fluent中多孔介质模型的设置 - 图文

7.19.6 User Inputs for Porous Media

When you are modeling a porous region, the only additional inputs for the problem setup are as follows. Optional inputs are indicated as such. 1. Define the porous zone.

2. Define the porous velocity formulation. (optional)

3. Identify the fluid material flowing through the porous medium. 4. Enable reactions for the porous zone, if appropriate, and select the reaction mechanism.

5. Enable the Relative Velocity Resistance Formulation. By default, this option is already enabled and takes the moving porous media into consideration (as described in Section 7.19.6). 6. Set the viscous resistance coefficients ( or

in Equation 7.19-1,

in

in Equation 7.19-2) and the inertial resistance coefficients (

Equation 7.19-1, or in Equation 7.19-2), and define the direction

vectors for which they apply. Alternatively, specify the coefficients for the power-law model.

7. Specify the porosity of the porous medium.

8. Select the material contained in the porous medium (required only for models that include heat transfer). Note that the specific heat capacity, , for the selected material in the porous zone can only be entered as a constant value.

9. Set the volumetric heat generation rate in the solid portion of the porous medium (or any other sources, such as mass or momentum). (optional) 10. Set any fixed values for solution variables in the fluid region (optional).

11. Suppress the turbulent viscosity in the porous region, if appropriate. 12. Specify the rotation axis and/or zone motion, if relevant.

Methods for determining the resistance coefficients and/or permeability are presented below. If you choose to use the power-law approximation of the porous-media momentum source term, you will enter the

coefficients and in Equation 7.19-3 instead of the resistance coefficients and flow direction.

You will set all parameters for the porous medium in

the Fluid panel (Figure 7.19.1), which is opened from the Boundary Conditions panel (as described in Section 7.1.4).

Figure 7.19.1: The Fluid Panel for a Porous Zone

Defining the Porous Zone

As mentioned in Section 7.1, a porous zone is modeled as a special type of fluid zone. To indicate that the fluid zone is a porous region, enable

the Porous Zoneoption in the Fluid panel. The panel will expand to show the porous media inputs (as shown in Figure 7.19.1).

Defining the Porous Velocity Formulation

The Solver panel contains a Porous Formulation region where you can instruct FLUENT to use either a superficial or physical velocity in the porous medium simulation. By default, the velocity is set to Superficial

Velocity. For details about using the Physical Velocity formulation, see Section 7.19.7.

Defining the Fluid Passing Through the Porous Medium

To define the fluid that passes through the porous medium, select the

appropriate fluid in the Material Name drop-down list in the Fluid panel. If you want to check or modify the properties of the selected material, you can click Edit... to open the Material panel; this panel contains just the properties of the selected material, not the full contents of the standard Materials panel.

If you are modeling species transport or multiphase flow,

the Material Name list will not appear in the Fluid panel. For species calculations, the mixture material for all fluid/porous

zones will be the material you specified in the Species Model panel. For multiphase flows, the materials are specified when you define the phases, as described in Section 23.10.3.

Enabling Reactions in a Porous Zone

If you are modeling species transport with reactions, you can enable reactions in a porous zone by turning on the Reaction option in the Fluid panel and selecting a mechanism in the Reaction Mechanism drop-down list.

If your mechanism contains wall surface reactions, you will also need to specify a value for the Surface-to-Volume Ratio. This value is the surface area of the pore walls per unit volume (

), and can be thought of as a

measure of catalyst loading. With this value, FLUENT can calculate the total surface area on which the reaction takes place in each cell by multiplying

by the volume of the cell. See Section 14.1.4 for details

about defining reaction mechanisms. See Section 14.2for details about wall surface reactions.

Including the Relative Velocity Resistance Formulation

Prior to FLUENT 6.3, cases with moving reference frames used the absolute velocities in the source calculations for inertial and viscous

resistance. This approach has been enhanced so that relative velocities are used for the porous source calculations (Section 7.19.2). Using the Relative Velocity Resistance Formulationoption (turned on by default) allows you to better predict the source terms for cases involving moving meshes or moving reference frames (MRF). This option works well in cases with non-moving and moving porous media. Note that FLUENT will use the appropriate velocities (relative or absolute), depending on your case setup.

