2018届高考英语专题：语法填空（含解析）

2018届高考涨分 英语专题专攻 语法填空(含有解析)

请圈中“题眼”

比如41空the age of,42空1970s,43空and,44空remember,45空even递进 Exercise One

I was born in a town called Blackburn, in the northwest of England, and lived there till I left home 41 the age of eighteen. My parents had moved to England from India during 42 1970s.

As a child, I went to my local school and, of course 43 (speak) English with a local accent. But home was very different: we lived in a kind of “little India”, with a huge extended family of uncles and aunts. I remember 44 (feel) part of this big thing called “family”, and an even 45 (big) thing called “India”. I suppose my family 46 (real) influenced me while I was growing up. They used to talk about India as “home” — even 47 at that time I had never been there! To me, it doesn’t seem at all strange to grow up as part of two cultures. I am always thinking that growing up with two cultures is a gift, not a 48 (advantage). Now as a mother, I want my child 49 (get) in contact(接触) with her Indian roots too, so we are planning to visit there later this year. All her Indian 50 (cousin) are expecting to meet her!

Exercise Two

Researchers find that___41___large amount of African dust can blow all the way across the Atlantic Ocean and fall on North and South Americas.

African dust storms can harm air quality_____42_____the ocean. But a new research by scientists from other countries_____43_____ (show) the storms also can do some good.____44____is found that an average of 28 million metric tons of Saharan dust falls in South America’s Amazon River basin each year. Scientists say the

dust

is

an

important____45____(provide)

of

fertilizer.

“Yes,

it’s_____46_____(surprise) because of the huge amount of dust and phosphorous(磷),___47___ is a nutrient that plants need_____48_____(grow),” one of them says.

In fact, the phosphorous_____49_____(fall) from the sky is about the same as the amount that rivers carry out each year. The thick rainforest and the desert dust____50____(join) together on one small planet.

Exercise Three

You may feel short of money even if you have a good salary. The following are

some tips on 41 to save your money. First, set goals to save money and form money-saving 42 (habit) while staying away from those who waste money. Think twice before using money on expensive skin care products.

Second, cut down your daily expenses. When going to a supermarket, write down what you want to buy to avoid 43 (buy) unnecessary stuff. Girls, 44 always spend money on clothes, should keep 45 eye open for discounts --- you’re likely to buy good summer dress in winter at a 46 (reason) price. Third, economize your social life. When it’s your turn to buy a meal, invite your friends to your home and cook the dinner 47 (you). If you separate from your boyfriend, you 48 (suppose) to donate the gifts he sent to you to some charities instead 49 throwing them away.

50 (eventual), you need to find other ways to earn extra money.

Exercise One

61. at 62. the 63. spoke 64. feeling 65. bigger

66. really 67. though/if 68. disadvantage 69. to get 70. cousins

Exercise Two

41. a 42. across 43. shows 44. It 45. provider

46. surprising 47. which 48. to grow 49. falling 50. are joined

Exercise Three

41 how 42 habits 43 buying 44 who 45 an

46 reasonable 47 yourself 48 are supposed 49 of 50 Eventually

【一】

The Chinese Garden of Friendship was built as a beautiful symbol of friendship __1__ Sydney in the State of New South Wales and Guangzhou in the province of Guangdong, China (sister cities of sister states), to mark Australia’s bicentenary in 1988.

The garden __2__ (design) and built by Chinese landscape architects and gardeners __3__ (follow) the Taoist principles of “Yin-Yang” and the five opposite elements — earth, fire, water, metal and wood. These principles also stress the __4__ (important) of Qi, the central force of life and energy.

Yin-Yang __5__ (play) such a vital role that just one missing element would disrupt (扰乱) the garden’s harmony and balance. However when __6__ (combine) perfectly, the five elements form a fluid and nurturing environment. Everything you encounter in the garden has been

hand-picked and very carefully placed to capture the five elements and the energy of Qi.

Unlike western-style gardens, there are no planted flowerbeds __7__ neatly-cut lawns. Instead, wild __8__ (aspect) of nature are recreated in landscapes __9__ feature waterfalls, mountains, lakes and forests.

