爱丽丝镜中奇遇记
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篇一:爱丽丝镜中世界奇遇记
《爱丽丝镜中世界奇遇记》读后感
这是一本故事书,里面的故事荒诞不经,离奇而可笑;这是一本不过百余页的书,所展现的仅仅是一个小女孩在一个漫长的下午遇见各种不可能存在的动物和人;这也是一本即使在童话书中都显得极其普通的书,故事中的所有角色都会说话,都有自己的想法——这与任何一个童话故事相比几乎没有任何不同。
然而就是这样的一本书,居然成了风靡全球的儿童读物。一位作家说,自己在第一次看《爱丽丝梦游仙境》的时候“笑得那么厉害,弄得妈妈最后不得不走出来看,到底是谁在给我讲笑话”。一本普通的童话书为什么会有这么大的吸引力呢?我带着疑问,轻轻打开书的扉页,来到了属于爱丽丝的世界:那梦中的仙境。
从头至尾,整个故事都是那样的奇怪。爱丽丝一直莫名其妙地变大变小,以至于差点被自己的眼泪淹死;她见到了很多动物和很多人,试着和他们聊天说话,只是他们都完全不正常,而且并不友好;她一直不停地问这问那,但是对方——不管是谁都不会给她一个合乎常理的答案,可是爱丽丝居然还会相信!这一切都让我如此地哭笑不得。当爱丽丝梦游的时候,我好像也在梦游。看着一堆错误赫然摆在眼前,而我,却束手无策:这就是所谓的“仙境”吗?
首先,那里有一个可爱的小女孩儿。虽然他有些时候会在诸如猫到底吃不吃蝙蝠这样的问题上犹豫不定,但这对她的可爱并无妨碍。爱丽丝是勇敢的,她不畏惧任何陌生的地方和任何足以让其他人
低头的威仪。她敢对那个动不动就要砍下别人脑袋的皇后说:“谁会在乎你呢!你只是一副扑克牌!除此以外你什么都不是!”她敢和任何陌生人打招呼,敢跟任何人争辩,敢提任何问题。当然,在做这一切的时候她都有着基本的礼貌,不管旁人是多么的粗鲁。作为一个小女孩儿,爱丽丝有一个孩子该有的一切,同时也没有一个孩子不该拥有的任何东西。从她的身上,我终于知道了一个正常的孩子应该是怎样的;从她的言行中,我似乎又找回了我过早丢失的童年,和一个孩子该有的纯真。
其次,那是一个纯净的世界。那里面没有心机也没有较量,爱丽丝耍的小诡计尽管极其明显却根本无人察觉。纯净和荒谬,这两个看似相距甚远的词却在这里达到了统一。或许,这是因为荒谬所以才会纯净?还是因为纯净所以才会显得不符合“常规”?抑或是,本来就没有什么,本来就很正常;只是我想得太多了?想得太深了?
读这本书的时候我很怕我想深了或者想多了。因为这本书只是为了满足读者“阅读的乐趣”而创作的,仅此而已。所以这也就成了我喜欢它的第三个原因:这是多么单纯,没有任何“深层含义”的写作啊。想想我们现在,有时读一句话需要反复地咀嚼,需要翻来覆去地品味……当然我们要考试,我们所读到的文章也绝不是这种写给孩子们看的“小儿科”,而是老师们精挑细选出来经典之作,品味自然是应当的。但是我真的很害怕有一天我会像刘心武先生那样去看《红楼梦》里的每一个不起眼的场景,“从字缝里看出字来”。当然人家是在探佚,是在做研究,和我仅仅喜欢《红楼梦》的情节相比自然不
可同日而语;而且人家自也感到一番乐趣在其中。只是我觉得,这似乎是以牺牲另一种乐趣为代价的:那就是阅读的乐趣。
爱丽丝的故事已经结束了,最后一觉醒来,她还在那棵大树下,马上就该去喝下午茶了(当然杯盘是干净的)。而我在凌晨时分看完这个故事之后,也要入睡了。希望,我可以在梦中沿着爱丽丝的足迹,来到那个仙境——哦不,不一定是那个仙境,只要是一个纯净的地方,一个可以与只属于孩子们的单纯相适应的地方就可以。我不敢说我会像爱丽斯那样无所畏惧,但是我会试着去做,做回到从前,做回到一个小女孩儿该有的样子。
篇二:爱丽丝镜中世界奇遇记
《爱丽丝镜中世界奇遇记》
1 Down the rabbit-hole
1 掉进兔子洞
Alice was beginning to get very bored.She and her sister were sitting under the trees.Her sister was reading,but Alice had nothing to do.Once or twice she looked into her sister's book,but it had no pictures or conversations in it.
