高中英语语法大全

高中英语语法大全

词法

第1章 主谓一致

一.概念:

主谓一致是指：

1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。

2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。 3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，

一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。例如： There is much water in the thermos.

但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。

例如：Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

二.相关知识点精讲

1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如：

Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。

注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓

语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：

The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。

典型例题

The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.

A. is B. was C. are D. were

答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C。

本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。 2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则

1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如： There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。

There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。

2）当either? or? 与neither? nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如：

Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。

Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。 3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致

当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组

成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如：

The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。

He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。

4. 谓语需用单数的情况

1）代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如：

Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。 There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。 2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：

The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。

3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。

Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。 5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数

1）代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如：

All is right. 一切顺利。

All are present. 人都到齐了。

2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如： His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。

His family are music lovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者。

但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如： Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗？

3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如：

A number of +名词复数+复数动词。 The number of +名词复数+单数动词。 A number of books have lent out.

The majority of the students like English. 6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况

1）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语

动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：

Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。

2）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如： A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。

A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。

3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由

more than? of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如： Many a person has read the novel. 许多人读过这本书。

More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。

三.巩固练习

（ ） 1. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons.

A. were, was B. was, was C. was, were D. were, were

（ ） 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.

A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play

（ ） 3. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and

grass.

A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are （ ） 4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits. A. seem B. seems C. seemed D. are seemed

（ ） 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _____ a driving license. A. has B. have

C. is having D. are having’ （ ） 6. Joy and Sorrow _____ next-door neighbours. A. is B. are C. were D. be （ ）7. In my opinion, some of the news _____ unbelievable. A. are B. is C. has been D. have been （ ）8. When ______ the United Nations founded?

A. is B. are C. was D. were （ ）9. Every possible means _____ .

A. has tried B. has been tried C. was tried D. were tried

（ ） 10. What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me. A. was B. were C. has D. have （ ）11. There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk. A. are B. must C. have been D. is （ ）12. Nobody ______ seen the film. It’s a pity.

A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have C. but my friends has D. but I have （ ）13. No teacher and no student ______．

A. are admitted B. is admitted

C. are admitting D. is admitting （ ）14. All but one ______ here just now.

A. is B. was C. has been D. were （ ）15. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet. A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided

（ ） 16. The writer and singer ______ here.

A. is B. are C. were D. do

（ ） 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I can spare to talk with you.

A. are B. was C. is D. were （ ） 18. In those days John with his classmates _____ kept busy preparing for the exam.

A. is B. are C. was D. were （ ） 19. —— ____ your clothes?

——No, mine _____ hanging over there.

A. Is it, is B. Are these, are C. Is it, are D. Are these, is

（ ） 20. The Smith’s family, which ____ rather a large one, ____ very fond

of their old houses.

A. were, were B. was, was C. were, was D. was, were

（ ） 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _____ that either of the countries ____ beautiful.

A. are, are B. is, is C. are, is D. is, are

（ ） 22. He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.

A. is B. are

C. have been D. has been

（ ） 23. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings ______ their duty.

A. Each, are B. Both, is C. Neither, are D. None, is

（ ） 24. —— What do you think of the ______ of the coat?

—— It’s rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop. A. value B. cost C. price D. use （ ） 25. —— Are the two answers correct? —— No, ______ correct.

A. no one is B. both are not C. neither is D. either is not （ ） 26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _____ making sailing difficult. A. have been B. was

C. / D/ are

四.答案

1.C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B

第2章 动词的时态

一. 概念:

时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,现在完成时和现在完成进行时.

二.相关知识点精讲

1.一般现在时的用法

1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every?, sometimes, at?, on Sunday。例如：

I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：

The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。

Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3） 表示格言或警句。例如：

Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。

Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。

比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。

第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。

第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。

2. 一般过去时的用法

1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？

2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：

When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。

3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth \到??时间了\ \该??了\。例如：

8、It ________ (take) him half an hour _______ (finish) his homework yesterday. 9、If it ________ an interesting film, we’ll see it tomorrow. (be) 10、They usually ________ (do) their homework after supper. 11、Listen! Who _____________(sing) in the next room now? 12、__________(be) your parents in Shanghai last year? 13、Mr. Yu _____________(teach) us maths since 1982.

14、They will have a trip to the Great Wall if it _________ (not rain) tomorrow. 15、Li Ming often _________ (listen) to the radio in the morning.

16、A: “Father, may I go out and play football?” B: “_____you ____(do) your homework?”

17、All the people in the town are glad ______(hear) that a famous musician ___ a concert this Saturday evening.( give)

18、Our teacher told us if it _____(not snow) we would visit the Science Museum the next day.

