语言学补充习题

Language and Linguistics

1. The important distinction in linguistics proposed by Chomsky is _____. A. Synchronic and diachronic B. Langue and parole C. Signifier and signified

D. Competence and performance

2. According to Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by

all the members of a speech community. A. parole

B. performance C. langue D. language

3. The term _________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the

approach which studies language change over the various periods of time and at various historical stages. A. synchronic B. diachronic

C. comparative

D. historical comparative

4. Language is ____ in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a

word and the object it refers to. A. systematic B. symbolic C. arbitrary D. ambiguous

5. What function are most imperative sentences associated with? A. Informative B. Interrogative C. Phatic D. Directive

6. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree centigrade.” is _________ A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative

6. Everyday we send messages that have never been sent and understand novel

A. B. C. D.

7. Language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the

speaker. This is what we mean by _____. A. cultural transmission B. displacement C. duality

D. productivity

8. By duality we mean that language has two sets of structures, one of _______ and

the other of ______.

A. surface structure, deep structure B. phonemes, morphemes C. sounds, meanings D. production, reception

9. According to Chomsky, ________ is the ideal user?s internalized knowledge of

his language. A. competence B. parole

C. performance D. langue

10. General linguistics is the scientific study of _________. A. language of a certain individual B. the German language

C. human languages in general

D. the system of a particular language

Phonetics and Phonology

11. The study of how sounds are put together are used to convey meaning in

communication is _________. A. morphology

B. general linguistics C. phonology D. phonetics

messages; in this sense, our language is ____. productive

interchangeable

genetically transmitted rule-governed

12. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection

of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme

13. /m, n / are ________.

A. fricatives B. dentals C. glides D. nasals

14. /w, j / belong to _____.

A. fricatives B. dentals C. glides D. nasals

15. Which of the following vowel is the rounded one?

A. /i:/ B. /u:/ C. /i/ D. /a:/

16. The vowel /u:/ in /fu:d/(food) is a _________vowel.

A. back B. front

C. unrounded D. central

MORPHOLOGY

17. _______ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between

expression and content. A. Word B. Morpheme C. Allomorph D. Root

18. _______are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined

with other morphemes to form a word. A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes

C. Bound words D. Words

19. _______modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of

speech of the original word A. Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Affixes

20. “-s” in the word books is ____. A. a derivative affix B. a stem

C. an inflectional affix D. a root

Note: root（词根）/ affix（词缀）, 都属于 bound morpheme (粘着词素)

1. root(词根): a part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears a clear,

definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.(一个不能再分，再分就会失去其本义的基本形式)

词根词素可以分为自由词根词素（free root morpheme, e.g. rain? rainy ? raincoat

粘着词根词素(bound root morpheme)

e.g. geo(the earth) + ology (a branch of learning)? geology, psychology, physiology tele (distant, far) + vision ? television, telegraph

transmit, permit, submit ‘ maintain, contain, detain

2. Affix 词缀

1) inflectional（曲折）: 语法关系的标志grammatical relations

(number, tense, degree, case) -s, -er, 不改变词性

2) derivational(派生):在词干上加上一个词缀得到一个新词，与词性和意义有关

3. stem 词干

The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.

It refers to the left morpheme or combination of morphemes when one affix is removed for one time. e.g. care less ness

21. Which of the following words is a derivational one? A. Blackboard B. Teaches

C. Consideration

D. Books

22. Which of the following words is created through the process of acronym? A. ad B. edit C. AIDS D. Bobo

23. The word “lab” is formed through ____. A. back formation B. blending C. clipping D. derivation

24. Which of the following is NOT a compound word ? A. Landlady B. Greenhouse C. Uplift D. Unacceptable

20. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ________. A. lexical words

B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words

21. Open class of words can consist of the following categories EXCEPT _________

A. nouns B. verbs C. adjectives D. articles

22. Which one of the following most possibly belongs to the closed class? A. Flower

B. Treacherous. C. We D. Whack

23. Inflectional morphemes manifest the following meanings EXCEPT_________ A. tone B. tense C. number D. case

24. Which of the following contains at least an inflectional morpheme?

A. Possibility B. Decision C. Hers D. Enable

25. ________ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words. A. Roots B. Stems C. Affixes D. Compounds

26. The word “irresistible” is ______________ A. a compound one B. a clipped one C. a blended one D. a derived one

27. Which of the following affix differs from others? A. –ly B. –ness C. –ing D. –ful

28. The word “Kung-fu” is _____. A. a clipped one B. a blended one C. a compound on e D. a borrowed one

Semantics

25. A word with several meanings is called ______ word. A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple

26. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are___. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms

