全新版大学英语第二版U2单词

Unit 1

Ⅱ. Words and Expressions

1.(L. 7) attach: vt. fasten or join (one thing to another) * She attached an antenna to the radio. (=A tag was attached to each article.) Pattern: attach sth. to sth.

be attached to sth.

2. (L. 21) initial: adj. of or at the beginning; first

最初的会谈是后来达成协议的基础。

(=The initial talks were the base of the later agreement.) *the initial letter of a word 一个词的首字母

3. (L. 25) await: vt. wait for

* He was anxiously awaiting her reply.

他早就期待着这个时刻了。 (=He has long awaited this moment.)

4. (L. 25) on occasion: now and then

* It has, on occasion, created trouble for the bank. 你有时使人们感到诧异。

(=You have on occasion surprised people.) CF: on occasion & on the occasion of

这两个词组非常相似，但意思不同。 on occasion有时，间或。 on the occasion of在… 之际。 * on the occasion of sb.'s wedding

5. (L. 26) neglect: vt. give too little attention or care to * neglect one's meals and sleep

离开时别忘了锁门。

(=Don't neglect to lock the door when you leave.) CF: neglect, ignore & omit

这几个词都有忽略、遗漏之意。

neglect 指对职责、义务或应做的事没有给予足够的注意。这种忘记可能是有意的，也可

能是无意的。例如：

*Those who neglect their duties should be punished. 玩忽职守者应受惩

罚。

*Why do they always neglect the traffic regulation. 他们为什么老是不注

意遵守交通规则呢？

ignore 指疏忽、不顾，强调对某人或某物故意不理会，有时还带有固执地拒绝的意味。

例如：

*When I saw Tom, I stopped to greet him, but he ignored me and walked on.

当我看到汤姆时，我停下来和他打招呼，但他没有理我继续往前走。

*The teacher ignored my difficult questions. 老师对我的难题置之不理。

omit 指因专注或疏忽而忘记某事，这种失误可能是有意或无意的。该词还可指删除不利

或不必要的东西。例如：

*She should not omit to visit the museum. 她不应忘了去参观博物馆。 *The third part of the book may be omitted. 该书的第三部分可以删掉。

6. (L. 28) relevant: adj. directly connected with the subject

(=His color is not relevant to whether he's a good lawyer.)

该证据与此案有关。

(=The evidence is relevant to the case.) Pattern: be relevant to

7. (L. 29 ) investigate:

1. vt. try to find out information about

* Scientists are investigating how the plane crash occurred. * If you hear such a rumor, investigate it thoroughly. 2. vi. make a detailed inquiry *investigate into an affair *investigate into a rumor

CF: investigate, examine & inspect

这几个词都有调查、检查之意。

investigate 较正式，指有条不紊地进行调查研究以发现事实真相，更常用以说明调查案件、

情况、背景来历等。例如：

*They investigated the cause of the accident. 他们调查了事故的原因。 *The police are investigating the murder. 警方正在调查这件谋杀案。

examine 是普通用语，指仔细地检查某人或物。该词还指官方主持的检查或医生进行的诊察，

也表示对某种观点的讨论研究，更指考试。例如：

*They examined our passports very carefully. 他们仔细检查了我们的护照。

*An optician is qualified to examine your eyes and prescribe glasses. 眼科医生有资格来检查你的眼睛并给你配眼镜。

inspect 较正式，用得不如examine广泛，指对某人或某物进行检查、查问，带有揭示其差

异或缺陷的意思。更常指官员们的视察以发现下属单位的缺点等，还指检阅军队。例如：

*The firemen were inspecting the warehouse for potential fire hazards. 消防人员正在检查仓库以防火灾。

*Every length of cloth is inspected before it leaves the factory. 出厂之前每寸布匹都检查过。

8. (L. 30) throw light on: help understanding

* These facts throw new light on the matter.

这些事实使人进一步了解此事。

9. (L. 34) exception: n. sb./sth. that a comment or statement does not apply to

(=There is an exception to this grammatical rule.) 这是那项规定的一个明显的例外。

(= This is an apparent exception to the rule.) Pattern: an exception to Collocation:

with many/few exceptions 有很多/很少例外 without exception 毫无例外，一律 with the exception of 除…之外 make an exception of 把...作为例外

make no exceptions 不容许有例外；一视同仁

10. (L. 39) desirable: adj. worth having as by being useful, advantageous, or pleasing; worth

achieving

* Main Street is a very desirable location for a large department store. * It is most desirable that he should attend the conference. NB: antonym: undesirable

11. (L. 41) accomplish: vt. manage to do (sth.)

* She's accomplished a great deal in the last few weeks.

这项任务不是在一代人的时间里所能完成的。 (= The task will not be accomplished in one generation.) Collocation:

accomplish one's object/goal 达到目的

accomplish one's mission 完成使命 CF: accomplish, complete & finish

这三个词都含“完成”的意思。

accomplish 通常接task, aim, journey, voyage等名词，有时兼有取得效果之意。例如：

*I don't feel our visit really accomplished anything. 我不认为我们的访问真正取了什么结果。

complete 比 accomplish 具体，可接建筑、工程、书籍等名词，指按预期目的把未完成的工

作经过进一步的努力使之完成，主要涵义是补足缺少的部分。例如：

*The building will be completed by the end of this month. 这座楼于本月底建成。

finish 在许多情况下可与complete换用, 但不及complete正式，常含有认真仔细地完成工

作的最后阶段的精工修饰，使之完美的意思。例如：

*Finish the work off before you leave for your holiday. 你去度假前应先把工作做完。

12. (L. 43) in due course: at the proper time; eventually

* Be patient. You'll get your promotion in due course. (声音文件in due course)

(=Your book will be published in due course.)