爱丽丝开始觉得有点无聊了。她和姐姐正坐在树下。姐姐在看书,而爱丽丝无事可做。她不时看看姐姐的书,里面既没有图画,也没有对话。
‘And what is the use of a book,'thought Alice,'without pictures or conversations?' “一本书没有图画和对话有什么用呢?”爱丽丝想。
She tried to think of something to do,but it was a hot day and she felt very sleepy and stupid.She was still sitting and thinking when suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran past her.
她想找点什么事儿做做,可天气很热,她觉得又因又无聊。正坐在那儿想事,忽然,一只长着粉红眼睛的白兔跑过她身边。
There was nothing really strange about seeing a rabbit.And Alice was not very surprised when the Rabbit said,'Oh dear!Oh dear!I shall be late!'(Perhaps it was a little strange, Alice thought later,but at the time she was not surprised.)
看到一只兔子真没有什么可奇怪的。兔子说话时爱丽丝居然也不觉得太奇怪。兔子说,“噢,天哪!噢,天哪!我要迟到了!”(后来爱丽丝想起这事觉得有点儿奇怪,但当时她并不觉得有什么奇怪。) But then the Rabbit took a watch out of its pocket,looked at it,and hurried on.At once Alice jumped to her feet.
然后兔子从自己的口袋里掏出一块表,看了看,赶紧走了。爱丽丝立刻跳了起来。
‘I've never before seen a rabbit with either a pocket,or a watch to take out of it,’she thought.And she ran quickly across the field after the Rabbit.She did not stop to think, and when the Rabbit ran down a large rabbit-hole,Alice followed it immediately. “我从未见过有口袋的兔子,或者兔子掏出一块手表来。”她想。她跟在兔子后面很快跑过田野。她也没停下来想一想,当兔子跑进一个大的兔子洞时,爱丽丝立即跟了进去。
After a little way the rabbit-hole suddenly went down,deep into the ground.Alice could not stop herself falling,and down she went,too.
走了一小段,兔子洞突然向下转,直深入地下。爱丽丝不由自主地掉了下去。
It was a very strange hole Alice was falling very slowly, and she had time to think and to look around her.She could see nothing below her because it was so dark.But when she looked at the sides of the hole,she could see cupboards and books and pictures on the walls.She had time to take things out of a cupboard,look at them,and then put them back in a cupboard lower down.
这个兔子洞很奇怪。爱丽丝往下掉得很慢,来得及看看四周。下面很暗,她什么也看不清。但她看到洞壁上有小柜子、书和画儿。她有时间从柜子里拿点东西,看上一眼,再放到下面的柜子里。
‘Well!'thought Alice.'After a fall like this,I can fall anywhere!I can fall downstairs at home,and I won't cry or say a word about it!'
“嗯,”爱丽丝想。“跌了这一下子,我到哪儿也不会怕跌倒了!以后在家里跌下楼梯,我不会哭也不会说什么。”
Down,down,down.'How far have I fallen now?'Alice said aloud to herself.'Perhaps I'm near the centre of the earth.Let me think?That's four thousand miles down.' (Alice was very good at her school lessons and could remember a lot of things like this.)
往下掉呀,掉呀,掉呀。爱丽丝自言自语:“现在我掉下来了多深?也许我快到地球中心了。让我想想??那是地下4000公里。”(爱丽丝功课不错,能记住好多这样的事。)
Down,down,down.Would she ever stop falling?Alice was very nearly asleep when,suddenly,she was sitting on the ground.Quickly,she jumped to her feet and looked around.She could see the White Rabbit,who was hurrying away and still talking to himself.'Oh my ears and whiskers!'he was saying.'How late it's getting!'
