制约作用，而且也不能起导向作用，句子本身读起来也就使人觉得欠缺点什么。

Exercise is beneficial to your heart. A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California. They found that people who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people. These active people work all the time at moderate speeds, their daily routine gives them an adequate amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape.

\这是毫无疑义的。但主题句中如不加上\来加以 control 和 limit，那就流于空泛。

因此，紧紧把握主题句中controlling idea的导向和制约作用，是短文写作成功关键之一。 2．推展句

2.1 主要推展句

主要推展句(major supporting statement)的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。

例1：(主题句) There are several factors affecting climate. (推展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received. (推展句2)Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. (推展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. (推展句4)In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere. 主题句指出影响气候的几个因素。然后用四个扩展句说明四种因素。第一种是太阳光的接收量，第二种是海拔高度，第三句和第四句分别是海洋和大气环流因素。

2.2 次要推展句

次要推展句(minor supporting statement)是指对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。

例2：(主题句)I don't teach because teaching is easy for me. (主要推展句1)Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. (主要推展句2)For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. (次要推展句1)Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. (次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm, because I'm always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. (次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.

从属于主要推展句2的三个次要推展句起着解释说明作用，分别解释red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach的含义，这就更加形象生动地证明了 \这个主题。

2．3 主要推展句与次要推展句的关系

主要推展句与次要推展句的关系(relation)基本可以遵循下面的“三部分”(three-part)规则。

1〕每个主要推展句都应该是对主题句中表示主要思想的关键词的直接、明确的说明。

2〕每个次要推展句都应该说明它的主要推展句。

3〕含有讨论说明或分析的问题通常既要有主要推展素材，又要有次要推展素材。

2．4 写好推展句的方法

主题句及关键词确定后，开始选择和主题有关的信息和素材。实质上，针对关键词测试每一个所选择的素材就是一个分类的过程。有一种常用的方法就是句子展开前加以设问，然后解答，即设问－解答(why-because)的方法。下面我们通过举例来看一看这种分类过程是如何完成的。例3：

假设 (suppose) Topic sentence: English is an international language?

设问(why) Why can we say English is an international language?

解答(because)

Because: English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world.

Because: Over 70 percent of the world's mail is written in English.

Because: More than 60 percent of the world's radio programs are in English.

Because: Pakistan was once one of the British colonies.

Because: Many members of the International Language Society are selected from English-spoken countries.

从上面可以看出，最初的三个推展句是和关键词an international language一致的。第四句和主题句不统一，尽管第四句会成为另一主题句(Many Pakistanis speak English)很好的推展句。第五句说服力不强。

当然，在写成段落时，没有必要在每个句子开头写上 \，但是，在动笔展开句子时，头脑里要想着这个词，这种检验方法能帮助你把注意力集中在某个重心，围绕主题思想层层展开。

上面我们讨论了主要推展句的一种展开方法。而展开次要推展句的方法与主要推展句类似，这里我们就不再复述了。1． 列举法(details)

作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。，

Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didn't hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didn't read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and

spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadn't gone to the meeting. Then I didn't notice a sign on a door that said \my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.

根据本段主题句中的关键词组everything I did went wrong，作者列举了8点内容，分别由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、脉络分明、内容连贯。

常用于列举法的过渡连接词有：for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also等。，2. 举例法(example)

作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。

我们来看下面这个用举例法展开的段落。，

There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.，

本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中的关键词组different forms of exercises，这三个例子分别由连接词for example, for another example 和 besides引出，最后由引导的结尾句总结全

段内容。

举例法中常用的连接词有：for example (instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。，3. 叙述法(narration)

叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义，例如：，

In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.，

这段是按照事物发展的先后顺序，叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程。全文脉络清晰，叙述的层次感强，结构紧凑。

常用于叙述法中的过渡连接词有：first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等。，

4． 对比法或比较法(comparison & contrast)

将同类的事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析是一种常用的思维方法。通过对比，更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点，例如：

The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic

circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute.