13. (L. 48) critical: adj. 1) very important

* A second income is critical to the family's well-being. 接下来的两个礼拜对于公司来说是至关重要的。 (=The next two weeks will be critical for the company.) Collocation :

a critical decision 重大的决定

critical moment 紧要关头，关键时刻

2) very serious or dangerous 严重短缺食物

(=a critical shortage of food) Collocation:

critical condition 危险状态 a critical illness 重病

14. (L. 50) principal adj. main; chief

* the principal food of the people of India * the principal rivers of Europe CF: principal & principle

principal和 principle的意思完全不同，但常常被混淆。 principle 仅作名词用，其主要意义指基本的东西或规则和标准。

principal 既是名词又是形容词。作为名词，它一般指居于高位或担任重要角色的人。例如：

a meeting among all the principals in the transaction。作为形容词，它有主要的或首要的的意思。

15. (L. 50) rear: 1. vt. Bring up and educate; look after (animals)

*rear children 饲养家禽 (=rear poultry)

2. n. back part 后部；背面

* The kitchen is in the rear of the house.

停车场在这建筑物的后边。

(= The parking lot is at the rear of the building.)

16. (L. 52) make up for: repay with sth. good; compensate for

* I didn't travel much when I was younger, but I'm certainly making up for lost time now. 他们加速进行以补回失去的时间。

(=They hurried on to make up for lost time.)

17. (L.59) in retrospect: on evaluating the past; upon reflection

* There are some things that you only become totally conscious of in retrospect.

(=In retrospect, what I have done is clearly absurd.)

18. (L.64) facility: n.

1) ability to do sth. easily and well

* play the piano with facility

有学习语言的天才

(= have great facility in learning languages)

2) (pl.) equipment, aids, etc. which make it easy to do things *sports facilities

*There are facilities for cooking in the kitchen. 娱乐设施

(= entertainment facilities)

19. (L. 71) apply: vi.

1) be relevant; have an effect

Pattern: apply to sb./sth.

*What I have said does not apply to you. 教授的这条建议只适用于一些大学生。

(=The advice given by the professor only applies to some of the college students.) 2) write a letter or fill in a form in order to ask formally for sth.

Pattern: apply (to sb.) for sth.

apply to do sth.

*We applied to the authorities for assistance.

他决定申请参加学生会。

(=He decided to apply to join the Student Union.)

20. (L. 79) priority: n. sth. that one must do before anything else

* Study is not on his list of priorities. 道路建设应是予以优先考虑的事。 (=Road building is a first priority.)

21. (L. 82) evolve: vi. develop gradually

Pattern: evolve into 进化成，发展成，逐步形成

evolve from/out of 由…演化而成；从…发展而来

*The early fish have evolved into some 30,000 different species.

这一简单的计划逐步形成为一项复杂的规划。

(= The simple plan evolved into a complicated scheme.) *Some people believe that we evolved from the apes. 这整个想法是从信口说出的一句话发展而来的。 (= The whole idea evolved from a casual remark.)

22. (L. 85) contrast:

1. v. compare (two people or things) so that differences are made clear Pattern: contrast A with/and B

* In her speech she contrasted the government’s optimistic promises with its dismal achievements.

我忍不住把她的态度和她朋友的态度作了对比。

(= I cannot help contrasting her attitude with that of her friends.)

Collocation:

contrast sharply/strikingly 形成鲜明的对比

contrast startlingly/strongly 形成惊人的/强烈的对比

2. n. difference between things compared

*The atmosphere of the Second World War in London was a complete contrast to that of the First.

*There is a marked contrast between the group’s actions and its principles.

Collocation: constitute/form a sharp contrast to 与…形成鲜明的对照

intensify/sharpen the contrast 加强对比 reveal/show a contrast 显示出差别

23(L. 87) harbor:

1. vt. keep (sth.) secretly in one’s mind

* He might be harboring a death wish. * harbor thoughts of revenge

2. n. place of shelter for ships

*The navy has constructed an artificial harbor.

*All the ships stayed in the harbor during the storm.

24. (L. 89) promote:vt. help to grow or develop

* new efforts to promote the world peace 促进经济发展

(= promote economic growth) 牛奶增进健康。

(= Milk promotes health.)

CF: promote & further

这两个词都可指促使某事物朝着预期的目标发展。 promote 用于事物发展的各个阶段，包括起始阶段。例如：

*promote the understanding between the two countries 促进两国之间的相互了解

*The audiolingual method should be promoted. 应当推广听说法。

further 则用于除了起始阶段以外的各个发展阶段。例如：

*Getting a scholarship will further her education. 获得奖学金可以使她继续深造。

25. (L. 90) emerge: vi. come out

(声音文件emerge)

(=Eventually the truth of the matter emerged.)

* Large scale industry emerged gradually as technology evolved.

Pattern: emerge from/out of

太阳从云层背后出现。

(=The sun emerges from behind the clouds.) *New evidence emerged from the investigation.

It emerges that…

*It later emerged that the driver of the car had been drunk.

26. (L. 98) valid: adj. based on truth or sound reasoning

*This is a valid argument against economic growth. (=They have valid reasons for refusing to do it.)

27. (L. 99) worthwhile: adj. worth doing; worth the trouble taken

* Here is some worthwhile advice to any young businessman.

这本书值得一读。

(= It’s a worthwhile book.)