19、They often _______ (play) football in the afternoon. 20、A: What’re you doing Dad? B: I _______ (mend) the radio. 21、Let’s _______(carry) the boxes to the house.

22、Yesterday she ______ (want) very much to see the film, but she couldn’t __(get) a ticket.

23、I _________(write) to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.

24、Mike ___________(visit) several places since he came to Beijing. 25、He ___________ (write) four letters to his wife every month. 26、Don’ t make any noise, Grandma ___________ (sleep). 27、His aunt ___________ (do) some cooking when he came in .

28、When they ___________ (reach) the station, the train had already left. 29、There ___________ (be) a meeting next Monday. 30、We ___________ (know) each other since our boyhood.. 31、Sometimes my father ___________ (come) back home late. 32、They ___________ (have) an English evening next week. 33、I’m very glad___________ (hear) that.

34、Wei Fang isn’t here. She ___________ (go) to the reading-room. 35、The story ___________ (happen) long ago.

36、They ___________ (visit) the History Museum last week.

37、Zhang Hong ___________ (make) many friends since she came to Paris. 38、She ___________ (go) to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening. 39、Stay here, bag. Don’t go out. It ___________(rain) now. 40、Li Ping___________ (write) a composition every week. 41、The scientist ___________ (give) us a talk yesterday. 42、My parents ___________ (live) in Beijing since 1949.

43、Look! The young worker___________ (show) the students around the factory now. 44、They ___________ (build) a new bridge over the river next year. 45、The students___________ (clean) their classroom tomorrow.

46、The windows of our lab ___________ (clean) once a week. 47、Our teacher ___________ (join) the party twenty years ago. 48、The boys___________ (have) a basketball match now. Let’s ___(go) and _____(watch). 49、She___________ (work) in this factory for ten years.

50、 “What makes you ___________ (think) I’m a farmer?” the Frenchman asked.

四.答案

1. comes 2. stopped 3. will take 4. put

5. are getting 6. to let 7. waiting

8. took ? to finish 9. is 10. do

11. is singing 12. Was

13. has taught 14. doesn’t rain 15. listens

16. Have ? done

17. to hear ? will give 18. didn’t snow 19. play

20. am mending

21. carry

22. wanted , get 23. will write 24. has visited 25. writes

26. is sleeping 27. was doing 28. reached 29. will be 30. have known 31. comes 32. will have 33. to hear 34. has gone 35. happened 36. visited 37. has made 38. will go 39. is raining 40. writes 41. gave

42. have lived 43. is showing 44. will build 45. will clean 46. is cleaned 47. joined

48. are having, go ?

watch

49. has worked think

第三章 动词的语态

一.概念:

动词的语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句,表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动句,表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同,而被动语态由 助动词be+过去分词 构成,有人称,数,时态的变化.

二. 相关知识点精讲

1. let 的用法

1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。例如：

They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了。 ---> The strange was let go.

2）当let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。例如： The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学。

----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital. 2.短语动词的被动语态

短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：

My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。 Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。

3. 表示\据说\或\相信\的词组，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如： It is said that? 据说

It is reported that? 据报道

It is believed that? 大家相信 It is hoped that? 大家希望

It is well known that? 众所周知 It is thought that? 大家认为

It is suggested that? 据建议 It is taken granted that? 被视为当然 It has been decided that? 大家决定 It must be remember that? 务必记住的是 4. 不用被动语态的情况

1） 不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail,

happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。例如：

After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。 比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。

要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词

多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish,

cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如： This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。

Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。 3） 系动词无被动语态，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look,

remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good. 听上去不错。 4） 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream， live/life等，以及反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如：

She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。 5） 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如： （对） She likes to swim.

（错） To swim is liked by her. 5. 主动形式表示被动意义

1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如：

The book sells well. 这本书销路好。 This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。

2）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build等。例如： I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了，我该受指责。 Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。

3） 在need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：

The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。 This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。

4）特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood （使别人能听见/理解自己）等。例如： Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。

6. 被动形式表示主动意义，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be

prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married等。例如：

He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。 注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如： He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。 He got married to a rich girl. 7.need/want/require/worth

当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。例如： Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。 The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。

三.巩固练习

1. I___________ (teach) here for ten years since I finished school. 2. Would you mind me __________ (use) your bike?

3. The students of Class Two___________ (sweep) their classroom now. 4. The Whites____________ (not listen) to the radio at that time. 5. It's better to give than__________ (receive). 6. How long ______you_______ (live) in this town?

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