27. The relationship between ?fruit? and ?apple? is _______.

A. homonymy B. hyponymy C. polysemy D. synonymy

28. “Alive” and “dead” are ______ antonyms. A. relational B. gradable C. symmetric D. complementary

29. “Big” and “small” are a pair of _____ opposites. A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. converse

6. The word “luggage” and “baggage” are _________ A. emotive synonyms B. dialectal synonyms C. collocational synonyms D. stylistic

7. The relation between “begin” and “commence” is _________ A. dialectal synonyms B. stylistic synonyms

C. collocational synonyms

D. semantically different synonyms

8. “Fall ” and “autumn” are _________ synonyms A. dialectal B. stylistic

C. collocational D. emotive

9. _________ is NOT a pair of homophones. A. rain and reign B. flea and flee

C. lead [li:d] and lead [led]

D. compliment and complement

10. In the semantic triangle, “referent” refers to _______ A. concept

B. the real world C. the thought D. meaning

11. “Wise” and “cunning” are a pair of _________ synonyms. A. dialectal B. stylistic

C. collocational D. emotive

12. “Wide” and “broad” are a pair of __________ synonyms A. dialectal B. stylistic

C. collocational D. emotive

13. Which of the followings can be the same form shared by two homonyms?

A. Ball B. Can C. Bark D. North

14. “See” and “sea” are ___________

A. homophones B. homographs

C. complete homonyms D. polysenmic words

15. What is the sense relation between “learn” and “teach”? A. Relational antonyms

B. Complementary antonyms C. Gradable anonyms D. Absolute antonyms

16. What is the sense relation between “pass” and “fail”? A. Relational antonyms

B. Complementary antonyms C. Gradable anonyms D. Absolute antonyms

17. : X: They are going to have another baby.

Y: They have a child.

The relationship of X and Y is ________ A. synonymous

B. inconsistent C. X entailing Y

D : X presupposing Y

18. “Tommy?s hen laid an egg yesterday.” presupposes __________

A. Tommy had a hen B. Tommy had a big hen

C. An egg was laid by Tommy?s hen D. The egg is not a stone.

19. “He has been to Tokyo” entails “_________”.

A. He has been to Japan

B. Tokyo is the capital of Japan. C. He has never been to Japan. D. He is not a Japanese.

Pragmatics

1. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the

speaker to some future course of action are called _____. A. commissives B. directives C. expressives D. declaratives

2. _______ is defined as the study of language in use and linguistic communication. A. Pragmatics B. Sociolinguistics C. Neurolinguistics

D. Contextual linguistics

3. “We can do things with words”--- this is the main idea of ______. A. the Speech Act Theory B. the Co-operative Principle C. the Polite Principles D. pragmatics

4. _________ refer to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and

reference.

A. Locutionary act B. Illocutionary act C. Perlocutionary act D. Speech act

5. The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called

_______. A. semantics

B. sociolinguistics C. pragmatics

D. psycholinguistics

6. Which of the following is NOT the specific instance of directives?

A. Inviting B. Advising C. Warning D. Swearing

7. _________ acts expresses the intention of the speaker. A. Locutionary B. Illocutionary C. Perlocutionary D. Speech

8. “I didn?t steal that ring” is a _________. A. directive B. expressive C. commissive D. representatives

9. “I?m so sad about your wrong doings” is a __________ A. declaration B. expressives C. representatives D. commissives

10. “Hands up!” is a ________. A. directive B. representative C. commissive D. declaration

11. “I?ll be with you!” is a _________. A. directive B. commissive C. expressive D. representative

Sociolinguistics

1. In areas which are populated by people speaking different languages, one

language is often used by common agreement; such a language is called ________. A. pidgin

B. lingua franca C. Creole D. slang

2. The dialect which is caused by social status is ________. A. regional dialect B. sociolect C. idiolect D. diglossia

3. Standard dialect is ______

A. designated as the official or national language of a country. B. a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect

C. used by people who speak different languages for restricted purpose D. used by people who belong to the higher social status.

4. Sometimes, two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. This phenomenon is _______. A. bilingualism B. diglossia C. pidgin D. creole

5 The form of a given language used in a certain geographical space is called _______ A. style B. dialect C. register D. pidgin

Language Acquisition

1. According to Krashen, ________ refers to the gradual and subconscious

development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A. learning B. competence C. performance D. acquisition

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