28. (L. 101) superior: better than average or than others of the same type

Pattern: be superior to

be superior in

敌军在数量上占优势。

(= The enemies were superior in numbers.)

这条地毯在质量上远远比那条好。

(= This carpet is far superior to that one in quality.)

After Reading

Ⅰ. Useful Expressions 1. 被系在…上 2. 探索行为 3. 偶尔 4. 父母的责任 5. 揭示，阐明 6. 最终目的 7. 要做的动作 8. 所希望的结果 9. 关键 10. 育儿观 11. 弥补某种错误行为12. 回想起来 13. 善意的 14. 前来帮助某人 15. 极其熟练、温和地16. 适用于 17. 发展到 18. 发展创造力 19. 值得追求的目标

be attached to… exploratory behavior on occasion parental duties throw light on an ultimate purpose desired action desirable outcome critical point

value of child rearing making up for a misdeed in retrospect well-intentioned come to sb.’s rescue with extreme facility and gentleness apply to evolve to promote creativity worthwhile goals

Unit2

Ⅱ. Words and Expressions

1. (L. 2) confront: vt.

1) (of a problem, difficulty, etc.) face (sb.) threateningly * The difficulties that confront us seem insuperable.

* A major difficulty that confronts international students is how best to judge the quality of a program in a foreign university.

2) (of a person) face and deal with (a problem, difficulty, etc.) 军人必须面对危险和死亡。

(=A soldier has to confront danger and death.) * Astronauts have to confront the unknown.

be confronted with: be brought face to face

(=The prisoner was confronted with his accusers.) * conclusions that can be confronted with experience

2. (L. 3) donation: n. money or goods given for a good cause * The hospital receives a good deal of money in donations. 他们对慈善事业慷慨捐助。

(=They made a generous donation to charity.)

Collocation:

a blood donation 献血 make/give a donation 捐赠 promise a donation 允诺捐助

3. (L. 5) confusion: n. a state of uncertainty about what sth. means, etc.

* The enemy retreated in great confusion. 他们的突然到来打乱了我们的计划。

(=Their unexpected arrival threw our plan into confusion.)

Collocation:

covered with confusion 非常慌张 in confusion 乱七八糟，处于混乱状态 throw into confusion 使狼狈，使慌乱

N.B.: 该词的动词为confuse，confusing意思是“令人困惑、迷惑的”， confused意思是“糊涂

的、混杂的”。

4. (L. 5) curiosity: n. a strong desire to know about sth.

* Just to satisfy my curiosity, how much did you pay for your car? (=We burned with curiosity over what was in the box.)

Collocation:

from/out of curiosity 在好奇心驱使下 in open curiosity 公然出头过问与自己无关的事 Curiosity killed a cat. 好奇伤身。

5. (L. 7) stammer: v. speak with a tendency to repeat rapidly the same sound or syllable

* It’s cruel to make fun of people who stammer. 他结结巴巴地道了谢。 (=He stammered his thanks.)

6. (L. 10) deny: vt.

1) say that sth. is not true

* There is no denying the fact that Japan began to invade China as early as the early 1930’s.

2) refuse to admit or accept

(=He denied knowing anything about their plans.)

7. (L. 10) fill out: add information such as your name and address in (a form or document)

* It took me quite a while to fill out the questionnaire. 请把附表填好。

(=Please fill out the attached blank.)

8. (L. 11) fall into: belong to (a particular group of things that have similar qualities) 理事会成员们意见相左，分成自由和保守两个阵营

(=The council members disagreed, falling into liberal and conservative camps.)

* All whales fall into two groups, those with teeth and those without.

9. (L. 13) nothing more than: only, just

(=Happiness is nothing more than good health and a bad memory.) 这只不过是个杜撰的故事而已。

(=It is nothing more than a made-up story.)

10. (L. 19) attain: vt. succeed in achieving, esp. after a lot of effort 我决心不惜任何代价达到目的。

(=I’m determined to attain my purpose at any cost.) * She attained her ambition of becoming a pilot.

Collocation:

attain one’s goal 达到目的 attain the age of 有…岁了 attain the top of a moutain 到达山顶

CF: get, gain, obtain & attain

这四个词都是动词，都有“得到”、“获得”之意。

get是最普通的用语，可指通过任何方式的获得，多用于口语中。例如：

* She got the highest score in fancy rope jumping. 她在花样跳绳中得分最高。 gain多指在竞争中获得，所得的东西往往是有用的或是所期待的。例如：

* I hope you will gain the victory this time. 我希望你这次获得胜利。

obtain是书面语，指靠他人或自己努力而得到，强调结果或目的。例如：

* By this method, we obtained a good result. 我们用这种方法获得了好结果。 attain强调达到完美的地步。例如：

* Such a condition is very difficult to attain. 这样的情况是很难达到的。

11. (L. 16) minimal: adj. very small in size or amount; as small as possible 暴风雨只造成极轻微的损失。

(=The storm did only minimal damage.)

* The Ford CEO offered to work for a minimal salary of one dollar a year.

N.B.: 该词的动词为minimize。反义词为maximal。

12. (L. 21) cherish: vt. love (sth./sb.) very much and protect them

(=Riding horses with my mother when I was a kid has become a cherished memory.)

* She cherished the child as though he were her own.

Collocation:

cherish fond dreams of 做…的美梦 cherished desire 夙愿 cherish a deep love for 热爱…

13. (L. 21) fabricate: vt. make up (a story, a piece of information, etc.) in order to deceive people * Have you ever lied a little, or fabricated a story about yourself, to impress someone

you meet the first time?