The art of Chinese Garden design began in imperial parks during the Shang dynasty 3,000 years ago. Darling Harbour’s Chinese Garden of Friendship is a small-scale version of a __10__ (type) private garden from this time.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了象征友谊的中国园林的设计原理和风格，以及园林里的一些特色风景。

1．between between ... and ...意为“在……和……之间”，此处指作为两座城市之间友谊的象征，符合语境。故填between。

2．was designed 根据语境可知，这座花园是由中国的景观设计师和园艺家设计修建的。主语“The garden”与design之间构成被动关系，且此处是陈述过去发生的事情，因此应用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was designed。

3．following 此处指景观设计师和园林师遵循道家的阴阳法则。根据语境可知，“architects and gardeners”与动词follow之间构成主动关系，故应用follow的现在分词形式作状语。故填following。

4．importance 句意：阴阳和五行强调“气”的重要性，它是生命和能量的主要力量。根据词法知识可知，此处应用important的名词形式作动词“stress”的宾语，且用定冠词“the”修饰。故填importance。

5．plays 句意：阴阳起着如此关键的作用，以至于一个要素的缺失都会扰乱花园的和谐与平衡。根据语境可知，该句陈述的是客观事实，因此用一般现在时；主语“Yin-Yang”是抽象名词，因此谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。故填plays。

6．combined 句意：当五个要素完美结合时，就形成了一个流动的培养环境。此处when引导的是时间状语从句，主句主语“the five elements”与动词combine之间构成被动关系，故用被动语态，其中主语和be动词可省略。故填combined。

7．or 句意：与西式风格的花园不同，这个花园里没有种植花圃和修剪整齐的草坪。在否定句中表示“和……”用连词or。故填or。

8．aspects 根据下文中的“are recreated”可知，主语是复数。故填aspects。

9．that/which 根据语境可知，这些风景以瀑布、大山、湖泊和森林为特色。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词“landscapes”，在从句中作主语，故用that或which引导。故填that/which。

10．typical 根据空格前的“a”和空格后的“private garden”可知，此处应用形容词作定语，typical意为“典型的”。故填typical。

【二】

My interest in Chinese food started years ago, when I was a young reporter for the Washington Post. Our office wasn’t far __1__ Chinatown, where I found some very good Chinese restaurants.

The first time I ever ate Chinese food, I loved it. I __2__ (notice) the fresh taste of the meat and vegetables. When I learned more about the food, I began to understand why __3__ has this special feature.

Many years ago, China had __4__ energy crisis because it lost much of its wood due to overpopulation and poor __5__ (manage) of its forests. This loss was very bad for the country, of course, but it turned out to be very good for the food. Wood became very expensive and hard to get, so the Chinese had to either find a substitute for their __6__ (value) wood, or learn how to use it better. There weren’t any substitutes so people found ways to economize.

In order to economize in __7__ (cook), they had to use very little wood. So they started cutting their meat and vegetables into small pieces before they put them in the hot oil. That way, the food cooked __8__ (fast) and they saved more fuel. The food __9__ (prepare) in this way kept its fresh flavor — and it’s this flavor __10__ attracts people from other countries to the art of Chinese cooking.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了作者对中国食物的热爱和中国烹饪的由来。 1．from 句意：我们的办公室离唐人街不远…… be far from意为“离……远”，符合句意。故填from。

2．noticed 根据上下文的时态可知，此处应用一般过去时。故填noticed。

3．it 句意：当我对这种食物了解得更多时，我开始明白为什么这种食物会如此特别。空格处与前一分句中的“the food”为同一事物，为了避免重复，故用代词“it”指代“the food”。故填it。

4．an 句意：多年以前，中国发生了一次能源危机……空格处修饰“energy crisis”，表示泛指，crisis在该句中为可数名词单数，且“energy”的读音以元音音素开头，因此填不定冠词an。

5．management 根据空格前的形容词poor及空格后的介词of可知，空格处应为名词。故填management。

6．valuable 空格后是名词wood，因此应用所给词的形容词形式修饰wood。故填valuable。

7．cooking 介词in后用名词、代词或动名词。cook作名词时意为“厨师”，不合句意，因此要用其动名词形式cooking，意为“烹饪”。

8．faster “the food cooked ________”与and后的“they saved more fuel”是并列关系，故此处也应用副词fast的比较级faster。

9．prepared 分析句子结构可知，句子的谓语动词是kept，故prepare是非谓语动词。prepare与主语the food之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，因此用其过去分词形式。故填prepared。

10．that 去掉it’s和空格后，句子剩余部分结构和意义都完整。由此可知，本句是一个强调句。故填that。

【三】

At my workplace there aren’t enough __1__(opportunity) to be different. We give care to others but sometimes we forget to care for __2__(we) and each other.