Defining the Viscous and Inertial Resistance Coefficients

The viscous and inertial resistance coefficients are both defined in the same manner. The basic approach for defining the coefficients using a Cartesian coordinate system is to define one direction vector in 2D or two direction vectors in 3D, and then specify the viscous and/or inertial resistance coefficients in each direction. In 2D, the second direction, which is not explicitly defined, is normal to the plane defined by the specified direction vector and the direction vector. In 3D, the third direction is normal to the plane defined by the two specified direction vectors. For a 3D problem, the second direction must be normal to the first. If you fail to specify two normal directions, the solver will ensure that they are normal by ignoring any component of the second direction that is in the first direction. You should therefore be certain that the first direction is correctly specified. You can also define the viscous and/or inertial resistance coefficients in each direction using a user-defined function (UDF). The user-defined options become available in the corresponding drop-down list when the UDF has been created and loaded into FLUENT. Note that the coefficients defined in the UDF must utilize theDEFINE_PROFILE macro. For more

information on creating and using user-defined function, see the separate UDF Manual.

If you are modeling axisymmetric swirling flows, you can specify an additional direction component for the viscous and/or inertial resistance coefficients. This direction component is always tangential to the other two specified directions. This option is available for both density-based and pressure-based solvers.

In 3D, it is also possible to define the coefficients using a conical (or cylindrical) coordinate system, as described below.

Note that the viscous and inertial resistance coefficients are generally based on the superficial velocity of the fluid in the

porous media.

The procedure for defining resistance coefficients is as follows: 1. Define the direction vectors.

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To use a Cartesian coordinate system, simply specify the Direction-1 Vector and, for 3D, the Direction-2 Vector. The unspecified direction will be determined as described above. These direction vectors correspond to the principle axes of the porous media. For some problems in which the principal axes of the porous medium are not aligned with the coordinate axes of the domain, you may not know a priori the direction vectors of the porous medium. In such cases, the plane tool in 3D (or the line tool in 2D) can help you to determine these direction vectors.

(a) \porous region. (Follow the instructions in

Section 27.6.1 or 27.5.1 for initializing the tool to a position on an existing surface.)

(b) Rotate the axes of the tool appropriately until they are aligned with the porous medium.

(c) Once the axes are aligned, click on the Update From Plane Tool or Update From Line Tool button in

the Fluid panel. FLUENT will automatically set theDirection-1 Vector to the direction of the red arrow of the tool, and (in 3D) the Direction-2 Vector to the direction of the green arrow.

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To use a conical coordinate system (e.g., for an annular, conical filter element), follow the steps below. This option is available only in 3D cases.

(a) Turn on the Conical option.

(b) Specify the Cone Axis Vector and Point on Cone Axis. The cone axis is specified as being in the direction of the Cone Axis Vector (unit vector), and passing through the Point on Cone Axis. The cone axis may or may not pass through the origin of the coordinate system.

(c) Set the Cone Half Angle (the angle between the cone's axis and its surface, shown in Figure 7.19.2). To use a cylindrical coordinate system, set theCone Half Angle to 0.

Figure 7.19.2: Cone Half Angle

For some problems in which the axis of the conical filter element is not aligned with the coordinate axes of the domain, you may not know a priori the direction vector of the cone axis and coordinates of a point on the cone axis. In such cases, the plane tool can help you to determine the cone axis vector and point coordinates. One method is as follows:

(a) Select a boundary zone of the conical filter element that is

normal to the cone axis vector in the drop-down list next to the Snap to Zone button.

(b) Click on the Snap to Zone button. FLUENT will automatically \Cone Axis Vector and thePoint on Cone Axis. (Note that you will still have to set the Cone Half Angle yourself.) An alternate method is as follows:

(a) \(Follow the instructions in Section 27.6.1 for initializing the tool to a position on an existing surface.)

(b) Rotate and translate the axes of the tool appropriately until the red arrow of the tool is pointing in the direction of the cone axis vector and the origin of the tool is on the cone axis.

(c) Once the axes and origin of the tool are aligned, click on the Update From Plane Tool button in

the Fluid panel. FLUENT will automatically set the Cone Axis Vector and the Point on Cone Axis. (Note that you will still have to set the Cone Half Angle yourself.)