她缺席的借口显然是瞎编的。

(=The excuse for her absence was obviously fabricated.)

14. (L. 22) tickle: v.

1) amuse and interest

* The comedian tickled the crowd with his jokes.

* It tickled her to think that her boss would dress up as a clown at the New Year party.

2) move one’s fingers on a sensitive part of another’s body in a way that makes them laugh

* She tickled the boy's feet and made him laugh. 婴儿喜欢轻轻呵痒和紧紧拥抱。

(=Babies like to be tickled and hugged.)

15. (L. 25) vital: adj. very important, necessary, or essential

(=This point is vital to my argument.)

* The leader’s vital and cheerful manner filled his men with courage.

Pattern:

be vital to … 对…极为重要

16. (L. 25) well off: rich, or having enough money to live well

* The Communist Party of China will lead the Chinese people in building a well-off society. 如果他年轻时多努力一点，现在就能过得舒服些。

(=If he had worked harder when young, he would be well off now.)

17. (L. 26) emotional: adj. connected with people’s feelings

(=His emotional language reduced many of the audience to tears.)

* Nature has programmed us all with both physical and emotional needs.

18. (L. 26) pursuit: n. the act of looking for or trying to find

我们为追求幸福生活而努力工作。 (=We work hard in pursuit of happy life.)

* He exercises every day in pursuit of health.

Collocation:

daily pursuits 日常事务 educational pursuit 教育事业 pursuit of profit 追逐利润 in one’s pursuit of happiness 追求幸福

19. (L. 26) out of place: feeling uncomfortable or not suitable in a particular situation

* Your jokes are out of place on such a solemn occasion. 在正式的舞会上，我感到局促不安，很不自在。

(=At the formal party I felt very awkward and out of place.)

20. (L. 34) in contrast to: when a contrast is made to * In contrast to her sister, she is very tall.

(=In contrast to his brother, he is always considerate of others.)

21. (L. 35) consequence: n. a result of sth. that has happened

* Jimmy experienced severe headache as a consequence of heavy drinking the night

before.

这样一种错误可能导致灾难性的后果。

(=Such a mistake would perhaps lead to disastrous consequences.)

Collocation:

as a consequence 因而，结果 in consequence 因此，结果 in consequence of …的结果，因为…的缘故，由于 of consequence 有势力的，重要的

take the consequences 自食其果，承担责任

CF: effect, result & consequence

这三个词都是名词，都有“结果”之意。

effect表示由某种原因直接产生的某一结果或状况。

result表示某一事件的发生或某一行为所造成的结果，有“最终的结果”之意。

consequence表示由于逻辑推断得出的结果，或由于某种原因、一些必要的条件而造成的结

果。

(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

1. The dilemmas that parents find themselves in today is a _______ of changes in society. (=consequence)

2. I tried to persuade him, but with little or no ______. (=effect)

3. One of the ______ of this illness is that you lose your hair. (=effects) 4. It represents the ______ of ten years’ labor. (=result)

5. The high level of unemployment has produced harmful social ______. (=consequences)

22. (L. 36) commercial:

1. n. an advertisement on TV or radio

* TV commercials today are more imaginative than they were 20 years ago. 2. adj. relating to business

* He left the commercial world to become a government official.

商业函件

(=commercial correspondence)

23. (L. 39) focus: v. concentrate (one’s attention, etc.) on (sth.); concentrate (on sth.)

(=You should focus your attention on your work.)

* The only way to attain your goals is to stay focused and work hard.

24. (L. 41) affluent: adj. rich enough to buy things for pleasure

自然资源丰富的土地

(=land affluent in natural resources)

* In an affluent society people can afford to strike a balance between work and life.

CF: rich, wealthy & affluent

这三个词都是形容词，都有“丰富”、“富有”之意。

rich意为“有钱的”、“富有的”，其程度超过正常需要的，语气强烈；形容人时，指拥有大量

金钱、财产，其引申义为“富于…”。例如：

* The rich get richer while the poor get poorer. 富人更富，穷人更穷。

wealthy指人、家庭或国家富有、安康、富裕；语气较缓，程度可大可小。尤指拥有大量财

产、财富。例如：

* Some wealthy people are likely to be philanthropists. 有些富人往往是慈善家。

affluent意为“富裕的”、“富足的”，尤指家庭和社会，在这一点上相当于wealthy，是较正式

用语。例如：

* It’s our duty to build an affluent and civilized society in the new century. 在新世纪建设一个富裕文明的社会是我们的义务。

25. (L. 43) genuine: adj. real, true

他真心诚意地愿意帮助我们。 (=He has a genuine desire to help us.)

* It appears to be genuine, but I have my suspicions about it.

CF: real, true & genuine

这三个词都是形容词，都有“真的”、“真正的”之意。 real普通用语，指真实的或与事实相符的。

true强调客观事实与实际情况相符合，兼有real的含义。 genuine指真实性是有据可查的。

(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary. 1. It is _______ that the earth is round. (=true) 2. Is this a ______ Ming vase? (=genuine) 3. This is a story of ______ life. (=real) 4. A mirage is not a ______ object. (=real) 5. ______ silver (=genuine)

26. (L. 45) go through: experience (sth. difficult or unpleasant)

* He’s amazingly cheerful considering all that he’s gone through. 孩提时代, 他经历了一个又一个的艰难困苦。

(=When he was a child, he went through one hardship after another.)

(Directions:) Choose the appropriate translation for the expression “go through” in the following sentences.

A. 检查、审查、搜查 B. 完成、做完 C. 遭受、经历 D. 看完

D 1. How long will it take to go through the book?