掉呀,掉呀,掉呀。什么时候才能停下来呢?爱丽丝都快睡着了,突然,她一下坐到了地上。她很快跳了起来,看了看周围。她看见白兔正急匆匆走开,还在自言自语:“噢,我的耳朵和胡子!现在太晚了!”
Alice ran after him like the wind.She was getting very near him when he suddenly turned a corner.Alice ran round the corner too,and then stopped.She was now in a long,dark room with doors all round the walls,and she could not see the White Rabbit anywhere. 爱丽丝跟在他后面像风一样跑起来。她就快追上他了,兔子突然转了个弯。爱丽丝也转过弯,然后停了下来。这是一个狭长的房间,很暗,墙四周都是门。她看不清白兔在哪儿。
She tried to open the doors,but they were all locked.'How will I ever get out again?‘she thought sadly.Then she saw a little glass table with three legs,and on the top of it was a very small gold key.Alice quickly took the key and tried it in all the doors,but oh dear!Either the locks were too big,or the key was too small,but she could not open any of the doors.
她试着推开门,可门都锁着。“我怎么才能再出去呢?”她想,伤心极了。接着她看见一张三条腿的小玻璃桌,上面放了一把很小的金钥匙。爱丽丝马上拿起钥匙,试了试所有的门,可是天哪!锁都太大了,而钥匙大小了,她一个门也打不开。
Then she saw another door,a door that was only forty centimetres high.The little gold key unlocked this door easily, but of course Alice could not get through it—she was much too big.So she lay on the floor and looked through the open door,into a beautiful garden with green trees and bright flowers.
这时,她看见另有一个门,只有40厘米高。小金钥匙轻而易举就打开了门,可爱丽丝过不去——她太大了。她趴在地板上看过去,门外是一个美丽的花园,里面长着绿树和鲜艳的花儿。
Poor Alice was very unhappy.'What a wonderful garden!' she said to herself.'I'd like to be out there—not in this dark room.Why can't I get smaller?'It was already a very strange day,and Alice was beginning to think that anything was possible.
可怜的爱丽丝难过极了。“多漂亮的花园呀!”她想。“我要出去——不想呆在这个黑屋子里。可我怎么才能变得小一点呢?”今天真是奇怪的一天,爱丽丝开始琢磨什么事都可能发生。
After a while she locked the door again,got up and went back to the glass table.She put the key down and then she saw a little bottle on the table(‘I'm sure it wasn't here before,'said Alice).Round the neck of the bottle was a piece of paper with the words DRINK ME in large letters.
过了一会她锁上门,站起来回到玻璃桌那儿。她放下钥匙,然后看见桌上有个小瓶子(“我敢肯定刚才它不在这儿,”爱丽丝说)。瓶颈上有一张纸,上面写着大大的两个字“喝我”。
But Alice was a careful girl.‘It can be dangerous to drink out of strange bottles,'she said.‘What will it do to me?'She drank a little bit very slowly.The taste was very nice,like chocolate and oranges and hot sweet coffee,and very soon Alice finished the bottle. 但爱丽丝是个细心谨慎的女孩。“喝奇怪的瓶子里的东西会很危险,”她说。“喝了我会怎么样呢?”她慢慢喝了一点点。味道不错,有点儿像巧克力、桔汁和热的甜咖啡。爱丽丝很快把一瓶都喝了。
* * *
’What a strange feeling!'said Alice.'I think I'm getting smaller and smaller every second.' “感觉真奇怪!”爱丽丝说。“我想每秒钟我都在越变越校”
And she was.A few minutes later she was only twenty-five centimetres high.‘And
now,'she said happily,‘I can get through the little door into that beautiful garden.' 她是在变校几分钟后她只有25厘米高了。“现在,”她高兴地说,“我能穿过那扇小门去花园里了。”
She ran at once to the door.When she got there,she remembered that the little gold key was back on the glass table.She ran back to the table for it,but of course,she was now much too small!There was the key,high above her,on top of the table.She tried very hard to climb up the table leg,but she could not do it.