So, I print __3__(inspire) messages, happy pictures, etc, and post them on a blank space __4__ I’ve found in one of our rooms. I believe they add to our “emotional education”．

One person asked me, “Why do you try to help these people? They are not very nice？” My answer __5__(be), “If it affects one person then it’s a good thing.” It doesn’t matter whether it has an impact __6__ anyone else. What matters is that I’m the __7__(good) person I can be.

I know those __8__(print) stories and articles are read because they keep getting moved about. So, __9__(eventual), like sandpaper against a rough surface, __10__ surface will become smooth and the messages will get through. How long it takes really doesn’t matter.

语篇解读：本文为夹叙夹议文。作者通过自己的经历告诉我们关爱别人的同时，也不要忘记关爱自己。

1．opportunities 根据空前的“there aren’t”可知，there be句型中的主语应用复数形式。 2．ourselves 但有时我们忘记了关心自己和互相关心。空处在句中作介词for的宾语，且主语和宾语表达相同的意思，故此处使用反身代词。

3．inspiring 根据语境可知，所填词作定语，修饰messages，故用形容词inspiring“令人鼓舞的”。

4．that/which 分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句修饰先行词a blank space，且在从句中作宾语，故用that/which。

5．was 根据上文中的“One person asked me”可知，此处也应用一般过去时态。 6．on 此处是固定搭配have an impact on ...“对……有影响”。 7．best 根据空前的“the”可知，此处应用最高级，故填best。

8．printed 分析句子结构可知，空处在此作前置定语修饰stories and articles，且print与stories and articles之间为逻辑上的被动关系，故此处使用过去分词作定语。

9．eventually 根据语境可知，此处应使用副词eventually作状语修饰整个句子。 10．the 此处surface为特指，空处应使用the。

【四】

Do you have sleeping problems? If so, then these tips may help you fall asleep fast.

Set aside the thought __1__ you have to fall asleep. The more you think of it, the __2__ (hard) you will fall asleep.

The foods you eat also play __3__ important part. Avoid eating or drinking things like chocolates, coffee, tea and energy drinks. If you have to, then have them in the morning and never in the afternoon, __4__ (especial) before going to bed. Don’t eat too much at night. A full stomach will make it more difficult for you __5__ (fall) asleep because your body is working more time to digest the food you ate.

Make a __6__ (fix) time to go to bed. For example, by 9 o’clock in the evening you should already be in bed. Do this even if you’re not sleepy yet. Once __7__ (follow) this routine, you will gradually see that you feel __8__ (sleep) when it’s 9 o’clock.

Make your room comfortable for sleeping. You should also take note that the sleeping environment also affects your sleep. It must be in the room __9__ it’s not noisy. Otherwise, you will find __10__ difficult to fall asleep again after waking up.

语篇解读：文章介绍了几种有助于快速进入睡眠的方法。

1．that 设空处引导同位语从句，对thought进行解释说明，所填词在从句中不作成分且语义完整，故用that。

2．harder 本句为“the＋比较级 ..., the＋比较级 ...”结构，故填harder。 3．an play an important part“起重要作用，扮演重要角色”。

4．especially 修饰介词短语before going to bed应用副词形式，故填especially。 5．to fall 在句型“make it＋adj.(difficult, easy etc.)＋for sb.＋to do sth.”中，it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为后面的不定式短语。

6．fixed 设空处作定语修饰time，故应用形容词形式。fixed“固定的，不变的”，符合语境。

7．following 句意：一旦你开始这样做的话，就会逐渐发现自己在9点的时候就觉得困了。follow与逻辑主语you是主动关系，故应填现在分词following。

8．sleepy feel 为系动词，后接形容词作表语。sleepy“困的”，符合语境。

9．where 设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the room，并在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where。

10．it 在句式结构“find it difficult to do sth.”中，it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为后面的不定式短语。

【五】

Also __1__ (know) as “paper paintings” and “painted pictures”， New Year paintings are __2__ unique art form in Chinese folk culture. The paintings are called “New Year paintings” because they are __3__ (most) posted during the Chinese New Year holiday __4__ decoration and they are also a symbol of New Year’s greetings.