C 2. I’m flattered that you went through all this trouble just for me. A 3.They went through our luggage at the customs.

B 4. With great concentration she went through the movements.

27. (L. 47) linger: vi.

1) last or continue for a long time

* Before leaving Suzhou, we took a last lingering look at the beautiful view. (=The beautiful melody is lingering in my mind.) 2) take a long time to leave or disappear

* He lingered outside the school after everybody else had gone home.

CF: stay, remain & linger

这三个词都是动词，都有“停留”、“逗留”之意。

stay是本组词中最普通的用语。或长期或短期，或永远或暂时地停留。例如：

* My car stays in the garage most of the week. 我的车子一周大部分时间都停放在车库里。

remain强调维持原来的状态，表示“逗留”时比stay更正式些。例如：

* Little of the original architecture remains. 原来的建筑现在留存很少了。

linger意思是“逗留”、“徘徊”，尤指迟迟不愿离开的样子。例如：

* He should have gone out, but lingered over his meal till it was too late to catch the train.

他本该出门了，可还慢腾腾地吃饭，以致来不及赶火车了。

28. (L. 47) individual:

1. n. person considered separately from their society

个人权利

(=rights of individuals)

* The welfare of the individual is bound up with the welfare of the community.

2. adj. of or for one person

* A good coach knows how to take best advantage of the strength of each individual player on the team.

* She has her own individual way of walking.

29. (L. 52) tangible: adj. that can be clearly seen to exist; that you can touch and feel

* Tangible assets refer to those assets that have a physical form, such as machinery, buildings and land.

(=Sculpture is a tangible art form.)

N.B.: 该词的反义词为intangible。

Collocation:

hand in hand on hand out hand over

上交；交给 传递；依次传下去 分给；分发 交出；移交

16. (L.122) at any rate: whatever may happen; in any case

* At any rate, I’m going back home.

* At any rate, you survived the car accident.

Collocation:

birth rate first-rate at this / that rate rate of exchange

出生率 一流的

这样/那样的话；照这样/那样的情形 汇率

CF: speed, rate & pace

speed一般指单位时间内所运动的距离。例如：

rate指比率、率，如速度、出生率、入学率等。指速度时可与speed换用。

例如：

pace主要指行走、跑步等的步速，也可指生活、生长、进展等方面的速度、

进度等。例如：

这几个词都是名词，都有“速度”的意思。

* He drove at a speed of 70 miles per hour. 他以每小时七十英里的速度行驶。

* We can’t go any faster. We’re already at top speed. 我们不能再快了。我们已经全速前进了。

* She can read at the rate of 100 words a minute. 她每分钟能阅读100个单词。

* He must pay at the rate of 10 percent. 他必须按照百分之十的比率付款。

* If you advance one pace, I will shoot you. 你再向前走一步，我就开枪了。 * The work progressed at a slow pace. 工作进展很慢。

17. (L.123) community: n. the people living in one place, district, or country, considered as a

whole

* The job of a policeman is to serve the community.

* College students have learned a lot in community service.

18. (L.125) narrow down: make (a list of things) smaller

* The answer to the question was narrowed down to two choices.

* 一百多位申请者将会被减少成仅仅五位候选人。

(=Over a hundred applicants will be narrowed down to a short list of five candidates.)

Pattern: narrow down to

19. (L.129) exhaust: vt.

1) make (sb.) very tired, either physically or mentally * What an exhausting day!

* Four hours’ work almost exhausted her.

2) use up completely

* They have exhausted the supply of oxygen.

* What will we do if we exhaust our reserves of oil?

CF: tired, exhausted & worn out

tired为常见词，但本身没有指明精力的削减程度。例如：

exhausted指体力、精力的完全损耗，难以恢复或需要较长时间才可恢复。例

如：

worn out指过度使用而失去价值或功效。例如：

* He returned at last, too exhausted to eat anything. 他终于回来了，累得吃不下任何东西。

* He became tired from hours’ reading. 他阅读了几小时，感到疲倦。

这几个词都是形容词，都有“累、疲惫”的意思。

* He divorced his wife because he was worn out from listening to her constant complaints. 听妻子不停地抱怨而厌烦，他为此和她离婚了。

20. (L.130) repeatedly: adv. again and again

* I repeatedly warn you not to take the job.

* 我们反复要求员工不允许在办公室吸烟。

(=We have repeatedly requested that staff should not be allowed to smoke in the office.)

21. (L.151) swallow: v. cause or allow (esp. food or drink ) to go down the throat; hide or

suppress a feeling

* Chew your food properly before swallowing it.

* I tried to swallow, but my mouth was too dry.

22. (L.155) frank: adj. showing one’s thoughts and feelings openly

* If you want my frank opinion, I don’t think the plan will succeed.

* It is clear that my students have been frank with me.

Pattern: be frank with sb. be frank about sth.

23. (L.167) interference: n. unwanted or unnecessary involvement in sth.

* I wanted to do the thing on my own without outside interference.

* 你干涉他的私人事务是没道理的。

(=Your interference in his private affairs is unreasonable.)

Pattern: interference in sth.

interference with sb.

24. (L.167) constant: adj.

1) without stopping * He was in constant pain.

* I have had a constant headache for three days.

2) unchanging

* She is my constant companion.

* 产品的价格不是固定的，而是随供求的变化而变化。

(=The price of the product is not constant but varies with supply and demand.)

25. (L.172) in charge of: having control (over) or responsibility (for)

* I am in charge of the department.