她立刻跑到门那儿。到了那儿她想起来那把小金钥匙还在那个玻璃桌上。她跑回去拿,可是,她现在太小了!钥匙放得很高,在桌子上呢。她想爬上桌子腿,但爬不上去。
At last,tired and unhappy,Alice sat down on the floor and cried.But after a while she spoke to herself angrily.
最后,爱丽丝又累又伤心,坐在地板上哭了起来。哭了一会儿她生气地对自己说了起来。
‘Come now,'she said.'Stop crying at once.What's the use of crying?'She was a strange child,and often talked to herself like this.
“噢,现在,”她说。“快别哭了。哭有什么用呢?”她是个挺怪的孩子,总是这样对自己说话。 Soon she saw a little glass box near her on the floor.She opened it,and found a very small cake with the words EAT ME on it.
很快,她看见自己身边的地板上有一个小盒子。她打开后发现里面有一小块蛋糕,上面写着“吃我”。
Nothing could surprise Alice now.'Well,I'll eat it,'she said.'If I get taller,I can
take the key off the table.And if I get smaller,I can get under the door.One way or another,I'll get into the garden.So it doesn't matter what happens!'
现在没什么能让爱丽丝奇怪的了。“好,吃就吃,”她说。“如果我长高了,就能从桌子上拿钥匙了。如果我变小点就能穿过门了。不管怎样,我得去花园里。发生什么都不要紧!”
She ate a bit of the cake,and then put her hand on top of her head.'Which way?Which way?'she asked herself,a little afraid.Nothing happened.This was not really surprising.People don't usually get taller or shorter when they eat cake.But a lot of strange things were happening to Alice today.'It will be very boring,'she said,'if nothing happens.'
她吃了点蛋糕,然后把手放在头顶。“是变大了还是变小了?”她问自己,心里有点害怕。什么也没发生。这一点也不奇怪。一般来说,人们吃点蛋糕并不见得就长高或变矮。但今天,爱丽丝身上发生了许多奇怪的事。“如果什么都没发生,”她说,“那太没意思了。”
So she went on eating,and very soon the cake was finished.
于是她接着吃,一会儿蛋糕就吃完了。
2 The pool of tears
2 泪水潭
'Curiouser and curiouser!'said Alice.(She was very surprised,and for a minute she forgot how to speak good English.)
“越奇越怪!”爱丽丝说。(她很奇怪,一会儿她就忘了怎么说好英语了。)
'I shall be as tall as a house in a minute,'she said.She tried to look down at her feet,and could only just see them.'Goodbye,feet!'she called.'Who will put on your shoes now?Oh dear!What nonsense I'm talking!'
“只需要一分钟我就会长得像一所房子那么高,”她说。她试着看看自己的脚,刚刚能看到脚。“再见吧,脚!”她叫了起来。“现在谁能穿上你的鞋?噢天哪!我在胡说些什么呀!”
Just then her head hit the ceiling of the room.She was now about three metres high.Quickly,she took the little gold key from the table and hurried to the garden door.
正在这时,她的头碰到了天花板上。她现在大约有3米高。她赶快从桌上拿了小金钥匙,跑到通往花园的门那儿。
Poor Alice!She lay on the floor and looked into the garden with one eye.She could not even put her head through the door.
可怜的爱丽丝!她趴在地板上,用一只眼睛往花园里瞧。她连头都塞不进门里。
She began to cry again,and went on crying and crying.The tears ran down her face,and soon there was a large pool of water all around her on the floor.Suddenly she heard a voice, and she stopped crying to listen.
她又哭了起来,哭个不停。泪水从脸蛋儿滑落,很快在她周围的地板上积成一大潭水。突然,她听到一个声音,她止住哭声仔细听。
“Oh,the Duchess,the Duchess!She'll be so angry!I'm late,and she's waiting for me.Oh dear,oh dear!” “噢,公爵夫人,公爵夫人!她要气坏了!我迟到了,她在等我呢。噢天哪,
天哪!”
It was the white Rabbit again.He was hurrying down the long room,with some white gloves in one hand and a large fan in the other hand.
