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考研英语应试语法必备知识 编讲：张能彦 教学目的与重点： 通过讲练结合，充分理解英语语法基本概念并掌握英语学习的基本规律；

全面了解英语语言知识，熟练掌握英语语言知识考试中的重点和难点；

全面提高阅读各种长难句的能力和标准地道英语的造句能力，从根本上解决英语学习的障碍。 讲授内容： 第一讲 英语句子结构特点 第二讲 第三讲 英语动词语法特点 第四讲

英语名词语法特点 英语四大特殊结构

第一讲：英语句子结构特点(Sentences Models)

一、根据功能，我们可以把句子分为以下五种（Classified by Functions） 1． 陈述句 （ Declarative Sentence ） 如：I did not sleep well last night. 2． 疑问句（ Interrogative Sentence ）

1) 一般疑问句：Are you fond of traveling?

2) 特殊疑问句：What are you looking for?

3) 选择问句：Do you like tea or coffee?

Which ice cream do you like, chocolate, vanilla or strawberry? 4) 修辞问句：

肯定疑问句=否定陈述句；否定疑问句=肯定陈述句 What is the use of worrying about such a thing? = It is no use worrying about such a thing. Who doesn’t desire happiness? = Everyone desires happiness. 5) 附加问句（又称反意问句）： It is a nice day, isn’t it? 3． 祈使句 ( Imperative Sentence ) Don’t judge a book by its cover. 不要以貌取人 4． 祈愿句 ( Optative Sentence ) God bless you! Long live Chairman Mao! May you succeed! 5. 感叹句 ( Exclamatory Sentence )

1) How + 形容词或副词+主语+动词！ How beautiful the girl is! How beautifully the girl dances! 2) How + 形容词+a(n)+单数名词+主语+动词！ How beautiful a flower it is! How I hate exams! 3) what + a(n) +（形容词）+单数名词+主语+动词！ What a bright daughter you have!

4) what +(形容词)+复数名词+主语+动词！ What large eyes she has!

二、根据句子复杂程度，句子还可分为以下四种（Classified by Structure）

1. 简单句 ( Simple Sentence ) 由一个（组）主语和一个（组）动词所组成，不含从属分句的独立分句。 如：

The changes in the last two centuries are amazing. The boy and his sister study and play together. 2. 并列句 （Compound Sentence ）

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1） 用并列连词连接并列分句：and, but , or, for I was going to write, but I lost your address.

我本来要写信的，可是把你的地址弄丢了。 2） 用分号连接的并列分句：

A wise student studies his lesson; and unwise one wastes his time.

3. 复合句 ( Complex Sentence ) 1）主句+宾语从句：

He found what he had been looking for. 2）主句 + 定语从句：

I’ll never forget the village where I spent my childhood. 3）主句 + 状语从句：

She has been happy since she got married. 4. 并列复合句 ( Compound Complex Sentence ) 1) 复合句 + 简单句：

Say you are sorry, and I’ll forgive you. 2) 复合句+复合句：

You may ask him to help if you like, but I think you had better do it yourself. 三、句型结构（Classified byPatterns）

英语属于结构性语言，无论句子多么复杂多变，其核心结构总共只有五种。 1. 主语 ＋ 谓语 e.g. Spring has come.

2. 主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 主语的补足语 （即：表语） e.g. The movie was wonderful. Reading is a pleasant thing.

3. 主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 宾语 e.g. Walls have ears. 4. 主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语的补足语 e.g. Mary always makes everyone happy. They appointed Tom manager of our company. 5. 主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 间接宾语 ＋ 直接宾语 e.g. Jim bought Mary a bunch of flowers.

注意一：1. 英语中作谓语的动词除了实意动词外，还有连系动词（ be ）和助动词( do, have, be ) 。

2. 连系动词 （ be ）后接表语部分一般为形容词或名词。 3. 下列动词常用作连系动词。

第一组表示“变成，变得”的意思，become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn 第二组表示保持着某种状态：continue, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay 第三组表示看起来，好像的意思：appear, look, seem

第四组感官动词，表示感觉：feel, smell, sound, taste

注意二. 下面这些词都是双宾语动词

1. award, bring, feed, give, grant, hand, lend, offer, pass, promise, read, sell, send, serve, show, teach, take,

tell, write, 这些动词后面跟双宾语时，间接宾语在前面不用加介词，直间宾语放前面时，后面加上

介词to, ~ sth. to sb. 如：

The school awarded Merry a prize for her good work. 学校因为她工作好而奖励了梅丽。

Please send a card to me. 请寄一张明信片来。

2. 下面这组动词表示为某人做某事，所以直间宾语放前面时，后面要加上介词for（sth. for sb.）：buy,

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cook, find, fix, knit, order, post, book, reserve, save, spare 如：

Jack ordered a TV set for me yesterday. 杰克昨天帮我定购了一台电视机。

3. 后面跟宾补的动词常见的有：appoint, make, elect, call, name, catch, choose, declare, fancy, feel, find,

imagine, judge, keep, know, leave, prove, suppose, believe, consider, think 如：

Don't imagine yourself to be always correct. 不要以为自己总是对。

四、句子的成分（The Elements of the Sentence） 英语的句子成分与汉语的句子成分差不多，句子的主要成分有主、谓、宾和表语；修饰成分有定语和状语。正是由于有了修饰语，才使得英语的句子变得较长和难懂。一般来说，充当修饰成分的有：

