美国文学史复习资料

美国文学史复习1（colonialism)

第一部分 殖民主义时期的文学

一、时期综述

1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记

2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：

1）their voyage to the new land

2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops

3) About dealing with Indians

4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit

3、清教徒的思想：

1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式

2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位

3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will

and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝

4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）

religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。

4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William

他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious

toleration in America.

5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be

virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or

church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。

没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。

6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet

7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.

学习指南：

1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘

Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century

church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business

to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination,

original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great

French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness.

There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.

2、3、4、美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution)

(2009-01-17 15:54:25)

一、美国的性质：

The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦

的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。

二、代表作家：

1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-1790

1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集

It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation

2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题

是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题

3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书

馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。

4）first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.

5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish

in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for

America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国

的独立战争。

6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、

7）The Way to Wealth 致富之道 The Autobiography自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传

2、Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因 1737-1809 "Great Common of Mankind" 最平凡的人

1）famous pamphlet "Common Sense" 著名的政治小册子《常识》 it boldly advocated a "Declaration for Independence", and

brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 拥护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机。

2）"American Crisis" 《美国危机》，signed "Common Sense" (p31,第一段）

The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：

Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代

3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊

1）drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言

2）与清教徒不同，主张追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,

that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness. 人人生而平等，他们都从―造物主‖那边被赋予了某些不可转让的

权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。

4、Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺 poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者

1）perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.

2)has been called the "Father of American Poetry" 美国诗歌之父

The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美

国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地

学习指南：

1、 dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next great suject to command the attention of the best

minds.

2、Freneau was 美国文学史复习3（Romanicism)

(2009-01-17 18:58:09)

一、文学特征：

1、Environment:

1)shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陆新环境

2）array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditons of Europe 欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮

2、美国文学特点：

pluralistic多元化 manifestations varied 表现形式多样 Inpidualistic个人主义 conflicting 矛盾

3、Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiam, faith in the value of inpidualism and

intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，

强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。

4、Transcendentalism 超验主义

1）as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, inpidual expression

over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。

2)they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。

3）they believe in the transcendence of "over soul", an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all

things are a part. 相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。

4）it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. ―Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence

and you’ll become spiritually whole again.‖ The natural implication of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become

symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American

literature.

5）代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善

Thoreau 梭 罗，beheld pinity in the ―unspotted innocence‖ of nature. 自然才是神圣的―洁白无瑕‖

5、Literary forms文学形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.

长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。

6、Imaginative literature想象类文学

7、戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准

则。

8、逃离社会，回

到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。

9、frequency. 受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。

10、At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a ―au. New

England → Transcendentalism, 从新英格兰文学到超验主义。

二、代表作家：

1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contribution

① the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家

②―Sketch Book‖《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短

篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。

③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义

小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。

④―Legends of the Conquest of Spain‖《西班牙征服记》

A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；

The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge

Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉

2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀

①contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories → the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 开创了两种流传极

广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。

②―Leatherstocking Tales‖《皮袜子故事集》，包括―The Deerslayer‖《杀鹿者》、―The Last of the Mohicans‖《最后的莫希干

人》、―The Pathfinder‖《探路人》、―The Pioneers‖《拓荒者》、―The Prairie‖《大草原》, regard as ―the nearest approach yet to

an American epic.‖ 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。

③the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小说的中心人物，纳蒂.班波

Judge Temple: man remain savage without law and order

The Spy 间谍 The Pilot 领航者 The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿

3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特 poet 诗人

①as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was

ready to demand serious attention.当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达到相当高的水

平。

②He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。

③ ―To a Waterfowl‖《致水鸟》the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。

4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡

①show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic. 编辑、诗人、文学评论家。

②Graham’s Magazine 格雷厄姆杂志（坡的工作场所）

③―The Fall of the House of Usher‖《鄂谢府崩溃记》、―The Raven‖《乌鸦》the title poem of a collection,

―Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque‖《述异集》first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。

④often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。

5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生

①be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。

②Emerson believed above all in inpidualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强.

③作品：―Nature《‖论自然》、―Essays《‖随笔录》、 ―The American Scholar《‖美国学者》, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.

我们知识分子的独立宣言。

④his most important works are ―Representative Men ‖《代表》and ―English Traits‖《英国人》、―Poems‖《诗集》

⑤摘自《论自然》：Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism

vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的约束没有了。

6、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗

①Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson’s theories 爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实

践。

②―In Walden‖《沃尔登》成名作。―Civil Disobedience‖《平民反抗》essay 随笔。非暴力不合作

③教义：I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find out his own way, not his neighbor’s or his parents. 我不

希望人们接受我的生活模式，每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式，不是邻居的，也不是他父母的。

★7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑

①background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hathorne, who harm a person.曾经有个做法官的祖辈害人。

②―The House of the Seven Gables‖七尖角阁房，是霍桑著名神秘小说中的一个房屋名称。

③he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the persecutions.对清教徒阴暗面的深切关

注，认为清教徒的戒行过于森严，对不同信仰人的迫害过于残酷。

④―Mosses from an Old Manse‖《古厦青苔》、―The Marble Faun‖《玉石神像》

⑤特点⑴unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. 独特才能

主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。

⑵his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories. 短篇小说

里，通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。

⑶to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设

置的正义标准之中来讲述，他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。

⑥（课堂笔记提及的）―The Scarlet Letter‖《红字》

⑴女主角honest, calmly face fault 诚实，坦然的面对罪过。

⑵弗洛伊德人格理论：Id 本我 → 欲望，只要快乐 →Roger 女主角的丈夫

Ego 自我 → 分辨对错，受约束，符合现实 →Hester 女主角

Superego 超我 → →Dim 女主角的情人，牧师

⑶女主角的自我成长和自我救赎的过程。Ego growth and redeem by her own of process

⑦―The Scarlet Letter‖analysis分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned

against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her

moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame,

―Adultery‖ but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers’ changes it to ―Able‖. Later in the story, the

letter A appears in the sky, signifying ―Angel‖. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or

prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of ―original sin,‖ Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply

preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and

win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Between him and Hester

they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show

one’s worst to the outside world.

★8、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔

①―Moby Dick‖《白鲸》，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.主要讲述了

一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。②The book is steeped in symbolism. 本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高

峰。③主人公：Ishmael，取自圣经。④在书中说：to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 写一部宏大的著作，必

须有一个宏大的主题。⑤故事人物：Captain Ahab.船长阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鲸人奎因奎格，was a friendly person；⑥the rebellious

struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome, sometimes merciless forces.

The fitting symbol for his theme was the ―gliding great demon of the seas of life.‖阿哈比舰长和各种危险之间的激烈斗争，他同那

些强大的、神秘的自然展开斗争，他们令人毛骨悚然，有时还冷酷无情。他把那只大白鲸贴切的比喻为―生命海洋中滑行的恶

魔‖。

⑦―Moby Dick‖：one of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels,

between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. The voyage itself

is a metaphor for ―search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.‖ He had Ahab topmost in his mind. In a sense

Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby Dick.

9、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗 poet 诗人

①it would be hard, also, to overestimate the importance of his anthology ―The Poets and Poetry of Europe‖. His own poetry became

a means of teaching readers of his day something of the possible range of poetic subject matter and techniques, ancient, medieval, and

modern. 《欧洲诗人及诗》不能把这部作品估计过高。他自己的诗歌成为了他教学的材料，在书中他讲述了诗的主题和一些

写作技巧。从古代的，中世纪的一直到现代的诗歌，他都一一作了阐述。

②殊荣：he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey.朗费罗被安葬在威斯敏

斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人。

③The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for his poetry was popular during his lifetime. 他的诗歌因高雅宜人、纯正有韵味而大受欢

迎。

④he was consistently high-minded but conventional, and untouched by the religious and social struggles that disturbed his

contemporaries. 他接受正统的思想，但并不保守。他的思想没有受到当时社会、宗教和各种政治斗争的影响。

⑤特点：exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the U.S., and likewise did much to popularize American folk

themes abroad where his work was immensely popular and widely translated.在引进欧洲文化上起巨大推动作用，也把美国民间文

化传播到国外，他的作品还被翻译成多种文字，在海外受到高度评

美国文学史复习4（Realism）

(2009-01-17 19:44:25)

一、Background

1）Mechanization 机器化

2）Urbanization 城市化

3）Industrialization 工业化

4）Federal government(race种族平等进入宪法）标志着马克·吐温的《镀金时代》开始

5）Railway system工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用

二、文化特征：

1）女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多

2）开始关注Mid class

3）现实主义（realism）-->New York replaced Boston as the nation's literary center. 纽约成为新的文化中心。

一、时期综述：

1、, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and

buoyant hope. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。

2、Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American romanticism

had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. 新英格兰的文艺复兴已开始接近尾声。

3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法：

19世纪末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, they sought to simply all good or all bed.