* He was left in charge of the shop while the manager was away.

Collocation:

take charge of in one’s charge on a charge of bring a charge against sb. face a charge

负责

由某人照管 以…罪名 指控某人 面临控告

26. (L.181) exceptional: adj. unusual

* All her children are intelligent, but the youngest boy is really exceptional.

* He was an exceptional man with great business talents.

27. (L.184) fill out: complete (a document or form) by supplying required information

* Fill in your name on this check.

* Please fill out the application form and signed it at the bottom.

Collocation:

fill in fill in for sb. fill up fill with

28. (L.190) proof: n.

填入；填上 临时代替 填满；装满 用…填满

evidence or facts that are sufficient to establish a thing as true or believable

* I wouldn’t demand proof of honesty from my friend.

* 美国研究人员发现证据证明，不吸烟的人与吸烟的人一起工作也能得癌症。

(=Researchers in America have found proof that non-smokers can develop cancer by working with smokers.)

29. (L.197) junior: adj.

1) younger

* You are my junior.

* Jane is several years junior to her husband.

* Do you want John Brown Senior or John Brown Junior, the father or the son?

Pattern: be junior to

NB:

Abbrs.: Jr. or jr., used after the name of a person who has the same name as his father, e.g. Tom Brown, Jr.

2) lower in rank than others

* He is a junior officer.

* 他被提升为高级职员之前，做了三年低级职员。

(=He had been a junior clerk for three years before he was promoted to senior clerk.)

out of sight 看不到，不被看到

18. (L. 42) remark:

1. n. things said or written as a comment

*He closed the discussion with the remark that “he who plays with fire gets burnt”.

(=Mr. Smith approached us and made a couple of remarks about the weather.)

2. v. say, esp. something which one has just noticed; give as an opinion

*A local newspaper remarked that inflation was not to be checked for the time being.

*His fluency with the Chinese language was remarked upon by all his Chinese colleagues.

CF: remark & comment

这两个词都是名词，都有“谈论”、“评论”之意。

remark 是常用词，指议论、评价，常含有一种随便的意味。例如： I should be pleased to have your remark. 我将很高兴听到你的意见。

Her absence of hair could hardly escape remark. 她没有头发，免不了被人议论。

comment 通常强调批判性的评述。例如：

Some scathing comments were heard from visitors. 从来宾那听到了一些尖刻的批评。

It became a matter of cynical comment among the neighbors. 她成了邻居们冷嘲热讽的话题.

19. (L. 46) emotional: adj. 1) of the emotions

*She is grateful to him for his emotional support while she was in trouble.

*It’s quite difficult to handle emotional problems.

2) having emotions that are easily excited.

*It’s said that the Italians are more emotional than we are.

*他非常易动感情，我离开时他哭了

(=He was very emotional; he cried when I left.)

20. (L. 46) cue: n. anything that serves as a signal about what to do or say

*When he started to talk about the finance, which was our cue to get up quietly and leave.

*The time had come to say good night. At mother’s cue, we all ascended.

21. (L. 49) routine: n. fixed and regular way of doing things

*These two babies have different daily routines.

*请按常规办事。

(=Please do it according to routine.)

22. (L. 50) rely: vi. depend confidently on, put trust in

*He can always be relied upon for help.

*你放心好了，我会早到的。 (=You may rely on my early arrival.)

Collocation: rely on/upon 依靠; 信任, 信赖 rely upon it 放心

CF: rely, trust & depend

这些词都有“信任”、“相信”的意思。 rely 指完全的信任。例如：

You are the only woman I can rely on.

你是我唯一能指望的女人。

He can be relied on to keep secret. 相信他能保密。

trust 常强调基于没有说服力的证据的信仰产生的信心。例如：

We must try to trust one another. Stay and cooperate. 我们必须试图相互信任。留下来并且相互合作

I don't think I could trust myself to speak to him about it.

我认为我不能对他谈论这件事。

depend 意味着对另一个人的帮助或支持有信心。例如：

It is foolhardy to depend on Middle Eastern countries for our oil supplies. 把我们的石油供应都依赖于中东国家是鲁莽的。

It all depends on how you tackle the problem. 那要看你如何应付这问题而定。

23. (L. 53) abuse:

1. n. 1) wrong or excessive use

*the abuse of power

*alcohol abuse

2) cruel treatment

*The abuse of the helpless prisoner made him bitter.

*human rights abuses

2. vt. 1) put to wrong use; use badly

*He abused his privileges in activities outside his official capacity.

*他辜负了我对他的信任。

(=He has abused my confidence in him.)

2) do cruel things to (a person or animal)

(=I won’t allow you to abuse that dog.)

*The arrested men have been physically abused.

CF: abuse, misuse & mistreat

这些词都是动词，都有“不公正对待”、“伤害”或“滥用”之一。

abuse 最普通，指各种故意的或非故意的、言语上的辱骂或行为上的伤害。例如： He was always abusing people when he was drunk.

他酒醉后总爱骂人。

The serf-owners had the right to beat, abuse or even kill the serfs at will. 农奴主有权任意打马甚至杀掉农奴。 misuse 指不适当的使用，即“误用”、“滥用”，并不一定有目的性。例如： He misused the idiom.

他把这个成语用错了。

He misused his knife at the table by lifting food with it.

吃饭时他误用刀子拿食物。

mistreat 多用于美国英语，表示苛刻或残暴对待。例如： The dog’s owner mistreated him terribly. 这条狗遭到主人的虐待。

The magistrate administered a public thrashing to the landlord who had mistreated his brother. 法官对那虐待兄弟的地主施以公众鞭苔。

24. (L. 54) restore: vt. bring back to a former condition (used in the pattern: restore sth.;

restore sb. to sth.)