1. 单个的词汇：一般放在修饰词的前面。

Death is the necessary end of life. 死亡是生命必然的终结。 2. 短语：通常放在修饰词的后面。

短语包括：介词短语，不定式短语，现在分词短语，过去分词短语，形容词短语，动名词短语等 Every young man must acquire some knowledge necessary for the future job. 有时同一短语在句中的作用却不尽相同。如：

1） Mary wishes to go abroad for further training. ( 宾语 ) 2） She has given up the wish to go abroad for further training. （ 定语 ） 3） She is too poor to go abroad for further training. （ 状语 ） 3. 从句：一般放在修饰词的后面，状语从句有时置于句首。

从句包括三大类：( 详见后面部分 )

1) 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。

2) 形容词性从句：即定语从句、分为限定性和非限定性从句。

3) 副词性从句：即状语从句，分为时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式 从句等

五、英语复合句特点

复合句是由主句＋从句构成，它是英语学习中比较复杂的句子结构。一般来说，英语中一个句子只能有一个主谓结构或动宾结构，如果出现两个主谓结构或动宾结构，那么其中一个主谓结构或动宾结构只能是以从句的形式或并列句或分词短语的形式出现。所谓从句是指从属于主句的句子，它是主句中一个句子成分；另外从句必须由引导词即关系代词或关系副词引导。从句的种类有很多，但根据其性质和作用可以分为：名词性从句，形容词性从句（即定语从句），副词性从句（即状语从句）三大类。其最大特点有两个：一是所有从句必须有引导词；二是所有从句只是主句中的一个成分。 考试中主要是通过引导词来考查考生对从句的掌握， 因此， 考生在了解从句的特点同时必须充分掌握好各引导词之间的区别。

一、名词性从句：即从句在整个句中起名词作用，分别可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，所以这类从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

考点一：主语从句：主要考查主语从句的引导词；主句的谓语动词，一般用单数。如：

1. That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody. ( = It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun. )

2. Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. （此时不能用if ） 3. Who will come to the dinner remains a question. 4. What you have said is convincing.

5. How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries. 6. Why the murderer came back to the scene of crime is a psychological problem. 同时，需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如： It is reported that…

It must be pointed out that …

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It is likely that …

It is a good thing that… It happens that …

考点二：宾语从句：主要考查宾语从句的引导词和引导词的省略以及从句的语序。如：

1 He believed that walking under a ladder brings bad luck. 2. We can learn what we do not know from TV programs. 3. Tell me which of the books is the right one.

4. Your success will depend on how you present yourself. 5. I wonder if/whether you can help me.

考点三：表语从句：be动词或者系动词后面跟主语补足语。

1.The assumption is that things will improve.

2. China is not what it used to be.

3. The doctor’s dilemma is whether he should tell a lie to the patient. 考点三：同位语从句：名词性从句考查的重点。 同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that从句构成，引导词一般是that, 而且that在从句中不充当任何成分。这些抽象名词有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。

1. The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy.

The news that made the fans wild with joy was from the radio.（比较－定语从句）

2. There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise. 3. Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light. 爱因斯坦得出的结论是宇宙中最大速度是光速。

二、形容词性从句（即定语从句）：复合句考查的重点

定语从句主要用来修饰它前面的先行词（名词或代词）的从句，所以又称形容词从句。根据与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。定语从句主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词；介词＋引导词以及非限制性定语从句。具体考点如下：

考点一：引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词（who, whom, which, that, whose）和关系副词(as, when, where,

why)等。但是当下列情况出现时，对引导词有特殊要求。

1. 当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, little, much时； 当先行词被all, no, some, any, every,

a few, a little, much, only, very修饰时；当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句的引导词用that。例：

All that you want are here. There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes. 没有人不犯错误。 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 2. “the same ...as”, “such...as” 中的as 可以指人或物。例：

Such furniture as is very popular is expensive. We have successfully done the same experiment as you did. 3. why引导表示原因的定语从句，其先行词一般是reason。当主句主语是reason时，

作主句表语的成分不能有because和because of 。其结构一般为the reason why…is that…，或者 the reason that … is that…，如：

He did not tell us the reason why he was late again.

The reason why （ that）he didn't come is that he was ill. 4. 当定语从句为there be 句型时，关系代词只能用that。

This is the fastest train that there is to Beijing.

5. 当主句是以which 或 who 开头的特殊疑问句时，关系代词只能用 that。

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Who is the girl that is talking with Mr.Brown.