反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件，关注人性中的微妙之处。

4、appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic 现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点

5、a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派 ，产生于the end of the

century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of society’s disorders 对社会无序的感知。Presenting characters of low social and economic

classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种

经济阶层人物的真正生活。

The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by

heredity and the environment, the religious ―truths‖ were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in

death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic 决定论，

宿命的，

代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩, Frank Norris 弗朗克.诺里斯,

Jack London 杰克.伦敦, Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞.

6、 达尔文主义:an evident influence on naturalism, stress the animality of man, to suggest that be was dominated by the

irresistible forces of evolution. 对自然主义影响极大，强调人的动物性，意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。

7、William Dean Howells 威廉.迪安.豪厄斯，

①

②His defined realism: nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.

不加一分，不减一分，百分之百描写现实。

③中央视角：an objective point of view

二、代表作家：

1、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼

无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚

②―Leaves of Grass‖草叶集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正的史诗

Poem’s 特点：most of the poems in ―Leaves of Grass‖are about man and nature.

③关注点：In his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic common man and that of the rugged inpidual

④诗人职责：he envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his

expressions of the truth.表达真理的前提下，引导社会发展。

2、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森

①作品： ―I died for Beauty‖ 我为美而死（诗歌）

Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(终极) the same

―Because I could not stop for Death‖我不能等候死神

Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径

②特点：her poetry in unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first

lines.

3、Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托 小说家 only one female prose writer(散文作家) in 19th century

代表作：―Uncle Tom’s Cabin‖汤姆叔叔的小屋 关注农奴制度 Pay attention to serf's system

4、Mark Twain 马克.吐温

①美国现实主义文学的代表作―Adventures of Huckleberry Finn‖哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名的作品)

②特点：地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the particular concern about the local

character of a region.

③contribution贡献：colloquial speech accepted as literary medium口语化被文学界接受

④代表作：―The Gilded Age‖70-90年代，镀金时代，贫富分化，财富积累。

―The Adventures of Tom Sawyer‖用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写

―Life on the Mississippi‖

5、O. Henry 欧.亨利 short story 短篇小说

①特点：tell about the lives of poor people in New York关注下层人; usually short简单; plots are exceedingly clever and

interesting，humor abounds情节极度聪明有趣并富于幽默; the end is always surprising结尾意外; contain a great deal of slang and

colloquial expressions使用大量的俚语和口语.

②代表作：―The Four Million‖《四百万》 小说集 、―The Gift of the Magi‖《麦琪的礼物》 单部小说

★6、Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯 novelist小说家；Literature theoretician 文学理论家，从小受欧洲教育

①心理现实主义的开创者：the founder of psychological realism. The literary career of him is generally pided into three periods,

in the first periods, James took great interest in international theme; exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third literary

period, which critics have come to praise as ―The Major Phase‖.

②特点：(1)deeply into the inpidual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense

scrutiny of complex human experience.深刻探讨人物人性心理，用深厚、复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行揣摩

(2)1st person and 3rd person narration，第一和第三人称的叙述

(3)omniscient 全视角是不真实的;

③家庭背景：father: philosopher哲学家,富有；brother: psychologist, philosopher心理学家,哲学家；

④创作原则：The art of Fiction小说的艺术;art vs. life, brings the meaning of life;

⑤贡献contribution：in his critical commentaries, he made major contributions to the art of fiction itself, helping to transform the

novel from its alliance with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art from of penetrating analysis of inpiduals confronting

society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest from of experience. 詹姆斯把小说从新

闻形式和浪漫故事转变成为了对个人在社会大环境中面对种种冲突，进行深刻剖析的文学形式；对人们心理感受进行反映的

一种文学形式，他定义这位感受的最高形式。

⑥代表作：―The American‖、―Daisy Miller‖、― in the Portrait of a Lady‖(早期最好的作品)

Last full-length novel ==―The Wings of the Dove‖、―The Ambassadors‖、―The Golden Bowl‖

⑦The name of the heroine ―in the Portrait of a Lady”. The novel is representative of the best of James’ mature

work. The plot concerns the courtship, marriage, and development of the character of Isabel Archer, a young American girl who has

been left penniless by the death of her father. The intricate novel of psychological and moral interrelationships is in one sense another

treatment of the Jamesian theme of the American in conflict with European culture and in another sense the most personal of his

novels, an intimate picture of a woman’s soul presented with masterly psychological finesse.

7、Jack London 杰克.伦敦

①代表作：―The People of the Abyss‖、―The Call of the Wild‖、―The Sea Wolf‖、

―Martin Eden‖(autobiographical novel自传体小说)

②while embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest inpiduals. This contradiction is

most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel.

8、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞

①代表作：―Sister Carrie‖《嘉莉妹妹》 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G.

W. Hurstwood.

―The Financier‖、―The Titan‖、―The Stoic‖Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲

②―An American Tragedy‖《美国悲剧》，The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most

successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说，表达了金钱万能的主题。

美国文学史复习5（the 20th century）

一、Background:

① World War I 第一次世界大战，America have great profit.

② Jump in technology (automobile / radio) 科技方面的跳跃 （汽车/收音机）

③ old moral code breaks 旧道德体系破碎

1、 意象派：is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some

Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and

concentration.

2、，Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a ―Lost Generation,‖

devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of ―expatriates‖ or

exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land

with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.

3、Modernism现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the

late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the

chronological one.

4、现代主义的标志：T. S. Eliot’s ―The Waste Land‖, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, helped to establish

a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.

5、典型的迷惘一代：

F. Scott Fitzgerald, ―The Great Gatsby‖ 《了不起的盖茨比》 novel

Ernest Hemingway ―The Sun Also Rises‖《太阳照样升起》 ―A Farwell to Arms‖《告别了，武器》

William Faulkner ―The Sound and the Fury‖ 《喧嚣与骚动》

6、Playwrights戏剧、剧作家：Eugene O’Neill ―The Emperor Jones‖《琼斯国王》、―Anna Christie‖《安娜.克里斯蒂》、―The Hairy

Ape‖《毛猿》

7、The Jazz Age(享乐时代)：when New Orleans musicians moved ―up the river‖ to Chicago, and the theatre of New York’s Harlem

pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times. Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of ―the beautiful and

damned‖, drowning in their pleasures.

二、代表作家：

1、Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德 诗人

①Imagism 意象派的代表人物。Pound and Eliot became the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an

imaginative instrument. 庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表现手法的早期诗人。

②major work of poetry is the long poem called ―The Cantos‖

2、Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主义诗人 poet

①诗歌特点和内容：(1)rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosing instead ―the old-fashioned way

to be new.‖ He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative.

(2)He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol.

(3)His concern with nature reflected deep moral uncertainties, and his poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes

mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided

and perplexed.

②he become a national bard美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer Prizes获得了四次普利兹奖.

③―The Road Not Taken‖、―Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening‖向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑

3、Wallace Stevens 华莱士.斯蒂文斯 诗人

①His work is primarily motivated by the belief that ―ideas of order,‖ that is ,true ideas, correspond with an innate order in nature

and universe, and that it is the high privilege of inpiduals and mankind to discover this correspondence. 作品动机起源于秩序理

念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序，是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权。

②代表作：―The Man with the Blue Guitar‖《带蓝吉他的人》；

―Necessary Angel‖《必要的天使》，collection of his occasional lectures on poetry诗歌的评论.

―Anecdote of the Jar‖《坛子的轶事》jar – man made – art, wildness – nature, jar bring order/meaning to the nature, 艺术到

自然的秩序， integrated 统一体

③特点：(1)he adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds,

curious analogies, and inscrutable titles.尝试过多种实验性的写作风格。

(2)he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional values and sought to come to terms with the confusions of his time. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry.理想和现实中所交叉的矛

盾。

(3)a series of oppositions between inner and outer worlds – between subject and object, perceiver and perceived, fiction and fact,

―imagination and reality‖(想象与现实)

★4、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特 现代主义代言人

①多重身份：poet诗人, critic评论家, playwright剧作家

②代表作：

―The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock‖poems，holds its place in the development of Eliot’s poetry as a whole.