*Winning three games restored their confidence.

(=Doing sports every day restored the old man to good health.)

25. (L. 55) arrange: vt. 1) prepare or plan

*A marriage has been arranged between Mr. Brown and Miss White.

*观光局为我们到罗马去的旅行筹备一切。

(=The Tourist Bureau arranged everything for our journey to Rome.)

2) put in order

*I arranged the books on the shelves.

*Before going away, he arranged his business affairs.

Collocation:

arrange for 安排, 准备 arrange with sb. about sth. 与某人商定某事

26. (L. 56) flee: v. run away (from)

*They all fled (from) the burning ship.

(=He killed his enemy and fled the country.)

27. (L. 57) interview:

1. n. 1) meeting at which a journalist asks sb. questions in order to find out their news

*In an exclusive interview with our reporter, the film star revealed some of his personal

affairs.

*Radio interviews are generally more relaxed than television ones.

2) formal meeting at which sb. applying for a job is asked questions, as a way of judging

how suitable they are

*I have been asked to go for an interview for a project I applied for at Harvard University.

*She has had a couple of job interviews, but no offers.

2. vt. ask questions of (somebody) in an interview

*As a journalist, he interviewed many government officials.

*I will be interviewed next week for the chief Executive’s job.

Collocation:

give an interview to sb. 接见某人 have an interview with sb. 会见某人 job interviews （对申请工作者的)口头审查

28. (L. 58) appointment: n.

1) agreement to meet or visit sb. at a particular time (followed by with)

*You can’t see the president of the university unless you make an appointment.

*我已约定下午三时去看牙医。

(=I have an appointment with my dentist at 3pm.)

2) choosing of someone for a position or job * John took the appointment as director.

After Reading

Ⅰ. Useful Expressions 1. 一周中的最好时光 highlight of the week 2. 投稿 submit articles 3. 有时 at times 4. 对…感到厌恶 feel an aversion to 5. 社交方式 forms of socializing 6. 缺乏自律 a lack of discipline 7. 网络交际 cyber-interaction 8. 面对 be confronted with 9. 穿着得体 be dressed appropriately

10. 广告令…心烦

be jarred by the commercials

11. 工作成了次要的。

Work moves into the background. 12. 坏脾气 be bad-tempered 13. 在此状态下 in this state 14. 日常事务 daily routine 15. 依赖 rely on 16. 长期失业 long-term unemployment 17. 吸毒 drug abuse 18. 恢复平衡 restore balance 19. 将…与…区分开 set apart…from… 20. 面对面 face to face 21. 找借口 make an excuse

Unit 5 Ⅱ. Words and Expressions

1. (L. 1) sweat:

1. v. produce sweat

*The white shirts were sweated through. *He was sweating after working so hard.

2. n. liquid which comes out from the body through the skin to cool it

(=I was covered in sweat after running to catch the bus.)

2. (L. 8) grace: n.

1) quality of being smooth and elegant, esp. in movement or structure

*We admired the grace with which the fashion models walked across the room. *She danced with a grace that surprised us. 2) kindness; willingness to do what is right *She had the grace to say that he was right. *他勉强地承认他错了。

(=He agreed that he was wrong with bad grace.)

3. (L. 10) mere: adj. nothing more than

(=She lost the election by a mere 20 votes.) 光说无济于事。

(=Mere words won’t help.)

4. (L. 10) fantasy: n. (creation of ) imagination

*The story is a fantasy.

*He lives in a world of fantasy.

CF: fantasy, fancy & imagination

fantasy 通常指无限制的，不受意志支配的，完全脱离现实的空想。例如：

*An amusement park full of figures from fairy tales may be called Fantasy Land. 一个游

乐园，如果充满了神话故事中的人物塑雕，则堪称虚幻境界。

fancy 强调凭空想象客观世界不存在之事物，这种凭空想象并非完全脱离现实，只是离现实

较远。例如：

*Her mind went where fancy took it. 他总是不着边际地胡思乱想。

imagination 是个常用词，最少有贬义，它所表示的想象或想象力可以指对过去的事物的重

新构想；也可以指对不存在或不能存在之事物的构想。例如：

*Does she have the imagination to figure out what happened? 她真的富有想象力，能

够推想出发生的事情吗？

*These plans reveal a complete failure of imagination. 这些计划显得毫无想象力。

5. (L.13) numerous: adj. very many

*He has a numerous acquaintance among politicians.

*During the Depression, numerous people wandered from town to town looking for work.

6. (L. 15) passion: n. strong feeling, esp. of love

(=The poet expressed his burning passion for the woman he loved.) 他特别喜欢吃冰淇淋。

(=He has a passion for ice cream.)

7. (L. 15) detail: n. small, particular fact or item

*Everything in her story is correct down to the smallest detail.

不要遗漏一点细节。

(=Don’t omit a single detail.)

Collocation:

go/enter into details 详细说明 in detail 详细地

8. (L. 16) recur: vi.

1) come or happen again

*If the pain recurs, take this medicine.

你知道循环小数吗？

(=Do you know the recurring decimals?) 2) (of ideas, events etc.)come back

*My first meeting with her often recurs to my memory.

*Thoughts of home and family recurred to the lonely traveler. 3) go back (to sth.) in words or thought *Let us recur to what you said yesterday. *Do you mind if I may recur to your idea

9. (L. 21) coincide: v.