6. 如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用that。 We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited

考点二：在“介词+which/whom”的结构中，介词的选择取决于三种情况：

1. 定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配；

This is the college in which I am studying. He is the man about whom we are talking. 2. 先行词与介词的习惯搭配；

当先行词表示“领域、方面”时，如：aspect, respect, area, field等，用 in which； 当先行词表示“价格、利率、速度”时，如：rate, price, speed 等，用at which； 当先行词表示“程度”时，如： degree, extent等，用 to which；

当先行词表示“根据、依据、基础”时，如：grounds, foundation, basis等，用 on which； The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter. 仪表上显示出这台机器的运转的速度。

It is useful to be able to predict the extent to which a price change will affect supply and demand. 3. 当定语从句为最高级时 只能用of which; 否则用其他介词 I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best. I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK. 注意：不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前，如put up with；有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配，此时需要根据上下文来确定。如：be familiar with / to ; compare with / to . 考点三：当先行词为表示时间的名词（如：time, day, year, week, month, occasion）或地点的名词（如：

place, room, city, country）时，一般用关系副词 when 和 where. 分别相当于in which, at which, on which。但是当这些表示时间或地点的名词作从句的宾语时，则要用关系代词that 或which. I can't forget the days when(in which) I lived with you. Can you tell me the day when(on which)the first satellite was sent into space? China is the only country where(in which ) wild pandas can be found. I’ll never forget the village where I spent my childhood.

I will never forget the days that (which) I spent in Beijing University.

(本句days 作spend 的宾语，故用关系代词that / which ) I have never been to Beijing, but it’s the place that I most want to visit.

(本句place 作visit 的宾语。)

考点四：非限定性定语从句不能用that引导, 一般用引导词which/as或who（指人），非限定性定语从句

既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在

主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句句首。 As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth. The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people's life greatly. His speech, which bored us to death, was over at last. Her sister, who lived in another city, was coming to visit her.

三、副词性从句（状语从句） 状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下:

1． 时间状语从句

常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until

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wood

communication light virtue work

木头 通讯；交流 光 美德

工作；职业；产品

woods

communications 1ights virtues works

树林

交通工具，通讯系统 灯 优点

著作；工厂，工场

三、主谓一致关系

英语中，主语和谓语在数、性和格上应该保持一致，但在实际应用中很容易被忽视，尤其是主语和谓语之间出现插入语，故考试中经常考到主谓一致。除了以上特殊名词谓语有特殊要求外，现将主谓一致的考点归纳如下：

1． 复数原则：两个或者两个以上的名词由and连接作主语时，主语由both … and … 连接时，谓语动词用复数。

Baseball and swimming are usually summer sports.

Both bread and butter are sold in that grocery. 那个杂货店既卖面包，也卖黄油。

2． 就近原则： 由 either … or … ; neither … nor …; not only…but also…; …or …； there be …等引导的

主语， 谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近动词的名词的单复数。

Not only the students but also their teacher is invited to attend the party. 3． 就远原则：主语，＋ as well as +另一个主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于第一个主语的名词的单复数。

My mother, as well as my two brothers, has a key to the office. 我母亲，还有我的两个哥哥都有一把办公室的钥匙。

同例：with…; together with…; along with…; including…; in addition to…; besides …; except…; as much

as…; accompanied by …; rather than…等等 4． 单数原则：

1） 表示时间、距离、价值、量度的复数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数。

One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor . Twenty days have passed since I met her last time. 自从我上次见到她到现在已经过去二十天。 （ twenty days 这里不作整体看待， 故谓语动词用复数。）

2） and连接两个名词表示一个概念做主语时，谓语用单数; 若表示的是多个不同的概念时，谓语

动词用复数。 War and peace is a constant theme in literature.

战争与和平是文学中永恒的主题。(War and peace是一对概念，看作一个主题)

同例： ham and eggs n.火腿蛋 steam and bread

law and order bread and butter apple pie and ice cream folk and knife

wheel and axle 轮轴 needle and thread love and hate egg and rice 蛋炒饭

The writer and translator is delivering a speech in our university tonight. (指同一个人)

The writer and the translator are delivering a speech in our university tonight. （指两个人） A black and a white dog are playing in the yard. (指两只狗) A black and white dog is playing in the yard. ( 指一只狗) 3）动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句做主语时+单数谓语

Early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy, wealthy and wise. ( 指“早睡早起”一件事)

To work hard is necessary

What I said and did is of no concern to you.

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Reading three classical novels and making some social investigations are assignments for the students during the holiday. ( 注意： 指不同性质的两件事，谓语用复数 )

4）many a, more than one + 单数可数名词，尽管表示复数意义， 谓语仍用单数。

Many a student has made such a mistake. More than one stranger agrees with me.

[注意]

在“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 More persons than one have been involved. 卷入其中的远不止一人。

5） 由 every …and every …; each … and each…; no … and no…; many a …and many a … 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词用单数。

Every man and every woman working here is getting along well with me.

No difficulty and no hardship has discouraged him.

6）. a pair of + 由两部分物体构成的名词（如：shoes, scissors, glasses, jeans, pants, trousers）作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

My new pair of pants is being altered. 我的一条短裤正在改。

当主语被one ( a ) and a half 修饰时，谓语动词用单数。

One and a half apples is left on the plate.

当主语由 a series of…, a portion of …, a species of …, a kind of …, a sequence of …, a chain of…, a piece

of … 加名词(单数或复数)构成时， 谓语用单数。

A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr. Li. A large portion of her poems was published after her death. 5．几个例外：

1） a number of ( a total of , an average of ) +复数名词，谓语动词用复数。

The number of ( the total of, the average of ) + 复数名词， 谓语动词用单数。 A total of ten thousand dollars were donated last month. The total of dollars donated last month was 100,000 dollars. 同例： a / the variety of；a / the group of 2）定语从句的谓语动词注意与先行词保持一致，但注意the only one of… 的用法。

One of those men likes to drive fast. One of those men who like to drive fast is her son. He is the only one of those men who likes to drive fast.