在这段文字上， 作者为了突出电子计算机运行速度之快，首先将它与人脑进行了比较， \而后，又将这一概念具体到了 \上，通过对比使读者从 \上有更加直观的认识。

常用于对本法或比较法上的过渡连接词有：than, compared with等。， 5． 分类法(classification)

在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类，分别加以叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识，如：

Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags, Morse code, and picture signs.

在该段中为了说明topic sentence中的 \，作者将其分为oral speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加阐述。

采用这种方法的段落并没有标志突出的连接词，所述各项均为平行并列关系，所以没有明显的主次之分。，

6．的因果分析法(cause and effect)

在阐述某一现象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如：

The role of women in today's society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women's movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.

本段中，主题句提出了一种社会现象，推展句则对产生这种现象的原因作出各种解释。 常用于因果分析法的连接词有：because, so, as a result等。，7． 定义法(definition)

在科普文章的写作中，定义法是必不可少的。通过下定义，可以使读者对该事物有一个更直接的认识。

Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the \

这一段文字使我们了解了 \和 \两个概念，分别由 \和 \引出。

常出现在定义法中的词语有：refer to, mean, call等。，8. 重复法(repetition)

句子的一部分反复出现在段落中，这就是重复法。它往往造成一种步步紧逼的气氛，使文章结构紧凑，有感染力。比如：

Since that time, which is far enough away from now, I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is in the young, under terror. I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver; I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg; I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted; --

该段中反复应用了I was in mortal terror of ?我经常处于恐怖之中。

以上， 我们结合具体文章讨论了展开段落的几种方法。在实际写作中，我们往往不必拘泥于一种写作方法，而是将若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有声有色。，结尾段

我们知道文章的开头很重要，因为好的开头可以吸引读者、抓住读者的注意力。同样，文章的结尾也很重要，好的结尾会使读者对全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果和说服力，让人深思，回味无穷。确切地说，结尾的作用就是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使读者加深印象；有时也用于展望未来，提出今后方向或令人深思的问题给读者留下回味和思考的余地。但是，如何才能写好文短文的结尾呢? 下面就介绍几种写结尾段最常用的方法：，

1．重复中心思想: 回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到再次肯定和强调的效果。

(例1)A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make it

worth living.

(例2)With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever.，

2．作出结论: 文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。

(例1)In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.

(例2)On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.，

3．应用引语: 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅又有更强的说服力。

(例1)If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to

permanent success. Remember the famous saying. \

(例2)If we stick to studies day after day, there is nothing that can't be achieved. As an old saying goes: \，

4．用反问结尾: 虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。

(例1)Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why should we not develop this ability as far as possible?

(例2)So，what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health?，

5．提出展望或期望: 表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动。

(例1)I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely.

(例2) If everyone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be a progress of civilization.

以上介绍了几种写结尾段最常用的方法，但到底选择何种方法结尾还得根据文体来决定。平铺直叙的记叙文，往往在故事或事实情节讲完时文章也就自然结束了，而说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文都应有一个正式的结尾。希望以上介绍的几种方法能对大家写好结尾有所帮助。，

破题策略一：基本同意，细节有异议

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原则上同意作者观点，但观点涉及到具体问题时有保留。结构上，先肯定大的原则，然后

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具体讨论那些情况下会有问题。这种策略适合的问题往往有一个大的框架，又有一些特殊

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的个案。这种策略就是很多参考书都提到的平衡观点，是最常见的一种策略。优点在于层

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次比较简单明了，缺点则是不容易写出特色。

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31 \ results of that research are controversial.\ 22

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I agree with the speaker's broad assertion that money spent on research is gen erally money well invested. However, the speaker unnecessarily extends this br oad assertion to embrace research whose results are \

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oring certain compelling reasons why some types of research might be unjustifiable. My points of contention with the speaker involve the fundamental objectives and nature of research, as discussed below.