2. Under Viscous Resistance, specify the viscous resistance coefficient

in each direction.

Under Inertial Resistance, specify the inertial resistance coefficient in each direction. (You will need to scroll down with the scroll bar to view these inputs.)

For porous media cases containing highly anisotropic inertial resistances, enable Alternative Formulation under Inertial Resistance.

The Alternative Formulation option provides better stability to the calculation when your porous medium is anisotropic. The pressure loss through the medium depends on the magnitude of the velocity vector of the ith component in the medium. Using the formulation of Equation 7.19-6 yields the expression below:

(7.19-10)

Whether or not you use the Alternative Formulation option depends on how well you can fit your experimentally determined pressure drop data to the FLUENT model. For example, if the flow through the medium is aligned with the grid in your FLUENT model, then it will not make a difference whether or not you use the formulation.

For more infomation about simulations involving highly anisotropic porous media, see Section 7.19.8.

Note that the alternative formulation is compatible only with the pressure-based solver.

If you are using the Conical specification method, Direction-1 is the cone axis direction, Direction-2 is the normal to the cone surface (radial ( )

direction for a cylinder), and Direction-3 is the circumferential ( ) direction.

In 3D there are three possible categories of coefficients, and in 2D there are two:

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In the isotropic case, the resistance coefficients in all directions are the same (e.g., a sponge). For an isotropic case, you must explicitly set the resistance coefficients in each direction to the same value. When (in 3D) the coefficients in two directions are the same and those in the third direction are different or (in 2D) the coefficients in the two directions are different, you must be careful to specify the coefficients properly for each direction. For example, if you had a porous region consisting of cylindrical straws with small holes in them positioned parallel to the flow direction, the flow would pass easily through the straws, but the flow in the other two directions (through the small holes) would be very little. If you had a plane of flat plates perpendicular to the flow direction, the flow would not pass through them at all; it would instead move in the other two directions.

In 3D the third possible case is one in which all three coefficients are different. For example, if the porous region consisted of a plane of irregularly-spaced objects (e.g., pins), the movement of flow between the blockages would be different in each direction. You would therefore need to specify different coefficients in each direction.

Methods for deriving viscous and inertial loss coefficients are described in the sections that follow.

Deriving Porous Media Inputs Based on Superficial Velocity, Using a Known Pressure Loss

When you use the porous media model, you must keep in mind that the porous cells in FLUENT are 100% open, and that the values that you specify for and/or must be based on this assumption. Suppose, however, that you know how the pressure drop varies with the velocity through the actual device, which is only partially open to flow. The following exercise is designed to show you how to compute a value for

which is appropriate for the FLUENT model.

Consider a perforated plate which has 25% area open to flow. The pressure drop through the plate is known to be 0.5 times the dynamic head in the plate. The loss factor,

(7.19-11)

, defined as

is therefore 0.5, based on the actual fluid velocity in the plate, i.e., the velocity through the 25% open area. To compute an appropriate value for

, note that in the FLUENT model:

1. The velocity through the perforated plate assumes that the plate is 100% open.

2. The loss coefficient must be converted into dynamic head loss per unit length of the porous region.

Noting item 1, the first step is to compute an adjusted loss factor, which would be based on the velocity of a 100% open area:

(7.19-12)

,

or, noting that for the same flow rate,

,

(7.19-13)

The adjusted loss factor has a value of 8. Noting item 2, you must now convert this into a loss coefficient per unit thickness of the perforated plate. Assume that the plate has a thickness of 1.0 mm (10 factor would then be

m). The inertial loss

(7.19-14)

Note that, for anisotropic media, this information must be computed for each of the 2 (or 3) coordinate directions.

Using the Ergun Equation to Derive Porous Media Inputs for a Packed Bed

As a second example, consider the modeling of a packed bed. In turbulent flows, packed beds are modeled using both a permeability and an inertial loss coefficient. One technique for deriving the appropriate constants involves the use of the Ergun equation [ 98], a semi-empirical correlation applicable over a wide range of Reynolds numbers and for many types of packing:

(7.19-15)

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