Fabrication of nanomaterials using anodic aluminum oxide and
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期刊文章
CurrentAppliedPhysics11(2011)S339eS345
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CurrentAppliedPhysics
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cate/cap
Fabricationofnanomaterialsusinganodicaluminumoxideandtheirproperties
Hyun-MinYu,JaehyeongLee*
DepartmentofElectronicEngineering,KunsanNationalUniversity,Kunsan,San68,Miryong-dong,Jeollabuk-do573-701,RepublicofKorea
articleinfo
Articlehistory:
Received7September2010Receivedinrevisedform29November2010
Accepted29November2010
Availableonline4December2010Keywords:
Chemicalbathdeposition(CBD)Anodicaluminumoxide(AAO)Cadmiumsul de(CdS)Nanomaterials
abstract
Aporousanodicaluminumoxide(AAO)templateonthealuminumplatewasformedbytwo-stepanod-ization.Verticallywellalignedporeshadtheaverageporesizesof15e70nmandthelengthofapproxi-mately40mm.CdSnanostructurematerialshavebeenfabricatedinporousanodicaluminumoxide(AAO)templatebyusingchemicalbathdeposition(CBD).Thesenanostructurematerialshaduniformdiametersofabout15e200nm,whichcorrespondtotheporesizesofthetemplatesused,andthelengthwasupto40mm.X-raydiffraction(XRD)investigationdemonstratesthatCdSnanostructurematerialswerehexagonalpolycrystallineinnature.AstheporediameterofAAOtemplateswasenlarged,thepreferentialorientationofc-axiswasimproved.FromPLanalysis,thesulfur-de cientdefectsatthesurfacesofCdSnanostructurematerialswereincreasedwhenthesamplewassynthesizedinthetemplatewithlargerporediameter.
Ó2010ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.
1.Introduction
One-dimensionalsemiconductornanostructurematerialshaveattractedconsiderableattentionbecauseoftheiruniquepropertiesaswellastheirpotentiallywideapplicationsinelectronic,opticalstructuresanddevices[1e9].ItiswellknownthatCdSisatypicalwidebandgapIIeVIsemiconductorhavingabandgap2.42eVatroomtemperature.CdShasmanycommercialorpotentialappli-cationsinlight-emittingdiodes,solarcells,orotherphotoelectricdevices.Duetoitsuniformandnearlyparallelporousstructure,porousanodicaluminumoxide(AAO)hasbecomeanidealtemplateforpreparationofmanysemiconductorsnanostructurearrays.ThenanostructureofCdS,CdSe,CdTe,GaN,andZnOcanbefabricatedbyvariousmethods,suchastheelectro-deposition,chemicalvapordeposition(CVD),andchemicalsolutiontransport(CST)[10e17].Comparedwiththesetechniques,chemicalbathdeposition(CBD)hastheadvantagesofsimplicity,highef ciencyandlowcost.Moreover,CBDisawellprovedprocessforthepreparationofCdS lms[18e24].
Inthispaper,wehavesynthesizedtheCdSnanostructurematerialsusingchemicalbathdeposition(CBD)intheAAOtemplate.Thebasicideaofthismethodis,ononehand,tomakethenano-sizedporesinAAOtemplateforthecon nementofgrowthofnanostructurematerialsacrossthediameter,ontheotherhand,totakeadvantageoftheorderlyporesintheAAOtemplateforthedirectionalgrowthofCdSnanostructurematerialsalongthelength.
2.Experimentaldetails
Anodicaluminumoxidelayerwasgrownonthehigh-purityaluminumplate(0.5mmthick,99.99%).Priortoanodizing,theAlplateswereelectropolishedtomakeamirror nishina4:1v/vsolutionofethylalcohol(95%)/HClO4(70%)at20Vand7 Cfor2e3min.Toincreasetheorderingqualityoftheporousstructure,AAOtemplateswerepreparedbyatwo-stepanodizingprocessasdescribeddetailelsewhere[25e27].Firstly,AlplatewasanodizedinanacidelectrolytewithPtcounterelectrodes.Theanodizationtemperaturewas5 Cforsulfuricacid(1.2M)and15 Cforoxalicacid(1.2M),respectively.Theanodizationvoltageandtimewere15e50Vand1h.Theporousanodicoxidelayer,whichhasadisorderstructure,wasetchedinamixtureofphosphoricacid(6wt%)andchromicacid(1.8wt%)for2h.Afterthisremoval,thetexturedAlplatewasanodizedagainfor7e14hundertheidenticalconditionsto rstanodizationstep.Thewideningprocessaftersecondanodizationwascarriedoutinphosphoricacid(0.1M)at30 Cfor10e60min.BecausethediametersofporesinAAOlayerintheourworkwereintherangeof15e80nm,thecommerciallyavailableporousaluminamembranes(Anodisc25,Whatman)whichcontainuniformchannels(w200nmindiameter)wereusedfortheAAOtemplatewithporesizeover100nm.