―Tradition and the Inpidual Talent‖essay,随笔《传统和个人天才》, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己

的审美观点. provided a useful instrument for modern criticism.成为现代评论极为有效的评判标准。

―The Waste Land‖《荒原》one of the major works of modern literature. Use a new form — the orchestration of related themes in

successive movement. 新的文学形式即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果。

―Four Quartets‖《四个四重奏》poem

―Murder in the Cathedral‖，poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama(戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力的戏剧

③作品特点：

(1) concerns various aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of inpidual character as seen in perspective with the decay of

states, peoples, and religious faith.触及人性中的软弱沮丧的弱点，正确思索了国家、人民、宗教信仰等的丧失。

(2)poem conceived as a made object, an organic thing in itself, whose concrete elements are true correlatives of the artist’s

imagination and experience with respect to that poem.诗歌是客观成型的东西，诗歌的具体元素与艺术家的想象和经历密切相关，也与诗歌相一致。

(3)The degree to which fusion and concentration of intellect, feeling, and experience were achieved was Eliot’s criterion for

judging the poem.知识、情感、体验的融合与集中程度是爱略特判定诗歌好坏的标准。

5、F. Scott Fitzgerald F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德 novelist 小说家

①作品：―This Side of Paradise‖《人间天堂》，the first novel.

―The Great Gatsby‖ 《了不起的盖茨比》 novel

―Tender Is the Night‖ 《夜色温柔》 novel

②第二本小说的开展过程：dream梦想 → Daisy self-centered 理想化的淑女，自我为中心 → disenchantment, disillusion魔

法消失，(因阶级差异)梦想破灭 → sense of failure and despair (light)失败和绝望

Ash 灰(象征) → forest树木，西部开发，树木变成灰了

③limited point of view有限视角 → suspense悬念 + mystery神秘真实性→reliable可信的，不偏，不评价

6、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威 novelist 小说家

①写作特点：(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simply sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary,

precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.推动了报告文学的发展，认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要

简练，要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语调。

(2) His primary concern was an inpidual’s ―moment of truth,‖ and his fascination with the threat of physical, emotional, of

psychic death is reflected in his lifelong preoccupation with stories of war.主题强调换个体―真理的瞬时性‖，痴迷于描写肉体情感

方面面临的威胁和心灵死亡等主题。

(3) man’s greatest achievement is to show 最

大限度地挖掘自己使自己成为一个纯粹的人.

②代表作：―The Sun Also Rises‖ Hemingway became the spokesman for ―a lost generation‖

―A Farewell to Arms‖、―For Whom the Bell Tolls‖、―The Old Man and the Sea‖

7、John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克

①the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。

②代表作：

―Of Mice and Men‖《人鼠之间》 portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers

―The Grapes of Wrath‖《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作。

8、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳

①作品的主题：the universal theme of ―the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself‖人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒

的主题。

②作品：―The Sound and the Fury‖《喧嚣与骚动》成名作、―Absalom, Absalom!‖、―Go Down, Moses‖

③narrative method叙述方法:1、stream of consciousness 意识流

2、multiple point of view, narrator多角度，多个叙述者

《美国文学史》复习指南

使用教材：《美国文学史》（第二版）常耀信著

Chapter 1 Colonial America

★ 1607 Jamestown, Virginia：the first permanent English settlement in America

★ 1620 Plymouth, Massachusetts: the second permanent English settlement in America

★ Captain John Smith: the first American writer writing in English

★ Anne Bradstreet: the first American woman poet

Major work: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)

Contemplations (9) on P. 17 （熟悉这首诗歌）

To My Dear and Loving Husband《致我亲爱的丈夫》

★ Philis Wheatley: the first black woman poet in American literature

★ Edward Taylor: the most famous poet in the colonial period

Huswifery on P. 19 （熟悉这首诗歌）

★ Roger Williams: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience (1644)

Translated the Bible into the Indian tongue

★ John Winthrop: ―Model of Christian Charity‖ （〈基督慈善之典范〉）

The History of New England (two volumes, 1825, 1826)

(〈新英格兰史〉) 1630 --- 1649 in diary

★ Thomas Paine: Common Sense, The American Crisis, The Rights of Man, The Age of Reason

★ Philip Freneau: Poet of the American Revolution

The Wild Honeysuckle, The Indian Burying Ground, The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi

★ Charles Brockden Brown: the first important American novelist

Wieland, Edgar Huntly, Ormond, Aurthur Mervyn

Chapter 2 Edwards, Franklin, Crevecoeur

★ the 18th century: Age of Reason and Enlightenment

★ Jonathan Edwards: America’s first systematic philosopher

The Freedom of the Will, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

★ Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanac

熟悉37页的引文

★ Hector St. John de Crevecoeur: Letters from an American Farmer

Chapter 3 American Romanticism, Irving, Cooper

★ Washington Irving: the first American writer to win international acclaim

The Sketch Book: Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

★ James Fenimore Cooper: Leatherstocking Tales (五个故事的题目)

Natty Bumpo (人物形象)

Chapter 4 New England Transcendentalism, Emerson, Thoreau

★ Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature (the Bible and manifesto of New England Transcendentalism)

The American Scholar (America’s Declaration of Intellectual

Independence)

★ Henry David Thoreau: Walden, or Life in the Woods

Chapter 5 Hawthorne, Melville

★ Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter, Twice-Told Tales, The House of the Seven Gables,

The Blithedale Romance, The Marble Faun, Young Goodman Brown

★ Herman Melville: Moby Dick, Omoo, Mardi, Redburn, White Jacket, Pierre

Chapter 6 Whitman, Dickinson

★ Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass; free verse; Song of Myself

★ Emily Dickinson: Of the 1775 poems, only 7 poems were published in her lifetime.

熟悉教材中98至102页所选的诗歌

Chapter 7 Edgar Allan Poe

★ Edgar Allan Poe: The Fall of the House of Usher, The Philosophy of Composition, The Poetic Principle, The Raven，To Helen

熟悉教材中107页所选的The Raven中的部分诗行

Chapter 8 The Age of Realism, Howells, James

★ William Dean Howells: The Rise of Silas Lapham, Criticism and Fiction

★ Henry James: important writings listed on P. 125

the international theme

Chapter 9 Local Colorism, Mark Twain

★ Hamlin Garland: Crumbling Idols, Veritism (真实主义)

★ Bret Harte: The Luck of Roaring Camp

★ Mark Twain: 主要作品, vernacular literature, colloquial style

★ Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人 & her Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》

★ Louisa May Alcott 路易莎·梅·奥尔科特 & her Little Women 《小妇人》

★ Kate Chopin 凯特·肖班 & her The Awakening 《觉醒》

Chapter 10 American Naturalism, Crane, Norris, Dreiser, Robinson

★ Stephen Crane: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (the first naturalistic novel in American literature), The

Red Badge of Courage (the first anti-war novel in American literature),

Famous short stories: The Open Boat, The Bride Comes to the Yellow Sky

★ Frank Norris: The Octopus, McTeague

★ Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie, Jennie Gerhardt, the Desire Trilogy, The Genius

★ Edwin Arlington Robinson: Richard Cory

★ Jack London: The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea Wolf, Martin Eden

★ O. Henry (William Sidney Porter): famous for his short stories such as The Gift of the Magi

★ Upton Sinclair: The Jungle, the Muckraking Movement

Chapter 11 The 1920s, Imagism, Pound

★ The first American Renaissance: the first half of the 19th century

★ The second Renaissance: the 1920s

★ The three principles of the Imagist Poetry

★ 熟悉四首意象派诗歌：In a Station of the Metro, Oread, The Red Wheelbarrow, Fog, 并会分析其中的第一和第四首

★ Ezra Pound: The Cantos, Hugh Selwyn Mauberley

Chapter 12 T. S. Eliot, Stevens, Williams

★ T. S. Eliot: The Waste Land （五个部分的题目）, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

其他主要作品

founder of New Criticism: depersonalization, objective correlative

★ William Carlos Williams: Paterson

Chapter 13 Frost, Sandburg, Cummings, Hart Crane, Moore

★ Robert Frost: New England poet, lyrical poet, the unofficial poet laureate, won the Pulitzer Prize four times

The Road Not Taken (熟悉此诗), Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Mending Wall, Apple-picking <<摘苹

果>>

★ Carl Sandburg: Fog, The Harbor (two famous Imagist poems)

★ E. E. Cummings: the most interesting experimentalist in modern American poetry

★ Hart Crane: The Bridge

Chapter 14 Fitzgerald, Hemingway

★ F. Scott Fitzgerald: the spokesman of the Jazz Age

The Great Gatsby

★ Ernest Hemingway: Hemingway hero with ―grace under pressure‖, the iceberg principle

―I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eights of it under water for every part that shows. Anything you

know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn’t show. ‖ 冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为它只有

八分之一在水面上。 水底的部分占整座冰山的八分之七。

主要作品

The Old Man and the Sea won him the 1954 Nobel Prize for literature.

Chapter 15 The Southern Renaissance, William Faulkner

★ William Faulkner: Yoknapatawpha County (his fictional kingdom)

主要作品（见教材）

Chapter 16 Anderson, Stein, Lewis, Cather, Wolfe

★ Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio, colloquial style

★ Gertrude Stein: The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, Three Lives

―You are all a lost generation.‖ (To Hemingway)

★ Sinclair Lewis: the first American author to win the Nobel Prize for literature (in 1930)

Main Street, Babbit

★ Willa Cather: My Antonia

★ Thomas Wolfe: Look Homeward, Angel

Chapter 17 The 1930s, Dos Passos, Steinbeck

★ John Dos Passos: U. S. A.