New Year paintings __5__ (appear) around the Tang Dynasty, replacing the previous door pictures __6__ (feature) the gods believed to be able to protect the residents and drive away ghosts. In the Song Dynasty, New Year paintings were created on a large scale. With the advancement of printing technology, the content and forms of New Year paintings became __7__ (diversity). The development of the paintings matured in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, __8__ the art hit its heyday (全盛期)．

Traditional printing __9__ (method) of New Year paintings include woodblock printing, stone

block printing, offset (胶印) printing, traditional Chinese painting, watercolor painting,

sketches, etc. Woodblock printed New Year paintings __10__ (be) the most popular and interesting ones.

语篇解读：本文为说明文，涉及社会文化和习俗话题。本文主要介绍了中国的传统文化艺术之一——年画的用途、起源和分类，彰显了中国元素。

1．known 空前无主语，故填非谓语动词。be known as“作为……而知名”，故填known。 2．a 年画是中国民间文化中的一种独特的艺术形式。此处表示泛指，故填不定冠词。unique的发音不是以元音音素开头的，故用a。

3．mostly 因为它们通常都在春节期间被张贴，作为装饰画。修饰谓语动词用副词。mostly“通常，多半，大部分”。

4．for 此处表示目的，故用介词for。

5．appeared 年画大约起源于唐代，表示过去发生的动作，故使用一般过去时。 6．featuring 代替先前的以神为特色的门画。分析句子结构可知，空处作定语修饰door pictures。door pictures与feature之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，故填动词的feature在此是动词，意为“以……为特色”。

7．diverse/diversified 在本句的系表结构中，作表语的应是形容词。diverse“多种多样的”。也可填diversified“多样化的”。

8．when 年画在明清时期走向成熟，达到鼎盛。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，且从句中缺少时间状语，故填when。

9．methods 从后文可知，年画的制作工艺有很多种，故填method的复数形式。 10．are 木版年画最为盛行，也最有趣。由主语paintings可知，谓语动词应使用复数。且此处是对客观情况的陈述，应用一般现在时。

ing形式作定语，

【六】

When leaving school, I was pleased that my exam results meant that I could study engineering at university. But I also wanted to travel before __1__ (start) my course. A friend of mine told me about the British Exploring Society, an __2__ (organize) which helps students take a gap year (a year between leaving school and going to college). It has three foreign __3__ (journey) a year, taking 16－20-year-olds on science and nature trips. I love being outdoors, and a mountaineering trip to Alaska was on offer. So I signed up (报名) __4__ (immediate)．

There was one problem, though. I had to raise a huge amount of money __5__ the trip. It was a big task, but I managed to make __6__. I washed cars, worked in a cafe and also __7__ (sell) off some of my old books, clothes and CDs. Then as I was about to start out, I started worrying. Can I do this? Am I fit enough?

Seventy of us traveled to Alaska. The first two days after our __8__ (arrive) were spent in a school hall preparing our equipment and five tons of food. Then we left for the beautiful Talkeetna Mountain. On the trip we dug paths and recognized plant species. Then we climbed a mountain __9__ was over 6,000 feet high. It was tiring but exciting.

Looking back, a gap year was so right for me. I learned a lot about accepting other people for what they are. We had to help each other and it made me less selfish. My gap year has also made me __10__ (much) able to concentrate than before. Now, whenever I’m worried about anything, I think I did Alaska — I can do this.