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作者的立论思路是顺应原命题的结构形成的。首先肯定命题前半部分所提出的大前提，然 后对后半部分的特殊情况提出质疑。考生在构思的时候也应该注意观察原命题的结构，从 中获得启发，提出有说服力的观点。

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8 It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold inf

0 @# ?% U+ D8 zormation from the public. 37

( ` P9 L2 o* d3 c0 `I agree with the speaker that it is sometimes necessary, and even desirable, f or political leaders to withhold information from the public. A contrary view would reveal a naiveté about the inherent nature of public politics, and abou t the sorts of compromises on the part of well-intentioned political leaders n

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ecessary in order to further the public's ultimate interests. Nevertheless, we

! Y/ c\must not allow our political leaders undue freedom to with-hold information,

otherwise, we risk sanctioning demagoguery and undermining the philosophical underpinnings of any democratic society.

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- ]* N5 ?3 m& 在肯定命题的基础上，作者提出需要警惕的极端情况。一方面承认公共政治对适当隐瞒的

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需求，另一方面又指出过度隐瞒可能对民主基石的威胁。这种对平衡与妥协的把握，恰好 反映了GRE作文所要求的思想深度。

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策略二：分拆命题

将一个命题分拆为几个分命题，然后逐个否定或肯定。分拆的过程往往需要相当的经验和 分析能力。一旦分拆成功，一个论证框架就浮现了。

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\

j' E1 c2 E4 Y: u/ athey need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation 's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.\

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The speaker's claim is actually threefold: (1) ensuring the survival of large cities and, in turn, that of cultural traditions, is a proper function of gove rnment; (2) government support is needed for our large dries and cultural trad itions to survive and thrive; and (3) cultural traditions are preserved and ge nerated primarily in our large cities. I strongly disagree with all three clai ms.

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这是作者一个颇具创新的开头方式，即对原命题进行分拆，并以序号列点的形式陈述。这 样做不仅能完成考试所要求的对问题复杂性的探索，而且能自然的搭建论证的框架。我们

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可以想象，这篇范文的中间三段将分别批驳分拆后的三个分命题。当然，要做好分拆命题 的工作需要相当的功底和经验；由于这种分析方法十分有特色，因此很值得读者尝试。

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\

. @6 p8 {) q7 Ytools of human minds.\

This statement actually consists of a series of three related claims: (1) mach ines are tools of human minds; (2) human minds will always be superior to mach

, F\?; `3 R+ I8 Y `ines; and (3) it is because machines are human tools that human minds will always be superior to machines. While I concede the fn:st claim, whether I agree

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with the other two claims depends partly on how one defines \partly on how willing one is to humble oneself to the unknown future scenario s.

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这段开头的方式也是分拆命题，不同的是，作者并没有全部否定分命题，而是区别对待。 但通过分拆主题而呈现的框架也很明显。另外，作者还用到另一个重要的策略“语理分析

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”，我们再后面会提及。

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策略三 具体情况具体分析

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指出命题在某些方面和个案上是成立的，而在另一些情况则不成立。这种策略的应用相当

: a. ^9 E6 T\广泛，有助于我们将一个抽象的问题具体化，并建构一个清晰的论证框架。

\ Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world.\

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In today's world is practicality our idol---one which all powers and talents m ust serve. While this claim has considerable merit with respect to most areas

5 r& ~5 Z! o, F6 T' vof human endeavor--including education, art, and politics--I take exception with the claim when it comes to the direction of scientific research today.

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作者指出命题在教育、艺术和政治等领域有一定道理，而在科研方面却不成立。这样在某

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些具体方面命题成立，另一些具体方面命题不成立的处理手法，在北美范文中十分常见。

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这样写可以体现出作者对命题的较深入的思考和对问题复杂性的认识，同时又能够构建一 个清晰的框架，读者应该重点模仿学习。

\

! s; F`\sonal economic success requires conformity.\

Personal economic success might be due either to one's investment strategy or to one's work or career. With respect to the former, non-conformists with enou

, f# N3 E' a- x% ~* z\gh risk tolerance and patience invariably achieve more success than conformist s. With respect to the latter, while non-conformists are more likely to succee d in newer industries where markets and technology are in constant flux, confo rmists are more likely to succeed in traditional service industries ensconced

6 i& m3 t\in systems and regulations.