CdSnanostructurematerialsweredepositedintotheAAOtemplatebyreacting0.025MCd(CH3COO),0.1M(NH2)2CSand0.1MNH4(CH3COO)inanaqueoussolution.ThepHofthesolutionwasadjustedto11usingammonia.Thereactiontemperatureandtimewere75 Cand25min,respectively.Afterdeposition,thenanostructurematerialsintheAAOtemplateswereultrasonicallycleaned,andthendried.Foranalysis,theas-preparedsampleswere
*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:þ82634694707;fax:þ82634694699.E-mailaddress:jhyi@kunsan.ac.kr(J.
Lee).1567-1739/$eseefrontmatterÓ2010ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.cap.2010.11.083
期刊文章
S340H.-M.Yu,J.Lee/CurrentAppliedPhysics11(2011)S339eS345
Fig.1.Surfacemicrographsofas-preparedAAO lmsandporousaluminamembranewithdifferentporediameters:(a)15nm,(b)30nm,(c)50nm,(d)70nmand(e)200nm.
etchedslightlytoremovethethickCdSlayercoveredontheAAOtemplate.
ThecrystalstructureofCdSnanostructurematerialsincorporatedintheAAOtemplateswascharacterizedbyanX-raydiffraction(XRD)measurementinthe2qmode.ThemorphologyoftheCdSnano-materialswasexaminedbyFieldEffectScanningElectronMicros-copy(FE-SEM).RamananalysiswasperformedatroomtemperatureusingaNanoRamanSpectroscopy(NTEGRA)with532nmexcitationsourcefromanArþlaser.Thephotoluminescence(PL)measurementsarecarriedoutonaspectrometer(REF-1052M-4K5W).3.Resultsanddiscussion
Fig.1showsthesurfacemicrographsofas-preparedAAOtemplatesandporousmembranewithdifferentporesizes.ThesurfacemorphologiesofAAOtemplateexhibithexagonalpackedporeswiththeaverageporediameterintherangeof15e200nm.Across-sectionalviewofthecleavedtemplateinFig.2showsthatthenanochannelsarehighlyordered,paralleltoeachotherandhavesmoothinnerwallsaswellasuniformdiameters.Thelengthofporeswasabout40mmafterthetwo-stepanodization.Thedifferentporediametersareneededdependingonwhethercarbonnanotubes(CNTs)orsemiconductornanowires(NWs)areofconcern.Theporediametersinthe3nmrangeareinterestingfortemplatingCNTs,whereasforsemiconductorNWs,therangeofdiameterscanspreadbetween10and100nm[28].Inpresentwork,AAOtemplateswithdesiredporediametercouldbefabricatedbycontrollingelectrolyte,anodizationvoltage,andwideningtime,asseenFigs.1and2.
Figs.3and4showthesurfaceandcross-sectionalSEMimagesofCdSnanomaterialsembeddedinAAOtemplatesandporousaluminamembranes.ThedepositionofCdSnanomaterialsintotheporesofAAOtemplatesiscomplicatedbysidereactions
involving
期刊文章
H.-M.Yu,J.Lee/CurrentAppliedPhysics11(2011)S339eS345S341
Fig.2.Cross-sectionalSEMimagesofas-preparedAAO lmsandporousaluminamembranewithdifferentporediameters:(a)15nm,(b)30nm,(c)50nm,(d)70nmand(e)200nm.
期刊文章
S342H.-M.Yu,J.Lee/CurrentAppliedPhysics11(2011)S339eS345
Fig.3.SurfacemicrographsofCdSnanostructurematerialsembeddedinAAOtemplateonAlplatesandporousaluminamembrane:(a)15nm,(b)30nm,(c)50nm,(d)70nmand(e)200nm.
期刊文章
H.-M.Yu,J.Lee/CurrentAppliedPhysics11(2011)S339eS345S343
Fig.4.Cross-sectionalSEMimagesofCdSnanostructurematerialsembeddedinAAOtemplateonAlplatesandporousaluminamembrane:(a)15nm,(b)30nm,(c)50nm,(d)70nmand(e)200nm.
theAAOsuchasreanodization,dissolution,andAlcorrosionwhichcanevenresultinthedestructionoftheporoustemplate.FE-SEMmicrographsofnanostructurematerialsinthetemplateshowthatthedepositedsemiconductor,indeed, llstheporesuniformlyandthatthenanostructurematerialsareapparentlycontinuous.Inaddition,thedirectionalgrowthofCdSnanostructurematerialswasfound,becauseofthecon nedgrowthofthenanostructurematerialsintheorderlyporesofanAAOtemplateoraluminamembrane.ThemeasureddiameteroftheCdSnanostructurematerialscorrespondedcloselytotheporediameter.