★ John Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath (Joad family); Nobel Prize for literature in 1962 and Pulitzer Prize winner for fiction

Chapter 18 Porter, Welty, McCullers, West, The New Criticism

★ Katherine Anne Porter: The Flowering Judas, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall

★ Eudora Welty: Death of a Traveling Salesman

★ Carson McCullers: The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, The Ballad of the Sad Café

★ Nathanael West: Miss Lonelyhearts

Chapter 19 American Drama

★ Eugene O’Neill: America’s greatest playwright so far, Pulitzer Prize winner four times, Nobel Prize Winner in 1936, 美国戏剧之

父

The Emperor Jones, The Hairy Ape

★ Susan Glaspell: mother of American drama Trifles

★ Tennessee Williams 田纳西·威廉姆斯：P. 301

在美国戏剧史上地位仅次于Eugene O’Neil

The Glass Menagerie 《玻璃动物园》The Streetcar Named Desire

★ Arthur Miller 亚瑟·米勒：P. 305

Death of a Salesman 《推销员之死》

★ Edward Albee爱德华·阿尔比：P. 313

Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 《谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫》

★ The Theater of the Absurd 荒诞派戏剧：P. 313

Chapter 20 Postwar Poetry, Poets of the 1940s Generation

★ Postmodernism 后现代主义：P. 320

★ Elizabeth Bishop毕晓普：P. 327 后现代主义时期传统型女性诗人

Chapter 21 The Confessional School, The Beat Generation

★ The Confessional School 自白派诗歌: P. 356

★ Three representatives: Robert Lowell & his Life Studies 《人生探索》P. 357

Sylvia Plath 西尔维娅·普拉斯 & her poem Daddy《老爸》，The Bell Jar 《钟形罩/瓶中美人》（自传

体小说，美国青少年的必读书）P. 364

Anne Sexton安妮·塞克斯顿

★ The Beat Generation 垮掉的一代：P. 373

★ Three representatives: Allen Ginsberg爱伦·金斯堡(垮掉一代的奠基者) & his Howl《嚎叫》 （垮掉一代的宣言

书） P. 374 & P.P. 376-83.

Jack Kerouac 杰克·凯鲁阿克 & his On the Road《在路上》P. 374

William Burroughs 威廉·巴罗斯 & his Naked Lunch《裸体午餐》P. 374

Chapter 22 The New York School, Meditative Poetry,

The Black Mountain Poets

★ New York School 纽约派（后现代主义时期的一个诗歌流派）: P. 393

★ Representative: Frank O’Hara 弗兰克·欧哈拉& his Lunch Poems 《午餐诗》P. 394

★ The Black Mountain Poets黑山派诗人 （此诗歌流派的名称来源于北卡罗来纳Asheville的黑山学院，流派内的诗人多为

该学院的教师）P. 408

★ Representative: Charles Olson查尔斯·奥尔逊 P. 409

Chapter 23 Postwar American Novel (I)

(传统型小说)

★ 美国犹太文学P.P. 429-48

★ Representatives：Saul Bellow索尔·贝娄 (1915 – 2005) PP. 429-36

1976 Nobel Prize winner (P. 430)

Best work: Herzog《赫索格》

Norman Mailer诺尔曼·梅勒 （1923 – 2007）P.P. 436-41

Best work: The Naked and the Dead《裸者与死者》（反战小说）

J. D. Salinger J. D. 塞林格 （1919-1-1 – 2010-1-27）P.P. 441-44

Best work: The Catcher in the Rye 《麦田里的守望者》（美国青少年的必读书）

Bernard Malamud 伯纳德·马拉默德 P.P. 444-48

Best work: The Assistant《店员/伙计》

Philip Roth 菲利普·罗斯

Best work: Goodbye, Columbus《再见吧，哥伦布》

★ John Updike (1932 – 2009) 约翰·厄普代克 P.P. 448-52

Best work: Rabbit pentalogy《兔子》五部曲 P. 448

★ 南方文学：P. P. 454-63

Representatives: Flannery O’Connor 弗莱娜莉·奥康纳 P.P. 454-58

Best work: A Goodman Is Hard to Find《好人难寻》

William Styron 威廉·斯泰伦 （1925 – 2006）P.P. 458-62

Best work: Sophie’s Choice《苏菲的选择》

★ 女性文学：Joyce Carol Oates 乔伊斯·卡洛尔·奥茨 P.P. 465-68

Best work: Them《他们》

Chapter 24 Postwar American Novel (II)

（新型小说）

★ 荒诞派/黑色幽默小说 Black Humor/novels of the absurd P. 474

Representative: Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒 P. P. 476-481

Best work: Catch-22 《第二十二条军规》

（Catch-22已成为词典中的一个词条，意为―不合情理的处境，叫人左右为难的情况，难以逾越

的障碍‖）

Kurt Vonnegut 库特·冯尼格特 （1922 – 2007）P. P. 481-487

Best work: Slaughterhouse-Five《第五号屠场》（自传性作品）

Ken Kesey 肯·凯西 （1935 – 2001） P.P. 487-491

Best work: One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest《飞越杜鹃巢》

★ 前卫小说 avant-garde novel

Representative: Thomas Pynchon 托马斯·品钦 P. P. 501-7

Best work: V, Gravity’s Rainbow《万有引力之虹》

★ Vladimir Nabokov 弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫 P.P. 514 – 9

二十世纪公认的杰出小说家和文体家，出生于俄国，后入美国国籍。与英国籍的波兰裔作家Joseph

Conrad相媲美。两位都用精美的英文书写了对生活的观察和感悟。

Best work: Lolita 《洛丽塔》（曾一度被视为禁书）

Chapter 25 Multiethnic Literature (I) 少数族裔文学：

African American Literature 美国黑人文学

★ 美国黑人文学的发展轨迹 P. P. 520 - 7

★ 黑人文学的繁荣期：Harlem Renaissance 哈莱姆文学繁荣（blues音乐得到了彰显）

最主要的代表人物：Langston Hughes兰斯顿·休斯 P.P. 527 - 530

美国黑人文学的桂冠诗人

主要作品：The Negro Speaks of Rivers 《黑人谈河流》

The Weary Blues《伤心的布鲁斯》

★ 黑人小说的发展：Richard Wright 理查德·莱特 （1908—1960）P.P. 530-2

代表作品：Native Son《土生子》

Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫·埃里森 （1913 – 1994）P.P. 532 -5

代表作品：Invisible Man 《看不见的人》（社会抗议小说）

James Baldwin 詹姆斯·鲍德温 P.P. 536 - 40

代表作品：Go Tell It on the Mountain《向苍天呼吁》

Toni Morrison 托尼·莫里森 P. P. 541-5

1993 Nobel Prize winner for literature, the 1st black Nobel Prize winner in American literature

代表作品：The Bluest Eye《最蓝的眼睛》

Sula 《秀拉》

Song of Solomon 《所罗门之歌》

Beloved 《宠儿》

Alice Walker 爱丽丝·沃克 P.P. 546-9

代表作品：The Color Purple《紫色》

Alex Haley 艾列克斯·哈利 P.P. 549 – 50

代表作品：Roots 《根》

Chapter 26 Multiethnic Literature (II) 少数族裔文学

★ Native American literature美国印第安文学 P.P. 555-69

★ Asian American literature亚裔文学

★ Pearl Buck 赛珍珠 P. 569

1938 Nobel Prize winner for literature for her Good Earth《大地》，the first American woman author to win this prize

★ 美国华裔文学的发展：P.P. 569-78

19世纪末至20世纪60年代 开创阶段

20世纪70和80年代 转折阶段

20世纪80年代末和90年代初 走向繁荣阶段

代表人物：Maxine Hong Kingston汤婷婷 & her The Woman Warrior《女勇士》、China Men 《中国佬》

Amy Tan 谭恩美 & her The Joy Luck Club《喜福会》

教材中提到的诺贝尔奖获得者：

第一位：Sinclair Lewis 1930

第二位：Eugene O’Neill 1936

第三位：Pearl Buck 1938

第四位：T. S. Eliot 1948

第五位：William Faulkner 1949 (1950 received the Prize)

第六位：Ernest Hemingway 1954

第七位：John Steinbeck 1962

第八位：Saul Bellow 1976

第九位：Toni Morrison 1993

14 12、Herman Melville 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔 1819-1891 13、 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨 利 · 沃 兹 沃 思 · 朗 费 罗 1807-1882 14 、 John Greenleaf Whittier 约翰·格林里 夫·惠蒂埃 1807-1892 15、Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈 丽 特 · 比 彻·斯托 1811-1896 16 、 Frederick Douglass 弗 莱 德 里 克 · 道 格 拉 斯 1817-1895 17、Emily Dickinson 埃 米 莉 · 迪 金 森 1830-1886 18、Mark Twain 马 克 · 吐 温 ( Samuel Longhorne Clemens) --- 美

