朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册(英国

上册（英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚）

英国

第1章英国简介(1)

1.1 复习笔记

I. Name and constituents

1. Full name

2. Constituents

II. Effects of its imperial past

1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations

2. Its role as a European nation

3. Economic influence

4. A multiracial nation

III. Differences in society

1. Race difference

2. Class difference

3. Region difference

IV. Introduction to England

1. Physical features

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2. History of invasions

V. Introduction to Scotland

1. Physical features

2. History

3. Retaining strong Scottish identity

VI. Introduction to Wales

1. Physical features

2. A history features campaigns for independence from UK

I. Name and constituents（全称和组成）

1. Full name（全称）

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国

2. Constituents（组成部分）

(1)The island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales

(2)Northern Ireland

(1)大不列颠岛：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士

(2)北爱尔兰

II. Effects of its imperial past（殖民时期的影响）

1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations（促成英联邦的成立）

The Commonwealth of Nations is a loose and voluntary organization with

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members mainly being former colonies of the British Empire.

英联邦是一个以自愿加入为基础的组织，成员国为前大英帝国殖民地

2. Its role as a European nation（欧盟成员国）

UK has been a member of European Union since 1973.

自1973年以来英国一直是欧盟成员国。

3. Economic influence（经济影响）

It remains a relatively wealthy country, a member of the Group Seven large developed economies. (In 1997, G-7 turned into G-8 with Russia in.)

仍然是一个比较富裕的国家，是7七国集团的一员。(1997年俄罗斯的加入使得G7转变为G8。)

4. A multiracial society（多种族国家）

Due to immigration from some Commonwealth countries in the 1950s and 1960s, most commonly from India, Pakistan and countries of the Caribbean, Britain now has a population of which 1 in 20 are of non-European ethnicity.

由于二十世纪五、六十年代鼓励英联邦国家向英国移民，英国人口的二十分之一是非欧洲血统。几个有代表性的国家和地区有印度、巴基斯坦及加勒比海国家。

III. Differences in society（社会差异）

1. Race difference（种族差异）

It is a multiracial society with a majority of Christians, many Muslims and others. 英国是一个多种族社会，基督教徒占主导，还有许多穆斯林教徒和其他。

2. Class difference（阶级差异）

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The class structure of UK society is relatively obvious. (Lives of a white-collar worker and a blue-collar worker are very different.)

英国社会的阶级差异相对别国较为明显。（白领雇员和蓝领工人的生活相差很大。）

3. Region difference（地区差异）

(1)Between highland and lowland Scots

(2)Between northern and southern England

(3)The capital London itself dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways:

(4)It is the largest city located in the south of the country.

(5)It is the cultural and business center and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain’s big companies.

(6)It is not only the financial center of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world.

(1)苏格兰高低和低地

(2)英格兰南部和北部

(3)首都伦敦在各方面均占主导地位：

(4)伦敦是英国南部最大城市。

(5)英国文化和商业中心，许多大型公司的总部设在伦敦。

(6)不仅是英国的金融中心，也是世界三大金融中心之一。

IV. Introduction to England（英格兰）

1. Physical features（自然特征）

(1)Largest of the 4 nations with largest population

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(2)A Dominance of UK in culture and economy

(3)Capital: London, dominant in government, finance and culture

(1)地域最广、人口最多

(2)文化和经济发展之重

(3)首府伦敦是政治、经济和文化中心。

2. History of invasions（入侵史）

Before the 1st century AD British was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe.

公元1世纪之前，英国是由许多凯尔特人的部落王国构成，其强大的文化源于中欧地区。

(1)Roman invasion (43 AD—5th Century AD)（罗马入侵时期（公元43年到5世纪））

①England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire.

②Hadrian’s Wall was built by the Romans in 122 to defend their domain. The Wall covered a line roughly equivalent to the contemporary boundary between England and Scotland.

①英格兰和威尔士成为罗马的一部分。

②122年，罗马国王建立哈德良长城。这样做是为了防止皮特人入侵。

(2)Anglo-Saxon’s invasion (5th Century AD—1066)（盎格鲁-撒克逊入侵时期（5世纪-1066年））

①Eastern and Southern Britain were invaded by Germanic peoples: the Angles and the Saxons (the forefathers of the English, the founders of England).

②The legend of King Arthur was based on this period:

◆It is said that he was the king of England in the 5th century and united the

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British and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur.

◆He created Round Table, which gave knights equal precedence and showed

knights’ demand for a more democratic system.

◆His real existence is in doubt but he is the central figure of many legends.

①大不列颠东部和南部被日耳曼民族的盎格鲁人和撒克逊人入侵。盎格鲁-撒克逊人被称为英格兰人的祖先。

②亚瑟王的传奇以此为背景:

◆据说他是公元5世纪时期英格兰的国王，并且曾拿着他著名的神剑带领英格兰人击退撒

克逊人的入侵。

◆圆桌的发明人，他发明圆桌供自己的骑士聚谈，这反映了平等和民主。

◆还不能证实他是否真实存在，但他是许多传奇故事的中心人物。

(3)Viking invasion (Late AD 8th C-AD 10th C)（维京入侵(8世纪末到10世纪)）

①Northern and Eastern England as well as Scotland were conquered by raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings.

②King Alfred the Great, won in the south of England against the Vikings and ruled this area. (Thus today a certain cultural pide between northerners and southerners in England may have its origins in this time.)

①维京人来自斯堪的纳维亚半岛，入侵了英格兰东北部和苏格兰。

②阿尔弗雷德大帝生活在这个时期，他积极而有效地对抗了维京人，保留了英格兰南部的主权。(现在英国兰存在的南方和北方的文化差异，可能也是源于此。)

(4)Norman invasion (1066)（诺曼入侵（1066））

①William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066,

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