又是白兔,他正从那长房间那边走过来,一只手上拿了些手套,另一只手上拿了把大扇子。
Alice was afraid,but she needed help.She spoke in a quiet voice.'Oh,please,sir—' 爱丽丝有点害怕,但她需要帮助。她轻声说:“嗯,先生,请——”
The Rabbit jumped wildly,dropped the gloves and the fan, and hurried away as fast as he could.
兔子猛地跳了起来,丢下手套和扇子,风一样地跑了。
Alice picked up the fan and the gloves.The room was very hot,so she began to fan herself while she talked.'Oh dear! How strange everything is today!Did I change in the night? Am I a different person today?But if I'm a different person, then the next question is—who am I?Ah,that's the mystery.'
爱丽丝拣起扇于和手套。房间里很热,于是她一边自言自语一边扇着扇子。“噢我的天!今天的每一件事都多么奇怪!晚上我是不是变了呢?今天我是另外一个人了吗?但如果我变了个人,那下一个问题是——我倒底是谁?啊,真是个谜。”
She began to feel very unhappy again,but then she looked down at her hand.She was wearing one of the Rabbit's white gloves.'How did I get it on my hand?'she thought.'Oh,I'm getting smaller again!'She looked round the room.'I'm al- ready less than a metre high.And getting smaller every second!How can I stop it?'She saw the fan in her other hand, and quickly dropped it.
她又伤心起来,然后她看看自己的手。她正戴着兔子的一只手套。“我怎么戴上这手套的呢?”她想。“噢,我现在又变小了!”她四下看看。“我已经不到一米高。每秒钟都在变小!我怎么才能不变小了呢?”她看到另一只手里的扇子,赶快扔了。
She was now very,very small-and the little garden door was locked again,and the little gold key was lying on the glass table.
她现在很小很小了——可通往花园的小门又锁上了,而小金钥匙还在玻璃桌上。
“Things are worse than ever,”thought poor Alice.She turned away from the door,and fell into salt water,right up to her neck.At first she thought it was the sea,but then she saw it was the pool of tears.Her tears.Crying makes a lot of tears when you are three metres tall.
“没有比这些更糟糕的事了,”可怜的爱丽丝想。她从门边走开,又掉进了咸水里,水没到脖子。一开始,她以为是海,但马上明白了,这是泪水潭,她的眼泪。当你3米高的时候,哭一下会流很多眼泪的。
'Oh,why did I cry so much?'said Alice.She swam around and looked for a way out,but the pool was very big.Just then she saw an animal in the water near her.It looked like a large animal to Alice,but it was only a mouse.