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作者通过分析影响个人经济成功的因素来将问题分为两部分进行分别讨论。

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策略四 探索其他可能性

\ps of people have a diminished sense of who they are. \

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The speaker asserts that rituals and ceremonies are needed for any culture or

- {% ]& m8 x% g7 Fgroup of people to retain a strong sense of identity. I agree that one purpose

9 N& _: n' W) U3 f5 \\! Yof ritual and ceremony is to preserve cultural identity, at least in modern t

9 R3 @ F/ r. J8 p9 i$ Uimes. However, this is not their sole purpose; nor are ritual and ceremony the only means of preserving cultural identity.

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原命题指出“仪式和典礼帮助定义文化。”对于这个命题，作者并不否定，但却从两方面

5 { h2 I& j% V4 A n! V1 L, S，通过探索其他可能性，来提出新的观点。首先是仪式和典礼的目的除了定义文化，还有

; A/ F* U1 Y0 v没有其他；其次是除了仪式和典礼，还有没有其他机制能帮助定义文化。这两个问题的提 出就大大开拓了我们的思路，为写出一篇内容丰富的文章奠定基础。

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\he ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears.\

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The speaker asserts that a culture perpetuates the ideas it favors while discr

- ~' r3 c! m# g) g5 Y* nediting those it fears primarily through formal education. I agree that grade- school, and even high-school education involves cultural indoctrination. Other wise, I think the speaker misunderstands the role of higher education, and ove

5 w\B% Lrlooks other means by which a culture achieves these ends.

这里的最后一句话就为作者在后文讨论其他可能性埋下伏笔。

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探索其他可能性的方法对于帮**生开拓思路，丰富内容，提出具有原创性的观点十分有用。

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7 [$ B: X6 }2 `* D$ b. z1 p1 策略五

) E, @# o3 N( l\M语理分析

先指出命题中某个概念有多种诠释的可能，并以此作为立论的框架 63

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3 e. d8 S# b# Y* t6 Tions, or the dictates of our passions.\

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Can we alter facts according to our wishes or inclinations? If by \ speaker means such phenomena as political, economic, social, or legal status quo, then I concede that we can alter facts. The reason for this is that such s ystems are abstract constructs of our inclinations, wishes, and passions to be

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gin with. Otherwise, I strongly agree with the speaker that we cannot alter fa

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cts. When it comes to certain aspect of our personal lives, and to historical events and scientific truths, no measure of desire or even passion can change external reality.

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作者在处理这道十分抽象的关于“fact”的问题时，并没有笼统的提出一个立场，而是首先澄清这里的“fact”到底是指什么。这里用到的技巧就是传说中的“语理分析”。当题

- |! @, W* q! l1 r0 \\1 @5 I2 g目中出现fact这类抽象字眼时，我们可以先对它作出具体化的澄清，然后根据对“fact” 的几种不同的理解，而形成一个论证框架。这是一个非常有效的解题方法，应该引起读者

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足够的重视。

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\nsistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who i

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s quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish l ittle.\

Whether effective leadership requires that a leader consistently follow his or

) p* `7 ~6 f, |3 v% d. X: qher principles and objectives is a complex issue--one that is tied up in the

9 {3 i' L& S# f. Cproblem of defining effective leadership in the first place. In addressing theissue it is helpful to consider, in turn, three distinct forms of leadership: business, political, and social-spiritual.

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作者认为问题很复杂是因为一个关键的概念领导人效率不好定义。接下来，作者提出领导 才能的三种不同的形式，并在具体场景下讨论概念的定义问题。因此，这个分析同时用到

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了具体情况具体分析和引用新概念这两种策略。

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