国 文 学 的 一 大 里程碑 19 、 Francis Bret Harte 哈特 1836-1902 20 、 William Dean Howells 威 廉 · 狄 恩 · 豪 威 尔 斯 1837-1920 21、Henry Adams 享 利·亚当斯 1838-1918 22 、 William James 威 廉 · 詹 姆 斯 1842-1910( 首 提 “ 意 识流”理论) 23、Henry James 享 利·詹姆斯 1843-1916 Moby Dick/The White Whale 莫比·迪克/白鲸；Typee 泰比;Omoo 奥穆;Mardi 玛地;Redburn 雷得本;White Jacket 白外衣;Pierre 皮尔埃;Piazza 广场故事;Billy Budd 比利·巴德 The Song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night 夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens 民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems 布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn 路边客栈的 故事---诗集：An April Day 四月的一天/A Psalm of Life 人生礼物/Paul Revere’s Ride 保罗·里维尔的夜 奔;Evangeline 伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish 迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery 奴役篇---反蓄奴组诗 Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question 废奴问题;Voice of Freedom 自由之声;In War Time and Other Poems 内战时期所作;Snow-Bound 大雪封门;The Tent on the Beach and Other Poems 海滩的帐篷 Ichabod 艾卡博德;A Winter Idyl 冬日田园诗 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp 德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing 牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr’s Island 奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks 老城的人们 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave 弗莱德里克·道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述/My Bondage and My Freedom 我的枷锁与我的自由/The life and Time of Frederick Douglass 弗莱德里克·道格拉斯的 生平与时代 The Poems of Emily Dichenson 埃米莉·迪金森诗集-----“Tell all the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的 The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad 傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age 镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆·索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper 王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利·费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court 亚瑟王宫中的 美国佬;The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson 傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc 冉·达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg 败坏哈德莱堡的人 How to Tell a Story 怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结 The Luck of Roaring Camp 咆哮营的幸运儿------乡土文学作家 The Rise of Silas Lapham 赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance 现代婚姻; A Hazard of Now Fortunes 时来运 转;A Traveller from Altruia 从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle 透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading 小说创作与小说阅读 History of the United States Du

ring the Administration of Jefferson and Madison(历史著作);The Education of Henry Adams:An Autobiography 享利·亚当斯的教育 Principles of Psychology 心理学原理；The Will to Believe 信仰的意志；Pragmatism:A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking 实用主义：某些旧思想方法的新名称；The Meaning of Truth 真理的意义 小说：Daisy Miller 苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇人画像；The Bostonians 波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales 真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove 鸽翼；The Ambassadors 大使；The Golden Bowl 金碗 评论集：French Poets and Novelists 法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne 霍桑;Partial Portraits 不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews 札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays 小说艺术 小品集： Fiend’s Deligh 魔鬼的乐趣;Nuggests and Dust Panned out in California 在加利福尼亚淘出的金块和金 The 粉;Cobwebs from an Empty Skull 来自空脑壳的蜘蛛网 短篇小说集： Tales of Soldiers and Civilians 军民故事;In the Midst of Life 在人生中间;Can Such Things Be?这种事 情可能吗？The Devil’s Dictionary 魔鬼词典(The Applicant 申请者) Looking Backward:2000-1887 回顾：从 2000 看 1887 年；Equality 平等；The Duke of Sockbridge:A Romance of Shay’s Rebellion 斯托克布里奇的公爵： 雪司起义的故事;The Blindman’s World and Other Stories 育人的世界及其 他 The Man With the Hoe 荷锄人 The Conjure Woman 巫女;The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Color Line 他青年时代的妻子(The Sheriff’s Children 警长的儿女)(the pioneer of the color line);The Marrow of Tradition 一脉相承 Crumbling Idol 崩溃的偶像(真实主义 veritism);Man Travelled Roads 大路(The Return of a Private 三等兵归 来);Rose of Ducher’s Cooly 荷兰人山谷中的露斯;A Son of the Middle Border 中部边地农家子 The Man Higher Up 黄雀在后;Sixes and Sevens 七上八下 The House of Mirth 欢乐之家;Ethan Frome;Bunner Sister 班纳姐妹;The Age of Innocent 天真时代;The Customs of the Country 乡村习俗;A Backward Glance 回首往事

24、Ambrose Bierce 安布罗斯·毕尔斯 1842-1914? 25、Edward Bellamy 爱 德 华 · 贝 拉 米 1850-1898 26 、 Edwin Charles Markham 马 卡 姆 1852-1940 27、Charles Waddell Chesnutt 查 尔 斯 · 契 斯纳特 1858-1932 28、Hamlin Garland 汉 姆 林 · 加 兰 1860-1940 29、O·Henry 欧·享利 ( William Sidney Porter)1862-1910 30、 Edith Wharton 伊 迪斯·华顿 1862-1937

15 32、 George Santayana 桑塔亚那 1863-1952 33 、 William E·B Dubois 威廉·艾伯·杜 波依斯 1868-1963 34 、 Edgar Lee Masters 埃德加·李·马 斯特斯 1868-1950 35、Edwin Arlington Robinson 鲁 宾 逊 1869-1935 36、Frank Norris 弗 兰 克 · 诺 里 斯 1870-1902 37、 Stephen Crane 斯 蒂 芬 · 克 莱 恩 1871-1900 38、Theodore Dreiser 西 奥 多 · 德 莱 塞 1871-1945 39 、 Paul Laurence

Dumbar 保 尔 · 劳 伦 斯·邓巴 1872-1906 40、Jack London 杰 克·伦敦 1876-1916 41、 Upton Sinclair 厄 普 顿 · 辛 克 莱 尔 1878-1968 42、Irving Babbitt 欧 文·白壁德 1865-1933 (新人文主义主要 代表) 43 、 Villa Sibert Cather 维 拉 · 凯 塞 1873-1947 44、 Gertrude Stein 格 特 鲁 德 · 斯 坦 因 1874-1946 45、 Robert Frest 罗伯 特 · 弗 罗 斯 特 1874-1963 46 、 Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德·安 德森 1876-1941 47、Carl Sandburg 卡 尔·桑德堡 1878-1967 48、Wallace Stevens 华莱士·史蒂文斯 1879-1955 49 、 Henry Louis Mencken 孟 肯 1880-1956 50 、 William Carlos Williams 威廉·卡罗 斯·威廉斯 1883-1963 Scepticism and Animal Faith 怀疑主义与动物性信仰;The Realms Being 存在诸领域(本质/物质/真理/精神领域： 4 卷)(Relativity of Knowledge);Three Philosphical Poets 三大哲学诗人；Poems(A Minuet:On Reaching the Age of Fifty 小步舞曲：五十书怀);The Last Puritan 最后的清教徒 Souls of Black Folk 黑人的灵魂(Of Booker T Washington and Others);The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA 制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国;The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame 黑色的火焰(三部 曲) A Book of Verse 诗集;Maximilian 马克西米连(诗集); Spoon River Anthology 斯普恩河诗集(Lucinda Matlock 鲁欣达·马物罗克) Captain Craig 克雷格上尉---诗体小说；The Town Down the River 河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky 衬托着天 空的人;Avon’s Harvest 沃冯的收成;Collected Poems 诗集 Moran of the Lady Letty 茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰(romantic);Mc-Teague 麦克提格(naturalistic);The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史(The Octopus 章鱼,The Pit 小麦交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West 小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事 Magic:A Girl of the Streets 街头女郎梅姬(美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运) ;The Red Badge of Courage 红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat 小划子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky 新娘来到黄天镇 Sister Carrie 嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt 珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲(Financer 金融家,The Titan 巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy 美国的悲剧(被称为美国最伟大的小说);Nigger Jeff 黑人杰弗 We Wear the Mask 我们带着面具 他是美国第一个有成就的黑人诗人，被称为“黑种人的桂冠诗人”(Poet Laureate of the Negro Race) The Son of the Wolf 狼之子,The Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf 海狼;White Fang 白獠牙;The People of the Abyss 深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel 铁蹄;Marti Eden 马丁·伊登;How I become a Socialist 我怎样成为社会党 人;The War of the Classes 阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me 生命对我意味着什么;Revolution 革命;Love of Life 热爱生命;The Mexican 墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings 在甲板的天蓬下 Sp