“噢,我为什么总哭?”爱丽丝说。她游了起来,想找一条路,但水潭很大。正在这时她看到附近
篇三:以拉康的欲望理论解读《爱丽丝镜中奇遇记》之“无名林”
○李红梅
(天津理工大学,天津 300384)
摘 要] 欲望问题是拉康理论体系的一个核心内容。拉康认为,欲望本质上是一种对缺乏或缺场的欲望,主体的欲望是他者的欲望。本文通过拉康的欲望理论来解读《爱丽丝镜中奇遇记》 “无名林”,着重分析“无名林”中爱丽丝和卡罗尔的缺乏的欲望,从中得出反映的主题思想。
[关键词] 缺乏欲望;他者欲望
中图分类号: I 106.4 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1672-8610(2013)8-0046-02
一、《爱丽丝镜中奇遇记》创作的时代背景
《爱丽丝镜中奇遇记》是维多利亚时代英国作家、数学家、逻辑学家查尔斯·路德维希·道奇森以笔名刘易斯·卡罗尔于1871年出版的一部儿童文学作品,与《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》是姊妹篇。
维多利亚时代童话小说的崛起是在英国农业文明向工业文明转型这一社会历史语境中完成的。工业革命一方面给英国社会带来了极其重大的社会变革,另一方面也不可避免地激发了新的社会矛盾。布莱恩·奥尔蒂斯(Brian Aldiss)在论及工业革命和进化论对科幻小说的影响时指出:“工业革命和进化论都给人类带来了一种显著的隔绝感:人与人之间的隔绝,还有人与自然的隔绝——它如此频繁地在科幻小说里作为必须被征服的敌人而出现,似乎我们不再是自然世界的一个部分了。”卡罗尔正是在这样的时代背景下,创作了备受成人和儿童喜欢的《爱丽丝镜中奇遇记》。
卡罗尔在《爱丽丝镜中奇遇记》第三章中将爱丽丝置于“无名林”中。“无名林”是一片树林,在那里,任何东西都没有名字。爱丽丝走进“无名林”后,忘记了自己的名字,一只小鹿漫步跑来,它也忘记了自己的名字。小鹿带着爱丽丝在树林里穿行,她们来到树林外面的另一片开阔地。小鹿挣脱了爱丽丝的搂抱,惊慌逃奔,因为她知道爱丽丝是人类的娃娃。而爱丽丝因为突然失去小鹿黯然神伤。本文试图从后现代心理学的角度入手,依托雅克·拉康的欲望理论来解读“无名林”,探究作者的写作意图。
二、欲望理论
什么是欲望?拉康认为,欲望本质上是一种对缺乏或缺场的欲望。简言之,欲望的真正对象就是缺乏。缺乏是一种存在的缺乏,它超越了任何能表现它的东西。更进一步说,缺乏绝对不是存在的一种简单的相对物,它可以说是存在的基础,或者说,存在依赖于缺乏而存在。就如拉康所说:“存在是作为缺乏的一种功能而开始存在的。”鉴于拉康把欲望视为对缺乏的欲望,区分欲望与需要(besoin)就变得非常必要。无论是弗洛伊德还是拉康,他们都把需要与满足放在一起来讨论。具体地说,需要代表着一种生物的倾向,或者说,一种生理上的倾向。如在动物身上体现出来的,基本上就是这种需要—满足的关系。而在人类身上,情况明显不同。人除了有生理上的需要以外,还有需求(demand),即通过言词向他人表示自己想要的东西,其根本上表现为对爱的需求。拉康指出,“在需要与需求的裂缝边缘处,欲望形成了……”所以,欲望不但有需要的特征,即它总是朝向对象,寻找对象、以求满足;而且它又有需求的特征,即它总是面向他人的,希冀得到他人的认可。然而,欲望不可能是需要。因为它的对象不是一种具体对象。它的对象根本上是一种缺乏,即它是永远也得不到满足的。同样,欲望也不可能是需求。因为需求必须借助于语言,而欲望只要求他人的认可,它本身是一种绝对物。
(一)爱丽丝的缺失的欲望
爱丽丝在镜中保有的唯一身份痕迹是:她知道自己的名字。没有名字,她就会真的成为一个“小对形”,因为她失去了她在符号中的最后一个身份标识。因此,爱丽丝进入“无名林”后,
忘记了名字。没有名字,就没有恐惧,小鹿和人类儿童就不会分离,他们就会像情侣或母亲和孩子一样亲密交流。当他们从森林中出来时,小鹿为知道自己的名字而欢欣,但当她想起爱丽丝的名字时,她恐惧地逃跑了,爱丽丝因为失去他而想哭。