Fig.5showstheXRDpatternsfortheCdSnanostructuremate-rialsembeddedintheAAOtemplateandaluminamembrane.Fortheporediameterof15nm,twopeaksrelatedtoCdSareobservedat2q¼26.3 and47.7 .Thesepeaksareattributedtothe(002)and(103)planesofwurtzitehexagonalphase.Guduruetal.[29]reportedthatthepresenceofcrystalorientationsotherthanthec-axisorientationcanbedetrimentaltotheoveralldeviceperfor-manceindiodespreparedwiththis lm.Nootherdiffractionpeaks,suchasCdO,Cd,S,orAl2O3,weredetectedinthesamples,sug-gestingthattheCdSnanomaterialsarehigh-puritycrystallineCdS.Inaddition,threepeakscorrespondingto(111),(200),and(220)planesofcubicphasealuminumareshowninXRDpatterns.Sincetheanodizationconvertsthetopportionofthealuminumsheet(500mmthick)intonanoporousaluminumoxide,thesealuminumpeaksexhibitintheXRDpatterns.AstheporediameterofAAOtemplatesislarger,therelativelyintensityof(002)peakisincreased,indicatingthatthepreferentialgrowthdirectionofc-axisisimproved.Forporesizeof200nm,however,theXRDpeaksofCdSnanomaterialsbecameweaker.ThereasonforweakdiffractionpeaksisderivedfromthatCdSnanostructurematerialsdepositedontheporousaluminamembraneisnotcoveredonitssurfacebyexcess
etching.
期刊文章
Fig.6showsthetypicalRamanspectrumoftheCdSnanostructurematerials.BecauseRamanscatteringisverysensitivetothemicro-structureofnanocrystallinematerials,itisalsousedheretoclarifythecrystallinityoftheCdSnanostructurematerials.TheRamanpeakslocatedataround303,and602cmÀ1correspondto rst-andsecond-orderlongitudinalopticalphononmodesofCdS,respectively.Thepeakpositionsareanalogoustothose(303and604cmÀ1)ofsinglecrystallineCdS[30],indicatingthattheCdSnanostructurematerialshaveasimilarcrystalstructureofthebulkCdS.
Thephotoluminescence(PL)oftheCdSnanomaterialssynthe-sizedintheAAOtemplateandporousaluminamembraneisshowninFig.7.TheCdSnanomaterialembeddedinAAOtemplatewith15nmporesizedidn’texhibitanyPLpeakduetosmallamountofCdSnanomaterialsobtainedfromthedissolvedsolution.Allsamples
Fig.7.PLspectraoftheCdSnanomaterialssynthesizedintheAAOtemplateandporousaluminamembranewithvariousporediameters.ThePLspectraweremeasuredat5Kandthewavelengthoftheexcitationlaserwas531
nm.
haveabroadpeakbetween525nmand570nm(correspondingto2.36eVand2.18eV).Inpolycrystallinesystems,thePLemissionlinesarenotsharppeaksbutarebroadbandbecauseofthepresenceofmanyrecombinationsites[31].Fromthesespectra,agreenbandfor30nmporesizeisobservedat2.36eV.Thegreenemissionbandscorrespondingtoa2.3eVwereattributedintheliteraturetothetransitionofsulfurvacancy(VS)tothevalencebandandthedonoreacceptorpairsrecombination[32,33].Theshiftofthepeak(noworangeemissionat2.18eV)andthehigherpeakintensityareobservedwhenthesampleissynthesizedinthetemplatewithlargerporediameter,suggestingthatthesulfur-de cientdefectsatthesurfacesofCdSnanostructurematerialsisincreased.SincethisCdSnanomaterialsarefabricatedonthebasisoftheAAOtemplatewithorderedarrangementofthenanopores,thiskindoftemplatewillbeusefulinfabricatingAl-basednanoscaledlightssource.
4.Conclusions
Insummary,wehavesynthesizedthehexagonalCdSnanostructurematerialsintheAAOtemplatesusingchemicalbathdeposition.Theas-preparedCdSnanostructurematerialswith15e200nmintheporesizeand40mminlengthhavebeencharacterizedbyFE-SEM,XRD,Raman,andPLspectrum.TheXRDpatternoftheembeddedCdSnanomaterialsindicatedthehexagonallatticewiththedominantcrystalorientationsof<002>and<103>.Itwasfoundthatthepreferentialgrowthofc-axiswasimprovedastheporediameterwaslarger.Furthermore,CBDmethodisalsobelievedtobeappropriateforthegrowthofothersemiconductornanostructurematerials,andpreparationofmanylow-dimensionalnanomaterialssuchasnanodotsand
nanotubes.
期刊文章
H.-M.Yu,J.Lee/CurrentAppliedPhysics11(2011)S339eS345S345
Acknowledgements
ThisworkwassupportedbytheKoreaResearchFoundation(KRF)grantfundedbytheKoreagovernment(MEST)(No.2010-0015850).References
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