ring and Harvest 春天与收获;The Jungle 屠场 (揭发黑幕运动的代表作家) ;King Coal 煤炭大王;Oil 石油;Boston 波士顿;Dragon’s Teeth 龙齿 Literature and the American College 文学与美国学院()要求恢复古典文学教学;The New Laokoon 新拉奥 孔;Rousseau and Romanticism 卢梭与浪漫主义;Democracy and Leadership 民主与领导;On being Creative 论创造 性 O,Pioneers 啊， 先驱们;My Antonia 我的安东尼亚;The Professor’s House 教授之家;Death Comes for the Archibishop 大主教之死 The Autobiography of Alice B Toklas 爱丽丝·托克拉斯的自传；Tender Button 温柔的钮扣 A Boy’s Wish 少年心愿；North of Boston 波士顿之北(Mending Wall 修墙,After Apple-picking 摘苹果之 后);Mountain Interval 山间(成熟阶段)(The Road Not taken 没有选择的道路); West-running Brook 西流的溪涧;A Further Range 又一片牧场;A Witness Tree 一株作证的树 Windy McPherson’s Son 饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子;Marching Men 前进中的人们;Mid-American Chants 美国中部之 歌;Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque 俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志;Poor White 穷苦的白人;Many Marriages 多种婚姻;Dark Laughter 阴沉的笑声 The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories 鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事;Death in the Woods and Other Stories 林中之死及 其他故事;I Want to Know Why 我想知道为什么 Always the Young Stranger 永远是陌生的年轻人 s;In Reckless Ecstasy 肆无忌惮的狂热;The Prairie Years 草原的年 代一、 二;The War Years 战争的年代 (林肯传记) ;The American Songbag 美国歌袋;The People,Yes 人民， 好;Honey and Salt 蜜与盐;Corn-huskers 辗米机(Fog 雾);Smoke and Steel 烟与钢 Harmonium 风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar 弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction 关于最高虚构的札 记(Peter Quince at the Clavier 彼得·昆斯弹风琴;Sunday Morning 礼拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn 秋天的晨 曦;Collected Poems 诗集 Bernard Shaw:His Plays 肖伯纳的戏剧;The Philosophy of Nietzche 尼采的哲学;The American Language 美车语 言;Happy Days 幸福的日子(自传三部曲);Newspaper Days 新闻记者的岁月;Heathe Days 倡导异端邪说的年代 收入 Des Imagistes 意像派(意像派的第一部诗选) 诗集：Sour Grapes;Spring and All 春;The Desert Music;The Journey of Love 爱的历程;Collected Poems;Complete Poems;Collected Later Poems;Pictures from Brueghel 布留盖尔的肖像;Paterson 佩特森(5 卷长诗);Asphodal,That Green Flower 常青花日光兰(长诗) 名诗：Red Wheelbarrow 红色手推车;The Widow’s Lament in Spring 寡妇的春怨;The Dead Baby;The Sparrow ,to My Father 麻雀—致父亲;Proletarian Portrait 无产阶级画像(from An Early Martyr 先驱); The Great American Novels 伟大的美国小说;In the American Grain 美国性格;Autobiography 自传 15

16 51、 Sinclair Lewis 辛 克 莱

· 刘 易 斯 1885-1951(美国第一 个获诺贝尔奖) 52、Ezra Pound 艾兹 拉·庞德 1885-1972 53 、 Hilda Doolittle 希尔达·杜丽特尔 1886-1961 54、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯·艾略特 1888-1965 55、Eugene Oneil 尤 金·奥尼尔 1888-1953 Dur Mr Wrenn 我们的雷恩先生;The Job 求职;The Main Street 大先进;Babbitt 巴比特;Arrowsmith 艾罗史密 斯;Elmer Gantry 艾尔默·甘特里;Dodsworth 多兹沃斯;It can’t Happen Here 事情不会发生在这里;Kingsblood Royal 王孙梦 The Spirit of Romance 罗曼司精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes 意像派诗选;Cathay 华夏(英译中国诗);Literary Essays 文学论;Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley;A Few Don’ts by Imagiste 意像派戒条;Personage 面具;Polite Essays 文雅 集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound 庞德诗章(109 首及 8 首未完成稿) Sea Garden 海的花园;Collected Poems(Dread 山精;Pear Tree;Orchard);The Walls Do Not Fall 墙没在倒塌(战争诗 三部曲) ;Tribute to the Angels 天使颂;The Flowering of the Rod 柳条葳蕤;Tribute to Freud 献给弗洛伊德;Hellen in Egypt 海伦在伦敦(抒情长诗) Prufrock and Other Observations 普罗夫洛克(荒原意识);The Waste Land 荒原(The Burial of the Dead 死者的葬 礼;A Game of Chess 弈棋;The Fire Sermon 火诫;Death by Water 水边之死;What the Thunder Said 雷电之言); 名诗：Ash Wednesday 圣灰星期三;Four Quarters 四个四重奏 诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral 大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion 大团圆;Cocktail Party 鸡尾酒会 独幕剧：Bound East to Cardiff 东航卡迪夫;The Long Voyage Home 归途迢迢;The Moon of the Carribbeans 加勒比 人之月 多幕剧： Beyond the Horizon 天边外 (其成名作) ;Anna Christie 安娜·克里斯蒂;The Emperor Jones 琼斯皇;The Hairy Ape 毛猿;All the God’s Children Got Wings 上帝的儿女都有翅膀 The Great God Brown 大神布朗;The Strange Interlude 奇异的插曲;Mourning Becomes Electr 素娥怨/悲悼 a;The Iceman Cometh 送冰的人来了;The Long Days Journey Into Night 进入黑夜的漫长旅程/日长路远夜常深沉 Flowering Judas 开花的紫荆花 (Maria Conception;The Jitting of Granny Weatherall) ;Pale Horse,Pale Rider;Leaning Tower and Other Stories------TheCollected Stories of K A Porter Ship of Fools 愚人船(唯一的一部长篇小说);The Never Ending Wrong 千古奇冤(回忆录) Towers of Ivory 象牙塔;The Happy Marriage 幸福的婚姻;Streets in the Moon 月色中的街;New Found Land 新发现 的大陆;Conquistador 新西班牙的征服者;Poems1912-1952 广播剧：The Fall of the City 城市的陷落;Airraid 空袭 120 Million 一亿二千万;Change The World 改变世界;The Hollow Man 空心人;Jews Without Money 没在钱的犹太 人(自传体小说) 戏剧：Hoboken Blues;Fiesta 节日;Battle Hymn 歌;Prletarian Literature in the United States 美国无产阶级文学选集 (与人合编) Tulips anddd Chimneys 郁金香与烟

囱;The Enormous Room 大房间;XLI Poems 诗 41 首;Viva 万岁;No, Thanks 不，谢谢;Collected Poems 诗集;Eimi 爱米(访苏游记) Travel in Two Democracies 在两个民主国家里旅行;To the Finland Station 到芬兰站去;A Piece of My Mind:Reflection at Sixty 心里话:行年六十的沉思;Axel’s Castle 阿克塞尔的城堡(象征主义批判的圭阜);The Ttriple Thinkers 三重思想家;The Wound and The Bow 创伤与箭;The Shores of Light 光明之岸;The Fruits of the MLA 现代 语言协会的成果 The Three Soldiers;Manhattan Transfer;U.S.A(The Forty-second Parallel;1919;The Big Money);District of Columbia 哥伦比亚大区(The Adventures of a Young Man 一个年轻人的冒险;Number One 第一号;The Grand Design 伟大的 计划);Orient Express 东方特别快车(游记) The Side of Paradise 人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned 美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨 比;Tender in the Night 夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon 最后的巨头 短篇小说： Flappers and Philosophers 姑娘们和哲学家们;Tales of the Jazz 爵士时代的故事;Taps at Reveille 早晨的 起床号→The Ice Palace 冰宫;May Days 五一节;The Diamond as Big as the Ritz 像里茨饭店那样大的钻石;Winter Dreams 冬天的梦;The Rich Boy 富家子弟;Babylon Revisted 重访巴比伦敦 The Crack-up 崩溃(自 传体文集) The Marble Faun 云石林神(诗集);Soldiers’ Pay 兵饷(小说) 短篇小说： September 干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury 愤怒与喧嚣;As I lay dying 当我垂死的时候;Light in Dry August 八月之光;Absalom,Absolam 押沙龙，押沙龙(家世小说) 译作：法国安德烈·纪德 Andre Gide 的 Imaginary Interview 虚构的会议 诗集：Blue Juniata;The Dry Season;The Exile’s Return 流亡者的回归(研究“迷惘的一代”的专著);A Second Flowering 第二次繁荣(The Other War 另一种战争) In Our Time 在我们的年代里;The Torrents of Spring 春潮;The Sun Also Rises 太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms 永别 了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls 丧钟为谁而鸣 短篇小说：Men Without Women 没有女人的男人;The Winners Take Notheing 胜者无所获;The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories 第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇 政论：To Have and Have Not 贫与富 回忆录：A Moveable Feast 到处逍遥 My Grandfather’s Love Letters 祖父的情书;Praise for an Urn 瓮颂;For the Marriage of Faustus and Hellen 为浮士德 和海伦的婚姻而作;Voyage 航海;The Bridge 桥(长诗);White Buildings 白色的楼房(首部诗集) Look Homeward,Angel 天使，望乡→(续)Of Time and the River 时间与河流;The Web and the Rock 蛛网与岩 石;You Can’t Go Home Again 有家归不得;The Hills Beyond 远山(未完成) 短篇小说：From Death to Morning 从死亡到早晨 Mulatto 混血儿(剧本);The Weary Blues 疲倦的歌声;Dear Lovely Death 亲爱的死神;Shake