1) (of ideas, opinions, etc.) to be in agreement

*His tastes and habits coincide with those of his wife. *The judges did not coincide in opinion.

2) happen at the same time of during the same period of time

*They could not go to the theatre together because his free time never coincided with

hers.

(=The art exhibition coincides with the 50th anniversary of his death.)

10. (L. 24) core: n.

1) most important or central part of anything

*The core of the problem is their objection to educational reform. 让我们直入事务的本质。

(=Let’s get to the core of the matter.)

2) hard central part containing the seeds of certain fruits, such as the apple *An apple core is the part of an apple left after the flesh has been eaten.

Collocation:

to the core: 彻底地; 完全地

*She is French to the core. 她是个地道的法国人。

11. (L. 28) alternate:

1. adj. 1) every other or second

*He works on alternate days.

*The show was sponsored by different clients on alternate weeks.

2) (or two things) happening by turns

这是晴雨交替的一周。

(=This is a week of alternate rain and sunshine.)

*She wears a shirt with alternate stripes of blue and white.

2. v. (cause to ) follow by turns

*We alternated periods of work and rest. 汤姆时而发怒，时而害怕。

(=Tom alternated between anger and fright.)

Collocation:

alternate between 时而…时而…

*They alternate between supporting us and opposing us. alternate in 轮流

*We alternate in doing the household chores. alternate with （使）与…交替

*Sunny weather alternates with rain.

12. (L. 32) relax: v.

1) make or become less tense, worried or nervous *Sit down and relax!

音乐可以帮助你放松一下。

(=The music will help to relax you.) 2) make or become less stiff or tight (=His muscles relaxed.)

3) make (effort or control) less severe

*You must not relax your control for a moment.

13. (L. 37) vain: adj.

1) too pleased with one’s own abilities or looks *She’s vain of her beauty. 他极其自负。

(=He’s as vain as a peacock.) 2) without result; useless

*After a number of vain attempts to climb the mountain, we were forced to return to camp.

*It is vain to resist.

NB: vain的常用词组是in vain，意为“徒劳地，白白地”

CF: vain, empty, hollow & bare

这几个词都是形容词，都有“空的”、“空着的”之意。 vain 意思是“空洞的”、“空洞的”。

empty 主要表示某空间没有人或物，无任何内容。 hollow 表示物体内部是空的，如数、气球等。 bare 主要指某物的表面上是空的，无装饰的。

(Directions:) Fill in the blank with the above words and change the form where necessary. 1. The cinema was half ______.

2. We’ve made a ______ attempt to make him change his mind. 3. Don’t sleep on ______ boards.

4. The poor girl went on for another ten miles on an ______ stomach. 5. The walls look solid, but in fact they’re ____

14. (L. 44) emotion: n.

1) any of the strong of feelings of the human spirit *Love, hatred, fear and grief are emotions

*Jack is a man of great emotion, easily given to tears. 2) strength of feeling; excited state of the feelings

*He described the accident in a voice shaking with emotion. *He thought of his dead child with deep emotion.

CF: emotion, feeling and sensitivity 这些词都是名词，都有“感情”之意。

emotion 表示人的精神、身体全部反映的一种状态，表现为人的任何强烈的感情。例如：

*The speaker appealed to our emotions rather than to our minds. 演讲者激发了我们的情感而不是启发我们的思考。

feeling 是常用词，意思是“感觉”、“感触”、“心情”，部分体现为精神，部分体现为身体，但

并不是具有情感反应特征的基本的感觉、反射或心境。除非有上下文的提示，一般

不表明反应的性质、程度。例如：

*Her feeling was that right would win. 她感觉公理会取得胜利。 *He had lost all of feeling in the left leg. 他的左腿完全失去了知觉。 sensitivity 意思是“感受性”、“敏感性”。例如：

*The dentist gave me an injection which reduced the sensitivity of the nerve. 牙医给我注射一针以减轻神经的敏感性。（插入图片dentist）

15. (L. 48) be ashamed of: feeling foolish or uncomfortable because of (sth.) *You should be ashamed of your behavior!

他由于问了这样简单的问题而感到难为情。

(=He was ashamed of asking such a simple question.)

16. (L. 53) startle: vt. Give a sudden shock or surprise to

*You startled me! I didn’t hear you come in. *She was startled to see him looking so ill.

CF: startle, frighten & terrify

这组动词都是动词，都有“恐吓”的意思。

startle指短时间内叫人震惊的恐惧，可能造成突然的不由自主的身体不能动弹。例如：

*The clap of thunder startled us. 雷鸣般的掌声惊呆了我。

frighten是最普通的词，没有特殊的意义，仅表示“吓唬”或“使…害怕”。例如：

*Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs Richards quickly hid in the small store-room under the stairs. 理查夫人不想吓唬这可怜的人，所以她很快地藏到楼梯下的小贮藏室里。

terrify 含义是“使恐怖”，受到这种惊怕的人是不能自制的

*Bruce engaged low gear and drove at a terrifying speed. 布鲁斯接通了低速挡，开车速度快得令人害怕。

17. (L. 56) intensity: n. state of being intense

*The mayor didn’t realize the intensity of people’s feelings on the housing issue. *The poem shows great intensity of feeling.

18. (L. 56) anxiety: n.

1) feeling of worry of fear

*They felt strong anxiety for her safety.

*After hearing their advice he had no more anxieties. 2) strong wish to do something; eagerness

*The teacher praised him for his anxiety for knowledge. *He always shows his anxiety to please his employers.

Collocation:

anxiety about 对…的焦虑 anxiety for 为…的担忧

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