3） 由some，any, no，every 构成的复合词如somebody, nothing, nobody, anything, everybody等代词作主语，谓语动词用单数；由each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other作主语时，谓语动词用单数；由either, neither, each, every修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如： More than one example is necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly. Neither is satisfactory.

Is either of the singers reading now?

4）the + adj / v-ed 表示一类人时, 用复数谓语动词; 表示抽象概念时, 谓语动词用单数。

The sick have been cured and the lost have been found. 病人得到了医治，失踪的也找回来了。

同例： the poor / dumb / innocent / guilty / unemployed / aged / oppressed / exploited… We can do the difficult first. The impossible takes a little longer. 我们先从难题开始，不会的可能花的时间长一些。

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The best is yet to come. 好戏还在后头。

第三讲 英语动词语法特点 动词语法可谓英语学习和考试中最复杂和最重要的语法现象，也是我们学习的重点和难点，其内容包括动词的时态、语态、语气以及动词非谓语形式。为了考生复习方便，现将各考点分别归纳如下。 一、动词时态、语态

谓语是动词在英语句子中的主要形式之一，每一个谓语动词必然体现出时态语态和语气的三重属性，对于这三重属性的准确把握直接决定了考生的阅读和写作能力。时态是指什么时间内动作的状态，所以时态离不开时间状语；动作的状态又是通过助动词（do, have, be ）和情态动词（will, shall）来表达的。汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，如：着，了，过，已经等；而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种，而且重点测试完成时态。 要掌握英语的时态，必须从每种时态的概念、构成和时间状语等三个方面重点把握。

1、一般现在时

主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time，usually, sometimes, every day等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。

He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning. She has a brother who lives in New York. The earth goes around the sun.

Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.

考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：

I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：

时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided.

If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon. 考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将

来时。

So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment. 只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。

考点四：在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在

时。 The harder you study, the better results you will get. 2、现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。

We are having English class. The house is being built these days. The little boy is always making trouble.

考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。

Look out when you are crossing the street.

Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.

考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。

Marry is leaving on Friday.

3、现在完成时

表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时

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有一些标志性的时间状语：

考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点

They have lived in Beijing for five years. They have lived in Beijing since 1995.

I have learned English for ten years.

考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, Has it stopped raining yet ?

考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。

in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等

考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 ＋that” 后面跟现在完成时。

This is my first time that I have visited China. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. That is the only book that he has written.

4．一般过去时

表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：

考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。 be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于 He used to smoke a lot.

He has got used to getting up early. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。 He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise. 5. 过去进行时

表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。

The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work. He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help. What were you doing at nine last night? The radio was being repaired when you called me. 6. 过去完成时 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的

参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till )

There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000. By the end of last term we had finished the book. They finished earlier than we had expected. 考点一：用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般

过去时。

I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.

I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.

No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装） 考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。

That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.

It was 3 years since we had parted。

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考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。

I had hoped that I could do the job.

I had intended to see you but I was too busy.

7. 一般将来时

表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。

Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.

考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：

We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.

（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）

考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。 I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。 Use your head and you will find a way. 考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。 “am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。

“am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。 They are to be married in this May.

8、将来进行时

表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。

I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。 The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport. 9、将来完成时

表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。

考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。 By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. By the time you reach the station, the train will have left. By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。

The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school. 二 动词的语态

主要用来强调受者，除非是双宾语，句中谓语动词后面不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考， 而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。 考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组

come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed

It took place before liberation.

考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。

lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)；

write ( 写 )；

Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。 The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。 The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。

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The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。

考点三：一些常用经典被动句型： It is said?, It is reported?, It is widely believed?， It is expected?, It is estimated?, 这些句子一般翻译为“据说??”，“人们认为??”， 而 ―以前人们认为??‖ 则应该说：It was believed?, It was thought? 三 谓语动词的语气

语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度；尽管英语中有陈述语气（indicative mood）、祈使语气（imperative mood）、虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)，但是MBA联考中考的最多的是虚拟语气。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达：

a. 非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。

b. 与客观事实相反的情景， 即强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思，表示强烈的要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。

虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的， 其特点是主从句时态的不一致， 而且一般有明显的标志。具体考点如下： 考点一：if 句型 （共有三种句型）

1. 与现在的事实相反：

从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋动词原形 If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day. 2. 与过去的事实相反：

从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋ 现在完成时

If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school, I would have got my PhD degree. 3. 与将来的事实相反：

从句用should (were to，did) + 动词原形，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋动词原形

If it should/were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing.

4. 虚拟语气条件句中if的省略，此时主谓要倒装。

Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exam. 5. 条件句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致，（例如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在

现在）谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。

If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would feel much better now. If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night. 考点二： wish 句型 表达“但愿?，要是?多好”的语气

wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变化：表示对现在情况珠虚拟时，动词用一般过去时（如did）；对过去的情况进行虚拟时，动词用“过去完成时（如had done）或情态动词的过去时 + 动词的现在完成时（如could have done）”形式；表示情况的虚拟时，用“情态动词的过去时形式 + 动词原形（如might do）。”

I wish I had been to the concert last night. I wish he would forgive me. I wish I would remember all the English words in a week.