spear in Harlem 哈莱 姆的莎士比亚;I Wonder as I Wander 我漂泊我思考;The Best of Simple 辛普尔精选

56、Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳·安·波 特 1890-1980 57 、 Archibald Mac Leish 阿基博尔德·麦 克利什 1892-1982 58、Michael Gold 迈 克 尔 · 戈 尔 德 1894-1967 59、E Cumings 肯明 斯 1894-1962 60、Edmund Wilson 埃 德 蒙 · 威 尔 逊 1895-1972 61、John Dos Passos 帕索斯 1896-1970 62、 Scott Fitzgerald F 弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉 德 1896-1940(迷惘的 一代)

63、William Faulkner 威 廉 · 福 克 纳 1897-1962 64、Malcolm Cowley 马尔科姆·考利 189865 、 Ernest Hemingway 欧 内 斯 特·海明威 1899-1961 (“迷惘的一代”的 代表人物) 66 、 Hart Crane 哈 特·克兰 1899-1932 67、 Thomas Wolfe 托 马 斯 · 沃 尔 夫 1900-1938 68、James Langston Hughes 詹姆斯·兰斯 顿·休斯 1902-1969

17 69 、 John Steinbeck 约 翰 · 斯 坦 贝 克 1902-1966 70 、 Nathanael West 韦斯特 1903-1940 71、James Farrel 法 雷尔 1904-1979 Cup of Gold 金杯;Tortilla Flat 煎饼房;In Dubious Battle 胜负未定;Of Mice and Men 鼠和人;The Grapes of Wrath 愤 怒的葡萄;The Moon is Down 月亮下去了;Cannery Row 罐头厂街;The Pearl 珍珠 短篇小说：The Red Pony 小红马(The Gift,The Great Mountains 大山;The Promise 许诺,The Leader of the People 人们的领袖) The Dream Life of Balso Snell 巴尔索·斯纳尔的梦幻生涯;The Day of Locust 蝗灾之日;Miss Lonelyhearts 寂寞小说 Studs Lonigan 斯塔兹·朗尼根(Young Lonigan 少年朗尼根;The Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan 朗尼根的青年时 代,Judgement Day 末日窝审判);Danny O’Neil 丹尼·奥尼尔(五部曲);Bernard Carr 伯纳德·卡尔(三部曲) 短篇小说：Calico Shoes 花布鞋;Guillotine Party 行刑队 文艺评论：A Note on Literary Criticism 文艺评论札记;Literature and Morality 文学与道德 The Children’s Hour 孩子们的时光;The Little Foxes 小狐狸;Watch on the Rhine 守望莱茵河;The Searching Wind 彻 骨的风;The Autumn Garden 秋园 ;Tos in the Attic 阁楼里的玩具;The Days to Come 未来的日子;Another Part of the Forest 森林的另一处 回忆录：An Unfinished Wonman 一个事业尚未终了的女人;Pentimento 旧画新貌;Scoundrel Time 邪恶的时代 Waiting for Lefty 等待老左/勒夫特;Awake and Sing!醒来歌唱;Till the Day I Die 直到我死的那天;Paradise Lost 失 乐园;Golden Boy 金孩子;Clash by Night 夜间冲突;The Big Knife 大刀;The Country Girl 乡村姑娘;The Flowering Peach 开花的桃树 Uncle Tom’s Children 汤姆叔叔的孩子们;Native Son 土生子;Black Boy;黑孩子 The Outsiders 局外人;The Long Dream 漫长的梦;Eight Men 八人行 短篇小说： Death of a Travelling,Salesman 巡回推销员之死;A Curtain of Green and Other Stories 绿窗帘和其他;The Wide Net and Other Stories 大网和其他故事;The Golden Apples 金苹果;The Bridge of Innifallen 英

尼斯法伦的新娘 长篇小说： Robber Bridgeroom 强盗新朗;Detta Wedding 德尔塔的婚姻;The Ponder Heart 庞德的心;The Losing The Battles 失败的战斗;The Optismist’s Daughter 乐观者的女儿 Lolita 洛莉塔;Pale Fire 微暗的火;The Admiralty Sprie 海军部大厦塔尖 The Novel of Future 未来的小说;Heida 海达;House of Incest 乱伦之家;Collages 拼贴 Gimpel the Fool 傻瓜吉姆佩尔;The Family Moskat 莫斯卡特家族;Satan in Goray 撒旦在戈雷;The Magician of Lublin 卢布林的魔术师;The Slave 奴隶;The Manor 庄园;The Estate 产业;Enenemies,A Love Story 仇敌们，一个爱 情故事;Shosha 舒莎 短篇小说：The Spinoza of Market Street 市场街的斯宾诺莎;A Friend of Kafka 卡夫卡的朋友 名篇：Neighbours 邻居 Night Rider 夜间骑士;At Heaven’s Gate 在天堂门口;All King’s Men 国王的全部人马;World Enough and Time 足够 的世界和时间;The Cave 洞穴;Band of Angels 天使的队伍;A Place to Come to 归宿 诗集：Thirtysix Poems;Selected Poems1923-1943;Brother to Dragons;Promised:Poems1954-1956;You,Emperors and Others;Selected Poems New and Old 1923-1966;Elven Poems on the Same Themet;Incarnation Poem1966-1968 显 灵：1966-1968 诗选;Now and Then:Poems 1976-1978 此时与彼时 1976-1978 诗选 剧作：Proud Flesh 骄傲的血肉之躯;Modern Rhetoric 当代修辞学；Birth of Love 爱之诞生(选自与 Cleanth Brooks 合编的 Understanding Poetry/Understanding Fiction) 逃亡者集团 The Fugitive 的宣言书 I’ll Take My Stand 我表明我的立场 American Blues 美国的布鲁斯;Battle of Angels 天使的战斗;The Glass Menagerie 玻璃动物园;The Streetcar Named Desire 欲望号街车;Cat on a Hot Tin Roof 热铁皮屋顶上的猫;The Night of The Iguana 鬣蜥之夜;Summer and Smoke 夏与烟;The Rose Tattoo 玫瑰纹;Sweet Bird of Yout 可爱的青春鸟 短篇小说：The Expelled 开除 短篇小说集：The Way Some People Live 一些人的生活方式;The Enormous Radio and Other Stories 巨型收音机和 其他;The Housebreaker of Shaddy Hill and Other Stories 绿茵山窃贼和其他;Some People,Places and Things That Will Not Appear in My Next Novel 一些不会在我下一部小说中出现的人物、 地点、 事件;The Brigadier and the Golf Widow 陆军准将和高尔夫迷寡妇;The World of Apples 苹果世界→The Stories of John Cheever 契弗短篇小说选 长篇小说：The Wapshot Chronicle/Scandal 瓦普肖特纪事/丑闻;Bullet Park 布利特公园;Falconer 鹰猎者 Bury the Dead 埋葬死者;Sailor off the Bremen 不来梅港外的水手 长篇小说：The Young Lions 幼狮;The Troubled Air 混浊的空气;Lucy Crown 露茜·克朗;Two Weeks in Another Town; Voices of a Summer Day 夏日的喁喁声;Rich Man,Poor Man;Evening in Byzantium;Nightwork 认夜 工;Beggarman,Thief;Bread upon the Waters 长篇小说：Invisible Man 看不见的人 散文集：Shadow and Act 影子与行动;Going to the Terri

tory 步入文学界 长篇小说：The Natural 天生运动员;The Assistant 伙计;The Fixer 装配工;A New Life 新生活;God’s Grace 上帝的 恩赐 短篇小说：The Magic Barrel 魔桶 诗集：Blood for a Stranger 献给一个陌生人的血;Little Friend ,Little Friend 小朋友，小朋友;Losses 损 失;Seven-league Crutches 七里格长的拐杖;The Lost World 失去的世界 小说：Pictures of an Institution 学院小景;The Woman at the Washington Zoo 华盛顿动物园的女人 评论：Poetry and the Age 诗歌与时代;The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner 旋转炮塔炮手之死