语篇解读：本文主要讲述了作者在间隔年的经历。 1．starting before是介词，后接动词

ing形式。

2．organization 空格前有冠词，因此需要用名词。

3．journeys journey为可数名词，前文中的three表示此处应该用复数形式。 4．immediately 修饰动词短语signed up要用副词。 5．for 介词for在此处表示目的。

6．it make it为固定短语，表示“获得成功”。

7．sold 句中的washed, worked和空处为并列谓语，故用一般过去时。 8．arrival 由空格前的our可知此处需要用名词。

9．which/that 先行词为a mountain，空处在从句中作主语，故用关系代词which或that。 10．more 根据后文中的“than before”可知要用比较级。

【七】

The best way to deal with sports injuries is to keep them from happening in the first place. Knowing the rules of the game you’re playing and using the right __1__ (equip) can go a long way toward preventing injuries. If you think you’ve been injured, pull __2__ (you) out of the game or stop __3__ (do) your activity or workout. Let a coach or parent know what happened in case you need to see a doctor. Serious head and neck injuries happen most often to athletes __4__ play contact sports like football. Keep the injured person still with his or her head __5__ (hold) straight while someone calls for emergency __6__ (medicine) help. If the person __7__ (lie) on the ground, do not try to move him or her.

Your first question after a sports injury will __8__ (probable) be, “When can I play again？”

This depends on the injury and what your doctor tells you. Even if you can’t return to your sport right away, a doctor might have suggestions and advice __9__ what you can do to stay fit. Always check with your doctor __10__ trying any activity following an injury.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，讲述了在运动中受伤以后应该怎么办。

1．equipment 分析句子结构可知，此处指合适的器材，equipment “设备，器材”，是不可数名词。

2．yourself 这是一个祈使句，由前面的you可知，该处用yourself。

3．doing 由“you’ve been injured”可知，受伤了就要停止活动，stop doing sth.“停止做某事”，故用doing。

4．who/that 空处引导定语从句，先行词为athletes，指人，故用who或that。 5．held 动词hold与his or her head是动宾关系，故用过去分词作宾补。 6．medical 分析句子结构可知，此处是形容词修饰名词help，故用medical。 7．lies/is lying 此处表示“如果这个人躺在/正躺在地上”，故应用一般现在时或现在进行时。

8．probably 分析句子结构可知，这里应用副词修饰动词。

9．about/on 分析句意可知，这里指的是“做什么来保持健康的建议”，故用about/on表示“关于”。

10．before 分析句意可知，在尝试任何活动之前先咨询一下医生，故用before。

【八】

Hospitals haven’t always been clean and quiet places. Long ago they were dirty and crowded. Nurses were never taught __1__ to look after their patients and many people died. It was Florence Nightingale who changed all this.

Florence was born in 1820. As a child, she often went with her mother __2__ (visit) the poor people. They took food and medicine to the sick. It was these visits that first gave her the idea of becoming __3__ nurse.

Her chance came in 1854 when Britain went to war with Russia. Florence __4__ (ask) by the government to take a group of nurses to look after the sick and the __5__ (wound). The hospitals were dirty, and there wasn’t enough medicine. Florence and her team worked very hard, __6__ (clean) the hospital rooms and made the bed every day. At night, she would go from room to room, __7__ (check) on the patients. She often stayed to talk to the patients and provided comfort __8__ them.

After the war, Florence opened a school to teach nurses to look after their patients __9__ (proper). However, she never really made a full __10__ (recover) from the illness that she had in the war, and she died in 1910.

语篇解读：本文是一篇人物传记，对护理事业的创始人、现代护理教育的奠基人弗洛伦

斯·南丁格尔进行了介绍。

1．how 根据语境，此处指以前的护士从未被教过要如何照顾病人，故用how。 2．to visit 分析句子结构可知，此处为不定式短语在句中作目的状语。 3．a 根据语境可知，此处表泛指，指“成为一名护士”，故应用不定冠词a。 4．was asked 此处说的是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时；又根据空后的“by the government”可知，Florence与ask之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。

5．wounded “the＋adj.”是固定用法，表示一类人，故填wounded。

6．cleaned 分析句子结构可知，此处与worked和made并列作句子的谓语，故也应用一般过去时。

7．checking check与其逻辑主语she之间是主动关系，故应用现在分词短语作伴随状语。

8．for 根据语境可知，此处指的应是“她给他们提供慰藉”，provide sth.for sb.＝ provide sb. with sth.。

9．properly 空处修饰look after，应用副词形式。

10．recovery 根据语境及空前的“a full”可知此处应用名词形式。

【九】

Sammy Armstrong was driving to his office when he __1__ (notice) a car was stuck on railroad tracks. Then he heard a train whistle. Sammy threw down his sunglasses and keys and ran toward the car. __2__ elderly man, Jean Papich, eighty-four, sat in the driver’s seat, __3__ (turn) the key and hitting the gas. His wife, Marion, seventy-eight, was looking __4__ (nervous) at him. Then Sammy walked __5__ the car and pushed it forward, but his boots slipped on the warm asphalt (沥青). He could see the train approaching fast.