同例： 在as if /as though引导的状语从句中和以 if only引起的感叹句中，谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。例：

He talked as if he had known Tom for a long time.

He talks as if he were the boss. 他说起话来就像他是老板。

If only I were free now. （注意： if only?后面可以不加主句 ）

考点三：在强制性语气的宾语从句中， 即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should)

+ 动词原形， 其中should 经常被省略。这类动词包括：

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suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist, advise, decree (发布命令；下令), determine, prefer, stipulate, move（动议，规定），direct（命令），maintain（坚持），decide，

ask

I suggest that you (should) not be late again next time.

I prefer that you ( should ) not do that. 我认为你还是别干那件事的好。 注意一： 以上动词转化为名词（如：suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement,

request, agreement, determination, preference , resolution, indication 等）后接同位语从句或表语从句

时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用“（should）+ 动词原形” (should可省略)。 We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.

His demand is that all of us (should) be present at the meeting.

注意二：以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来判断。

What he said suggested（表明）that he did not agree with us.

考点三：It is/was + 形容词 / 过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事的反应。

important, natural, desirable, possible, astonishing, advisable（可取的, 明智的）, anxious, appropriate, compulsory（义务的；强制的；强迫的）, crucial (至关紧要的), eager, essential, fitting, imperative (命令的, 强制的, 必要的), improper, natural, necessary, obligatory (义不容辞的, 必须的), preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing shocked, requested

It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline. It is requested that a vote be taken. 有人提请投票表决。

It is necessary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us. 注意：表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊这样的形容词如amazing, strange, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkable，incredible等后的that从句中should一般不省略，而且翻译为“竟然”, 表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。

It is surprising that they should pass the time like that. It is incredible that Jane should have finished her paper so soon. It is strange that there should be any hope of finding the lost child. 考点四：在 would rather…, would sooner…, had rather…, would just as soon…, would prefer… 意为“宁

可，但愿”。从句用虚拟语气，若表示现在或将来的事情，谓语用过去时；若表示过去的动作，用过去完成时。

I would rather that you painted the room green. I’d just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.

考点五：It’s (about/high/ good ) time that?，表示“该是。。。的时候了”, 含有 “晚一点” 的意思, 表示

建议现在应该做什么事，从句一般用一般过去时。 It’s time you went to bed. It’s high time that we took action.

考点六：在lest that …, for fear that…, in case that … 引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用虚拟语

气，表示“唯恐，以免”，从句用 should +动词原形。 He put his coat over the child for fear (lest )that he should catch cold.

He emphasized it again and again lest she (should) forget.

Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot. （注意：该句陈述某一事实） 考点七：含蓄虚拟条件句

含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由if引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。 如：without, but for, otherwise，or, but that, given, provided, supposing, were it not for等等。

Without your help, we couldn’t have finished the work on time.

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But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night. I wouldn't have succeeded without your help.

We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 三、非谓语动词

所谓非谓语动词，是指不能作谓语的动词。由于英语一个句子只能有一个谓语，如果一个句中出现了两个以上的动词，那么就只能由一个动词作谓语，其它的动词只能以非谓语的形式出现。其特点是非谓语动词不受主语人称和数的限制，但它又具有动词的某些特征，不仅可以接宾语， 而且还有时态和语态的变化。 此外它可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语和同位语。非谓语动词不仅是语法学习的重点和难点，也是每年必考的语法知识。具体表现形式有三种：1. 动词不定式 to + V ; 2. 动名词 V-ing; 3. 过去分词 V-ed 。 三者的核心含义和区别如下： 动词不定式 to + V 一般用来表示目的或结果，或者某个具体的动作。 动名词 V-ing 一般用来表示动作的主动概念和进行意义。 过去分词 V-ed 一般用来表示动作的被动概念和完成意义。 （一）关于动词不定式的考点如下： 考点一：直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词。 这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等 afford agree Ask attempt beg begin bother care choose claim consent decide demand desire endeavor expect fail fear hate help hesitate hinder intend learn manage neglect offer plan pledge prefer prepare pretend refuse resolve start threaten undertake venture volunteer want He pledged never to come back until he had made great success. I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes. 我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。 考点二：在以下情况下常使用不带（或省略）to的动词不定式： 1. 感官动词后面：feel, listen, hear, look at, notice, see, watch, observe, perceive I saw a man enter the shop. 2. 个别表示使役意义的动词，如：have, let, make， The teacher has us write a composition every week. 3. 一些情态动词，had better, would rather…than…，would sooner…than…，rather than, may well do，may as well do (还是?好了)，can not but…，can not help but…等句型， Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi. We might as well put up here for tonight. 4. 在do (did, does, done) nothing (anything, everything )but (except) do 句型中。 I can do nothing but follow your advice. 如果but或except之前没有do，help, 其后的to 不能省略。 There is no choice but to wait and see. 5. 由 all, what 引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。

What I have to do is take a rest.

The only thing I could do was do it myself.

6. 由并列连词and，except, but, than, or 连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时， 第二个动词不定式不带to。

I’d like to stay with you, help you and learn from you.

She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back.

注意：但是如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，则不能省略to.