小鹿的逃离,小鹿作为一位旅伴的消失,是爱丽丝的精神的一种缺失。这种缺失表现为她想成为小鹿的朋友,但是小鹿却把她作为自己的敌人,对爱丽丝而言是一种欲望的缺失。欲望不但有需要的特征,即它总是朝向对象、寻找对象,以求满足;而且它又有需求的特征。在“无名林”中,爱丽丝需要爱,这种需求是面向小鹿的,希望得到小鹿的认可。但是,爱丽丝的这种欲望不可能是需要,因为她的这种需要本身是一种缺乏,是永远也得不到满足的,所以最终的结果只能是小鹿的逃离,留给爱丽丝的只能是那种得不到的伤心。
(二)卡罗尔的缺失的欲望
卡罗尔在镜中世界塑造了一个虚构的爱丽丝,他以一种因其不可能性而特别费事的方式将她理想化——在自我认识一无所获后,爱丽丝从镜子的另一面返回,这是卡罗尔想控制她,保持其非自我意识的欲望的结果。在“无名林”中,爱丽丝的欲望也是卡罗尔的欲望,爱丽丝的需求的缺乏也就是卡罗尔的需求的缺乏。
在真实的世界里,工业革命和进化论给人类带来了一种显著的隔绝感,这种隔绝感表现在人与大自然的隔绝,人与自然万物的隔绝,具体到“无名林”,就是人与小鹿的隔绝。卡罗尔试图通过爱丽丝,通过爱丽丝与小鹿,通过“无名林”来展示一种缺失。
拉康认为:“欲望的维度总是与‘无’密切相关,欲望拥有的现实就是在现实中已经失去之后的,心灵上欠缺的东西的现实。”在他看来,欲望就是对不可能存在的“空无”的追求。卡罗尔对儿童极大的爱——主要是对青春期前的女孩,成功创造了非凡持久的童年能指——爱丽丝。即使在把爱丽丝当作他的欲望换喻时,他也认识到,她不会(不可能)接受这种客体立场,她会成为一个有区别的自我。在“无名林”中,卡罗尔似乎在竭力压制爱丽丝的自知,让她忘记自己的名字,而爱丽丝却努力想记起她的自知,不断地寻求答案。对爱丽丝的压制,就是对自己欲望的一种释放,是对缺失的欲望的追求。卡罗尔就是通过创造爱丽丝这个人物角色来实现了持久的童年能指。
卡罗尔在描述“无名林”中爱丽丝和小鹿的关系时,体现了人与动物关系的和谐。小鹿主动要求带着爱丽丝离开森林,而爱丽丝也并没存有对小鹿的伤害心理。这在现实世界中是无法存在的和谐,是作者在现实中无法满足的需求。也就是说,人与自然的和谐,是作者在现实世界中的一种缺失的欲望。卡罗尔故意设置“无名林”这个缺失的场所,就是在表达自己在现实世界中无法满足的欲望。
(三)欲望是他者的欲望
按照拉康的说法:“欲望是欲望的欲望,是他者的欲望,我们已说过,它受制于父权。”“欲望是他者的欲望”意思是:儿童渴望进入“大他者”的话语,进入符号秩序,正如符号秩序想要他,他也想要符号秩序。他想成为一个我。主体的欲望从一开始就无法以自己的面目现身。它只能借助于自身像或他人像,以他人的欲望的形式面世。主体的欲望一开始就已是他人的欲望,一旦主体在其镜像中辨认出他的欲望,或者说,一旦他的欲望走向另一边,就发生了某种转换。转换并不是指主体与他人进行一下位置的交换,而是说,主体去占据他人的位置。拉康声称,主体与他人之间的想象关系(即自我与他人)总是以一种竞争或争斗的形式出现。由此也可以得出,在想象层面上,自我与他人的共存是完全不可能的。
卡罗尔的欲望就是爱丽丝的欲望,爱丽丝是卡罗尔创造的他者。在“无名林”中,爱丽丝希望和小鹿成为旅伴,卡罗尔以爱丽丝的欲望形式来展现自己的欲望,他希望人与自然的隔绝感消失,人与自然能够和平共处。卡罗尔通过让爱丽丝遗忘,去控制他者。在镜中世界,卡罗尔创造了无数的他者,如白衣骑士。在这里,卡罗尔与白衣骑士是一种想象层面的关系,他们之间相互竞争和争斗,而竞争的对象是爱丽丝。也就得出,在想象层面,卡罗尔与白衣
骑士即自我与他人的共存是不可能的。
三、结语
“无名林”是卡罗尔的欲望的缺场。本文利用拉康的欲望理论解读了无名林中爱丽丝由自我确定到对自我确定的否定的转换;从欲望是缺乏的欲望这个理论角度分别分析了爱丽丝的缺乏的欲望和卡罗尔的缺乏的欲望,从中得出卡罗尔借助爱丽丝这个他者,表达自己缺失的欲望。卡罗尔对已逝童年的怀念,希望通过对爱丽丝的控制来留住童年以及他倡导的人与自然的和谐主题都在“无名林”这个场景的设置中体现出来。
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