It might be __6__ (easy) to push the car backward, Sammy thought. He ran around to the front of the vehicle and shouted at Jean __7__ (put) the car in neutral (空档). Sammy could feel the ground trembling under his feet. He put his boots against the track and pushed forcefully. Finally, the car rolled off the tracks. When Sammy looked up, the train was just a couple of __8__ (foot) away. Sammy, shocked and __9__ (speech), went back to work as crowd gathered at the scene.

Weeks later, Marion called to thank Sammy. He responded, “I just did __10__ I had to do.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。Sammy Armstrong在开车上班的路上解救了一辆卡在铁轨上的汽车。

1．noticed 文章的整体时态为过去时，且主句中用的是过去进行时，故填noticed。 2．An man在文中第一次提到，应用不定冠词，且elderly的读音以元音音素开头，故填An。

3．turning 空处与句子主语是主谓关系，应用现在分词作伴随状语，并与hitting并列，故填turning。

4．nervously 副词作状语修饰动词。故填nervously。

5．behind 根据下文的“pushed it forward”可知，此处表示走到车的后面推车，故填behind。 6．easier 根据上下文语境可知，向前推车不好推，所以他认为向后面推可能更容易，故填easier。

7．to put 此处为不定式作宾补，他向老人喊让老人挂空档，故填to put。 8．feet a couple of后跟可数名词的复数形式。故填feet。 9．speechless 与shocked并列，根据语境可知，应填speechless。

10．what 分析句子结构可知，空处引导的从句作did的宾语，且空处在从句中充当do的宾语，故填what。

【十】

A recent study shows that most adults did household chores __1__ (active) when they were young. Most kids today do not do as many household chores as before, __2__ same study shows.

An expert said, “Parents today want their kids to spend more time __3__ things that can bring them money and honour. They have stopped __4__ (do) the one thing that has proven to bring success. That is doing household chores.”

Another study finds that compared with the kids __5__ didn’t do household chores, young adults beginning chores at ages 3 and 4 were more likely __6__ (succeed). They had better family relationships, did better in school, performed better at work and were more independent.

Personal happiness __7__ (say) to come from strong relationships. It begins by learning to be kind and __8__ (help) to their parents at home.

If your kids say they have to skip chores because it’s time they __9__ (deal) with their homework, you’d better not let them off the hook. If you do, your child may think grades are more important than caring about others. “What may seem like small __10__ (message) at the moment add up to big ones over time，” says an expert.

语篇解读：本文是说明文。一项研究表明，现在的大部分成年人小时候都做过家务，而现在的大部分孩子不像以前的孩子那样做很多家务了。

1．actively 分析句子结构可知，空处修饰谓语动词，故要用副词形式actively。 2．the 此处的“study”就是上文提到的那个“A recent study”，故用定冠词the表示特指。 3．on 根据固定搭配spend sth. on sth.可知，此处填介词on。

4．doing 根据语境可知，这里说的是“停止做某事”，而不是“停下来去做某事”，故用stop doing sth.搭配。

5．who/that 分析句子结构可知，空处在句中引导定语从句，先行词为kids，关系代

词在从句中作主语，因此本空填who/that。

6．to succeed 此处是be likely to do sth.句型，故填不定式。

7．is said 本句含有“be said＋动词不定式”结构，且这里说的是现在的一般情况，主语为Personal happiness，因此填is said。

8．helpful 本空应填形容词helpful，与kind并列作表语。

9．dealt/should deal It’s time (that) ...句型中，that从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用一般过去时或should＋do，其中should不可以省略。

10．messagesmessage是可数名词，其前没有冠词，故要用其复数形式。

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