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To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败也比不尝试好。 He hasn’t decided weather to quit or to stay. 他还没有决定是去还是留。 To be or not to be, that is a question. 是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。

考点三：有些动词后一般跟带“疑问词 + 动词不定式”作宾语，如：consider, discover, discuss, explain, guess,

know, inquire, observe, show, teach, understand, wonder等。 I wonder who to invite. 我不知请谁。

Ask my brother where to put the car. 问一下我哥车停在哪儿。 （二）关于动名词的考点如下： 考点一：直接接动名词做宾语的动词。 admit advise allow anticipate avoid consider delay deny dread excuse encourage fancy endure enjoy feel like finish forgive imagine involve mind permit postpone practise prevent propose recall recollect resent resist risk stop give up can’t help can’t stand suggest appreciate dislike escape forbid miss Forbid smoking on trains. 火车上禁止吸烟。 We have to postpone sending our answer to the request. 我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。 注意：上述动词中 allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend 在有人作宾语时，则后接不定式作宾语补足语。 如：Allow somebody to do something. I recommended going by subway. 我建议坐地铁去。 The doctor recommended me to take a few days’ rest. 医生劝我休息几天。 apply to commit…to owe…to resign… to attribute …to dedicate …to indifference to be familiar to be faithful to be superior to be sensitive to be devoted to look forward to with an eye to 考点二：下列短语中to 为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词。 keep to amount to take to turn to succeed to admit to stand up to with regard to put one’s mind to with a view to get down to live up to owing to be opposed to in relation to aid to object to point to limit to be committed to thanks to No woman could succeed to the throne. 妇女不能继承王位。 I am looking forward to seeing you again. 我盼着再见到你。 考点三：在demand, deserve, need, require, want, worth 等词后面接动名词形式表示被动的意思，即用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用不定式的被动形式。 My socks want mending / to be mended. This grammatical rule deserves mentioning. That novel is well worth reading. 考点四：在下列it 作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中， 用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。 It is no use（no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time等名词） + doing sth.

It is good ( nice, interesting, useless等形容词) + doing sth.; There is no point ( use, sense, good等名词) + doing sth. It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 后悔没有用。

It’s simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.

There is no point in my going out to date someone. 现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。

I find it no good advising him to go with us. 我发现建议他和我们一起去美什么好处。

考点五：在“have difficulty ( trouble, problem, pleasure, a difficult time )(in) doing sth. 结构中，后接动名

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词； 但注意 take the trouble to do sth. , have no time to do sth. 后接不定式.

The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.

考点六：下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生；而

动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。这些动词有： remember to do sth. 记得将要去做某事 remember doing sth. 记得已经做过某事

Please remember to take the medicine. （还没吃） I remember taking the medicine.

（已经吃过）

forget to do sth. 忘记了该做的事情 forget doing sth. 忘记了已经做过了的事情 I forgot to mail the letter. ( 没有发信) I forgot mailing the letter. stop to do sth. stop doing sth.

( 忘记曾经发过信)

停止手中的事去做另一件事 停止正在做的事情

We stopped to have a rest. I really must stop smoking. go on to do sth. go on doing sth.

继续做另一件事情 继续作正在做的事

The president welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations. Peter went on sleeping despite the noise outside. try to do sth. try doing sth.

努力，试图去做某事 尝试，试着做某事 He tried to climb the tree, but he could not. Have you tried this chocolate?

mean to do sth. 打算做某事

mean doing sth. 意味着做某事

I don’t mean to be rude, but could you stop smoking? Jumping from job to job means losing some benefit. regret to do sth. 对某事感到遗憾 regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事

I regret to tell you that you failed the test.

I regret lending him so much money. He never paid me back. 四、非谓语动词的其他考点

考点一：独立主格结构

分词的独立结构可放在句首或句尾，常常在句中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件，方式或伴随情况。分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语。如果分词短语有自己的逻辑主语（一般为名词），它便是分词的独立结构。该分词与其逻辑主语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，常常用逗号与主句隔开。如果逻辑主语与分词的关系是主谓关系， 就用现在分词；如果是动宾关系就用过去分词。至于分词的时态则要看

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主句的谓语动词的时态，如果主句的谓语是一般现在时，分词结构一般用过去时；如果主句的谓语是一般过去时，分词结构则用过去完成时。即 having done 或 having been done. 分词的独立结构前也可以有with， without或there。with本身没有词义，there实际上是引导词，being后面的名词才是分词的逻辑主语。

Weather permitting, we’ll be going fishing tomorrow.

The students having finished reading the text, the teacher went on to ask them some questions.

All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.

With her hair beautifully done，the customer left the hair-dresser’s happily. With night coming on, they went home. 天晚了，他们回家了。

He left home, without a single word said. 没说一句话，他就离开了家。 There being nothing to do, we played games. 没什么可做的，我们于是玩游戏。 考点二：非谓语动词三种表示被动的结构。（语法常考题）

to be done 不定式的被动态表示将来的动作

being done 用来表示动作的正在（被）进行或者表示原因、条件等 done (having been done) 表示动作的被动关系或过去完成状态。 Are you going to attend the meeting to be held nest meeting？ The question being discussed is very important.