72、Lillian Hellman 丽 莲 · 海 尔 曼 1905-1983 73、Clifford Odets 克 利 福 德 · 奥 德 茨 1906-1963 74 、 Richard Wright 理 查 德 · 赖 特 1908-1960 75、Eudora Welty 尤 多拉·韦尔蒂 190676 、 Valdimir Nabokov 弗·纳博科 夫 1899-1977 77、 Anais Nin 安娜伊 思·宁 1903-1977 78 、 Issac Bashevis Singer 艾萨克·辛格 1904-1991 79 、 Robert Penn Warren 罗伯特·沃伦 1905-1989

80 、 Tennessee William 田纳西·威廉 斯 1911-1983 81、John Cheever 约 翰·契弗 1912-1982

82 、 Irwin Shaw 欧 文·肖 1913-1984 83、Ralph Ellison 拉 尔夫·埃利林 191484、 Bernard Malamud 伯纳德·马拉默德 1914-1986 85、Landall Jarrel 兰 达 尔 · 贾 维 尔 1914-1965

18 86 、 John Berryman 约 翰 · 贝 里 曼 1914-1972 87、Saul Bellow 索 尔·贝娄 191588、Arthur Miller 阿 瑟·米勒 191589、Robert Lowell 罗 伯 特 · 洛 厄 尔 1917-1977 90、 D Salinger 杰罗 J 姆·大卫·塞林格 191991、Betty Frieden 贝 蒂·弗里丹 192192、Alex Haley 亚历 克斯·哈利 1921-1992 93、Jack Kerouac 杰 克 · 凯 鲁 亚 克 1922-1966(“ 垮 掉 的 一代”奠基者) 94 、 Kurt Vonnegut 库特·冯尼格特 诗：Homage to Mrs Bradstreet 献给布拉兹特里夫人；The Dream Songs 梦之歌;Poems1942;The Dispossessed 被剥 夺者(The Ball Poem 小球诗);77 Dream Songs;Berryman’s Sonnets;Short Poems;His Toy;His Dream;His Rest;Love and Fame;Delusion,etc 错觉及其他 小说：Recovery 复原 传记：Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩 长篇小说：Dangling Man 晃来晃去/挂起来的人;The Victim 受害者;The Adventure of Augie March 奥基·马奇历险 记;Henderson the Rain King 雨王汉德逊;Herzog 赫索格;Mr Summlar’s Planet 塞姆勒先生的行星;Humboldt’s Gift 洪堡的礼物 中篇小说：Seize the Day 且乐今朝 Situation Normal 情况正常;The Man Who Had All the Luck 吉星高照的人;All My Sons 都是我的儿子;The Death of a Salesman 推销员;The Crucible 严峻的考验/萨姆勒的女巫;A View from the Bridge 桥头眺望;A Memory of Two Mondays 两个星期一的回忆;After the Fall 堕落之后;Incident at Vichy 维希事件 ;The Price 代价;The Creation of the World and Other Business 创世及其他;The Archbishop’s Ceiling 大主教的天花板;The American Clock 美国时钟 诗：Lord Weary’s Castle 威尔利老爷的

城堡;Life Studies 人生探索 名篇：For Sale;Walking in the Blue;For the Union Dead 献给联邦死难士→自白诗运动 短篇小说：The Young Folks 年轻人 短篇小说集：Nine Stories 故事九篇 中篇小说：Franny 弗兰尼;Zooey 卓埃;Raise High the Roof Beam,Carpenters 木匠们，把屋梁升高;Seymour:An Introduction 西摩其人 长篇小说：The Cather in the Rye 麦田守望者 The Feminine Mystique 女性的奥秘;It Changed My Life 它改变了我的生活;The Second Stage 第二阶段(How to get the Women’s Movement Moving Again) The Autobiography of Malcolm X 马尔科姆·艾克斯自传 Roots 根;Hanning 汉宁镇(自传体小说) The Town and the City 镇和城;On the Road 在路上;The Subterraneans 地下居民;The Dharma Bums 达摩的流浪 者;Visions of Cody 科迪的梦想；Doctor Sax 萨克斯医生;Maggie Cassidy 麦琪·卡西迪;Mexico City Blues 墨西哥 城的布鲁斯;Lonesome Traveller 孤独的旅行者;Desolation Angels 凄凉天使;Satori in Paris 巴黎参禅记;Vanity of Duluoz 杜卢奥斯的偏见 长篇小说：Player Piano 自动钢琴;The Sirens of Titan 泰坦族的海妖;Cat’s Craddle 猫的摇篮;Slaughterhouse Five 第五号屠场;Mother Night 黑夜母亲;God Bless You,Mr Rosewater 上帝保佑你，罗斯瓦特先生;Breakfast of Champions 顶呱呱的早餐;Slapstick,or Lonesome No More 滑稽剧,又名不再孤独;Jailbird 囚犯;Deadeye Dick 神枪 手迪克 短篇小说集： Welcome to the Monkey House 欢迎到猴房来(Report on the Barnhouse Effect 关于巴恩豪斯效应的报 告) 裸者与死者；Barbary Shore 巴巴里海滨;The Deer Park 廘苑;An American Dream 一场美国梦;The White Negro 白 色黑人;Advertisement for Myself 为自己做广告;Why Are We in Vietnam?我们为什么要去越南;The Executioner’s Song 刽子手之歌;The Armies of the Night 夜色幕下的大军(History as a Novel/The Novel as History)—非虚构小 说;New Journalism 新新闻报道 诗集：Into the Stone 钻入石头;Drowning With Others 跟别人一起淹死(The Lifeguard 救生员);Helmets 头 盔;Buckdancer’s Choice 班克舞者的选择;Poems1957-1967;The Iodiac 黄道 长诗：Deliverance 解脱 诗论集：The Suspect in Poetry 诗歌中的嫌疑犯;Babel to Byzatium 从巴别尔到拜占庭 长篇小说：Catch-22 第二十二条军规;Something Happened 出了毛病;As Good as Gold 像高尔德一样好 剧本： Bombed in New Haven 我们轰炸纽黑文;Catch-22;Clevinger’s Trial 克莱文杰受审 We (据 Catch-22 第八章) 散文集：Note of a Native Son 土生子的笔记;Nobody Knows My Name;Fire Next Time 下一次烈火;No Name in the Street 他的名字被遗忘;The Devil Finds Work 魔鬼找到工作 小说： Tell it on the Mountain 向苍天呼吁;Giovanni’s Room 乔万尼的房间;Another Country 另一个国度;Tell Me Go How Long the Train’s Been Gone 告诉我火车已开多久;If Beale Street Could Talk 假如比尔能说

话;Just Above My Head 就在我头上 短篇小说集：Going to Meet the Man 去见这个人 剧本：The Amen Corner 阿门角;Blues for Mister Charley 为查理先生唱布鲁斯/黑人怨;One Day When I was Lost 有一天当我迷失的时候/迷路前后 长篇小说：Wise Blood 慧血;The Violent Bear It Away 它为强暴者所夺走 短篇小说集：A Good Man Is Hard to Find 好人难寻;Everything That Rises Must Converg 上升的一切必然汇合 e 名文： Good Country People 善良的乡下 人;The Lame Shall Enter First 跛腿者先进去;Greenleaf 格林利 夫;Revelation;Parker’s Back 派克的背 Lie Down in Darkness 躺在黑暗中;The Long March 长途行军;Set This House on Fire 放火烧屋;The Confessions of Nat Turner 纳特·特纳的自白;Sophie’s Choice 索菲的选择 诗集：Howl and Other Poems 嚎叫及其他(America)(The Beat Generation 垮掉的一代的宣言书和代表作);Kaddish and Other Poems 卡第绪及其他;Plannet News 行星消息;The Fall of America 美国的衰弱 诗集：The Green Wall 绿墙;Saint Judas 圣徒犹大;The Tail and Eyes of a Lion 狮子的尾巴和眼睛;The Branch Will Not Break 树枝不会断;Shall We Gather at the River 我们在河边聚会;Collected Poems;Two Citizens 两位公 民;Moments of the Italian Summer 意大利之夏;To a Blossoming Pear Tree 致盛开鲜花的梨树;This Journey;A Blessing 祝福

95 、 Norman Mailer 诺 曼 · 米 勒 1923(垮掉的一代； 文学恐 怖主义者/亡命之徒) 96、James Dichey 詹 姆斯·迪基 192397、Joseph Heller 约 瑟夫·海勒 192398 、 James Baldwin 詹 姆 斯 · 鲍 德 温 1924-1987

100 、 Flannery O’Connor 弗 兰 纳 里·奥康纳 1925-1964 101、William Styron 威廉·斯泰伦 1925102、Allen Ginsburg 艾伦·金斯堡 1926103 、 James Wright 詹 姆 斯 · 赖 特 1927-1980

【美国】Chapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期

1. From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The

Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. It is also called ―the American Renaissance‖.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学

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