欧洲文化概览

Hippocratic Oath taken by physicians and other healthcare professionals swearing to practice medicine ethically. written by Hippocrates, often regarded as the father of western medicine.

Temple of the oracle at Delphi The ancient Greeks so valued self-knowledge that they inscribed the words "Know Thyself" at the entrance to one of their most sacred shrines, the Temple of the oracle at Delphi.

Platonic love In Symposium, one of Plato’s dialogues, a number of Athenian men at a drinking party give speeches on the nature of love. For Plato, the most correct use of love of other human beings is to direct one's mind to love of divinity.

Symposium

Athenian democracy Direct, not representative Citizenship: Women, children, and slaves were not citizens, and thus could not vote. Women cannot hold political office. By, for, and of male citizens. All male citizens were qualified to join the city councils public offices chosen by lot.

pope virtue or other qualities in the world was merely an imperfect reflection of the true reality there was another world of ideal qualities called Forms the ideal state was one ruled by a philosophical elite

Greek philosophy often characterized as "rational" because it was based purely on human reason.

Kingdom of Rome According to the ancient legends, the kingdom of Rome was established in 753 B.C.E. by Romulus. Romulus and Remus were miraculously rescued by a she-wolf.http://www.77cn.com.cn/articles/r/romulus.html

Tourist attractions, Rome public baths, swimming pools, and gymnasia the Pantheon's dome, and chariot races in the Circus Maximus statues, monumental arches, temples, and aqueducts

Spread of Christianity The remarkable growth of early Christianity reflected the new faith's appeal, particularly to the lower classes, urban populations, and women.

Christ After Jesus' crucifixion, his followers called him "Christ," meaning "the anointed one."

Trinity The Christian doctrine of the Trinity defines God as three divine persons: the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. The three persons are distinct yet coexist in unity, and are co-equal, co-eternal and consubstantial(of the same substance).

Incarnation The Incarnation of Christ is a central Christian doctrine that God became flesh, assumed a human nature, and became a man in the form of Jesus Christ, the Son of God and the second person of the Trinity

Book of Job Addressing the problem of evil, the Book of Job offers a philosophy of resignation. Such a doctrine posits that God is inscrutable but necessarily just and that His ways can never be justified to mankind.

East–West Schism The East–West Schism of 1054 formally divided the State church of the Roman Empire into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively.

Excommunication In 10

54 C.E., the patriarch of the Byzantine church and the Catholic pope mutually excommunicated each other, creating a schism that continues today.Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

Iconoclasm Iconoclasm is the deliberate destruction of religious icons and other symbols or monuments, usually for religious or political motives.

Scholasticism scholasticism began as an attempt at harmonization on the part of medieval Christians thinkers– to harmonize the various authorities of their own tradition, and – to reconcile Christian theology with classical and late antiquity philosophy, especially that of Aristotle.

Oxford University

Manorialism essential element of feudal society, the organizing principle of rural economy, widely practiced in medieval western and parts of central Europe slowly replaced by the advent of a money-based market economy and new forms of agrarian contract.

In the early middle ages, the economic activity of western Europe was predominantly agricultural.

Three estates The Estates of the realm were the broad social orders of the hierarchically conceived society, recognized in the Middle Ages and Early Modern period in Christian Europe; they are sometimes distinguished as the three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and commoners, and are often referred to by medieval ranking of importance (as the hierarchy was ordained by God) as the First, Second, and Third Estates respectively.Key Terms

the clergy the nobility commoners

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