Did you attend the press conference held in Beijing last week? All flights having been cancelled, they had to take the train. 考点三：分词的短语的固定表达方式，一般不受主语一致的限制。如： according to …(根据), judging from…（从……判断）, talking of …（谈到）,

owing to …（由于）, taking everything into consideration …（全盘考虑）, allowing for…(考虑到…), leaving … on one side …(抛开……不谈)，

generally speaking (总的说来)， frankly speaking ( 坦率地说 ), roughly speaking ( 粗略地说 ), honestly speaking ( 老实说 ), strictly speaking ( 严格地说 ), theoretically speaking ( 从理论上说)，

第四讲 英语四大特殊结构 英语中四种特殊的句型结构主要指比较结构、倒装结构、强调结构和平行结构。

一、比较结构

英语中比较结构使用于形容词和副词， 因为只有形容词和副词具有原级、比较

级和最高级。考试中主要测试比较结构和特殊用法。

1. 比较结构具体考点如下：

考点一： 原级比较一般用 as … as ; not as … as ; the same … as ;

特殊结构 A is to B what / as X is Y ; A+倍数或几分之几 as + adj. / adv. + as +B. The work is not as difficult as you think. Air is to us as water is to fish. 我们与空气的关系就像鱼和水的关系。 This book is twice as thick as that one.

考点二：比较级常用结构 A ＋比较级 ＋ than + B 特殊结构：the more … the more (越……越……)； more and more （越来越） This question is less difficult than that that question. (比较对象为彼此独立的人或事物) Iron is more useful than any other metal. (比较对象具有所属关系, 含有最高级含

义) The city is becoming more and more beautiful.

考点三：以拉丁文-ior结尾的含有比较意义的形容词后接to 而不是than. 这些词是：

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superior, inferior , senior , junior , major , minor, anterior, prior（在。。。之前） , posterior (在。。。之后)

He is three years senior to me.

This type of computer is superior to that type.

考点四：最高级用于三者以上的事物之间的比较，所以比较的范围自然是少不了。一般表示地方用介词in;

表示所属关系和人物比较用介词 of. ( 即the +最高级＋in /of …) The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, but it is the third longest river in the

world.

The youngest member of the family is most successful.

Of all forms of energy, electricity is most widely used.

考点五：在 more … than 结构中， than 有时可看作关系代词，相当于than what…

There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today. (Than = than what…) 人们不应该像今天这样担心害怕患上癌症。

There are more wonders in heaven and earth than are dreamt of. ( than=than what…) 天地间的奇迹比人们所梦想的要多得多。

考点六：英语中有一小部分表示绝对意义的形容词没有比较级和最高级。如：

dead, deaf, empty, total, whole, perfect, complete, right, wrong, equal, daily false, final absolute, alone, round, pregnant, square, supreme, unique, straight, eternal, unanimous

考点七：几组由 “more than ；more … than” 和“no / not ＋ 比较级” 等构成的惯用句式及其含义。

more than 其含义为: “不仅是， 非常， 十分”等， 用法和意义较多。 more …than 其含义可以是: “与其说……不如说， 不是……而是” What we are doing today is more than donating some money. 今天我们所做的不只是捐一些钱。

Their action was more than justified. 他们的行动是完全有理由的。 He is more brave than wise. 他有勇无谋。

The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammer book. 这本书看起来与其说是一本语法书，不如说是一本词典。 no more than 强调少，意为“只有，不过，仅仅” not more than 客观叙述，意为“不超过” He has no more than five dollars on him. 他身上仅有5美元。（强调少）

He has not more than five dollars on him. 他身上带的钱不超过仅有5美元。（强调数额少于5美元）

no more … than含有消极否定的意思，可译为“A与B都不…，不… 也不” not more … than 含有积极、肯定的意思，表示程度上的差异。 He is no more diligent than you. 他不勤奋，你也不勤奋。（两人都不勤奋）

He is not more diligent than you. 他没有像你那样勤奋。（两人都勤奋，但你更勤奋）

no less than = as much as 意为：“竟有…之多，多达”强调多

not less than 意为“不少于，至少”，可观地描述

no less … than 前后均为肯定，含有惊奇的感情色彩。可译为：“是…是， 正是， 和 … 一样, 多达，应有…之多”

His son has read no less than 50 English books.

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他的儿子竟然读了50本英文书。（强调多）

His son has read not less than 50 English books. 他的儿子读了不少于50本英文书。（不强调多或少） The middle-aged man was no less a person than the new minister. 这位中年人正是新来的部长。

Her voice is no less sweet than it used to be. 她的歌声和以前一样甜美。 考点八：常见的各种比较结构的表达法

1. 倍数＋N + of 其中 N表示比较的方面 如：weight, size, age…. This room is three times the size of that one. 2. 倍数＋ that / those of = as much as … His weight is three times that of mine. 3. 倍数 ＋ as + adj. + as

This room is three times as large as that one. ( 三倍大) 4. 倍数 ＋ more than

This room is three times larger than that one. （大两倍）

二、倒装结构

倒装结构也是英语考试中的常考语法现象，该结构分为全部倒装和部分倒装。所谓全部倒装是指

整个谓语部分放在主语前面；而部分倒装是指谓语的一部分（情态动词或助动词）放在主语之前。 考点一：表示地点、方向和时间的副词或者介词放在句首时，句子要全部倒装。这些词有： here, there, up, down, out, away, now, then,

There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat. 突然 出现一阵风 将他的帽子吹走了。 In each room are ten students. 每个房间里有十个学生。 考点二：当含有否定意义的词或短语放在句首时，要用部分倒装。这类词包括：

not, never, neither, seldom, little, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, no longer, not until, at no time, by no means, on no account, in no case, under no circumstances, on no account, not only … but also…。

Nowhere in the world can you find a man who loves you so much. Not until he came back did I leave. (注意：只能是主句的主谓倒装) On no account will the manager tolerate rudeness from his employees. 无论怎样，经理决不会容忍员工们的粗鲁行为。

考点三： as +adj. / adv. 以及“to such a degree, to such an extent, to such a point.”放在句首， 表示程度，

句子要倒装。

To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire. 他的身体每况愈下，以至于有人强迫他退休。

So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep. 他工作太认真了， 以至于常常忘了吃饭喝睡觉。 考点四：虚拟语气中，省去if 后， 从句需要倒装。

Had he not been promoted, he never have remained with the company.

（＝ If he had not been promoted, …）要不是得到晋升，他决不会留在公司里。

Should you change your mind, no one would blame you. 要是你改变注意， 就不会有人责备你。

Were he to leave today, he would get there by Monday.

Had I known what was going to happen, I would never have done such a thing.

本来为If I had known what? 要是我知道是怎么一回事， 我也就不会作出这样的事了。

考点五：“only + 状语”放在句首时，句子需要倒装。

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Only by working hard can you achieve your goal. 只有努力工作才能实现你的目标。

Only in this way can we solve this problem successfully and effectively.

考点六： 由as 或though 引导的让步状语从句有时也用倒装句，即把表语或部分谓语提前。 Patient though / as he was, he was unwilling to wait three hours. 他虽有耐心，但也不愿意等三个小时。 Child as / though he was, he had a good command of English. 他虽然是个孩子，但已经熟知英语。

Try as he might, he couldn’t open the box. 不管他想什么办法， 都没法打开那个箱子。 The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. ( be it selling…= whether in may be selling …) 每天的生意，无论是售货还是运货，都进行得很顺利。 Be it so humble, there is no place like home. ( be it so humble = However humble it may be,…) 金窝银窝，不如自己的草窝。 考点七：由be 引起的倒装句表示让步，并带有虚拟语气的结构特点，即 be 用原形。 三．强调结构 英语中表示强调的结构是 ― It is (was) + 被强调的部分＋that (who)+句子的其它部分，除了谓语部分外，其余的可以用于强调句。需要注意的是当强调的部分是时间状语或地点状语时，只能用that而不用when 或where； 当被强调的部分是人时，可以用who； 当强调主语时要注意主语和谓语的一致。 It is my uncle that/who is coming to visit us. 即将拜访我们的就是我的叔叔。 It was at midnight that he came back home. It was in the park that the two old friends ran into each other.他们两个老朋友就是在公园里碰见到的。 It’s not you who are in trouble; but it’s I who am in trouble. It was not until the accident happened that I became aware of my own foolishness 直到事故发生了我才意识到自己的愚蠢。 四： 平行结构。平行结构是MBA联考中必考的语法点。其基本要求有两点：一是平行结构的搭配必须正确；二是平行结构前后连接部分必须一致，不能一会是不定式，一会是动名词。平行结构概括如下： No. 1 平行结构 A and/ but/or B both…and… not only…but also… between… and … / from … to … 2 neither…nor… either…or… 3 4 more…than as …as …; not so … as … whether … or … whether … or not S + V + if 5 prefer … to … superior to inferior to

24 12 10 11 9 No. 8 平行结构 hardly … when …; no sooner …than … barely … when… scarcely … when… for one ting … for another … on the one hand … on the other hand … some… others … still others … the reason why … is that … the reason that … is that … Not … but not that … but that… not because …but because … not only because … but also because … It is adj for sb. to do sth. It is adj of sb. to do sth. it is adj that SVO

senior to junior to 6 not … until … 13 not … any more than 与其说。。。不如说 so … that … such …that … the same … as … such as … such N as 14 It is _____ that . A and B, too A and B as well A as well as B A rather than B A instead of B More A than B Prefer A to B 7 e.g. I value a friend who is sweet, kind, and loving. To know what is good and to do what is right is not the same thing. 知道什么是好的与做正确的事是两码事。 He is well –known not only in China but also in many other countries. 他无论是在中国还是在其它国家都声名显赫。 It is easier to spend money than to make money. 考点二：情态动词＋完成式 表示对过去的推测。注意肯定和否定的不同含义。 The money has disappeared. Who could have taken it? 钱没了，会是谁拿了 ？ You screamed in your sleep last night. You must hve had a terrible dream. 你昨天晚上睡觉大喊大叫，你一定是在做恶梦。 You should have phoned me last night. 你昨晚应该给我打个电话。（实际没有打。含有责备之意） She sholdn’t have eaten those mushrooms yesterday. Mushrooms don’t agree with you. 她昨天本来不应该吃那些蘑菇，她不能吃蘑菇。 The restautant was nearly empty. We needn’t have booked a table.

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