被动语态

被动语态

主讲：黄冈中学英语高级教师 范琼

一、考点解读

在动词运用中，动词的时态和被动语态是重头戏，各项英语测试均对此“情有独钟”。

在各地的中考题的单选，完型填空中都会出现对于被动语态的考查。今天我们这个专题中将主要复习归纳以下的内容： 1．被动语态的构成 2．被动语态的用法

3．主动语态和被动语态的转换 4．被动语态的一些特殊的运用形式 二、专题梳理 动词的被动语态

语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语之间的具体关系，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是 谓语动词所表示的动词的执行者。在初中阶段我们所学的句子绝大部分都是主动语态。今天我们主要复习被动语态，被动语态表示主语不是动作的执行者，而是谓语 动词所表示的动作的承受者。

（一）被动语态的构成

1．被动语态的基本结构：be＋动词过去分词 2．各种时态的主动被动语态结构（以动词do为例）

时态 主动语态 例句 主动语态 被动语态 The classroom am/ is/ are＋We clean the is cleaned by done classroom. us. was/ were＋He made the The kite was done kite. made by him. 被动语态 一般现在时 do/ does 一般过去时 did

She is Flowers are am/ is/ are＋watering being watered being done flowers. by her. Jim has The work has have/ has＋have/has＋现在完成时 finished the been finished done been done work. by Jim. will/ shall/ will/ shall/ They will Trees will be 一般将来时 be going to ＋be going to＋plant trees planted by do be done tomorrow. them tomorrow. She was A letter was writing a being written was/ were＋was/ were＋过去进行时 letter this by her this doing being ＋ done time time yesterday. yesterday. Jim had The work had 过去完成时 had＋done had＋done finished the been finished work. by Jim. would/ should/ would/ should/ He said he He said a kite 过去将来时 be going to＋be going to＋would made a would be made do do kite. by him. 含有情态动can/ may/ mustcan/ may/ mustHe can be found I can find him. 词 ＋do ＋be done by me. am/ is/are＋现在进行时 doing （二）被动语态的用法

被动语态中主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列几种情况： 1．不知道动作的执行者是谁。 e.g.This watch is made in China. 这块手表是在中国制造的。

2．没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。

e.g.More trees must be planted every year. 每年必须有更多的树被种植。 3．需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。

e.g.Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world. 世界上越来越多的人说汉语（强调汉语的使用广泛）。

4．动作的发出者不是人时。

e.g.Many houses were washed away in the flood. 很多房屋在洪水中被冲走了。 （三）主动语态和被动语态的转换 1．主动语态变被动语态：

（1）要将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句中的主语成分，若主动句中的宾语是人称代词，要将宾格变主格。

（2）把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语，主格变宾格，并由by引导。 （3）谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。

e.g.We asked him to sing an English song. 我们让他唱一首英语歌。

He was asked to sing an English song by us. 他被我们要求唱一首英语歌。 2．带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态

谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以将间接宾语转化成主语，也可将直接宾语转化成主语。若将间接宾语转化成主语，则保留直接宾语；若将直接宾语转化成主语则保留间接宾语，且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。 e.g.She gave me a book. （变为被动语态）→ I was given a book. （间接宾语me改为主语） A book was given to me. （育接宾语a book改为主语） 3．短语动词变为被动语态

许多由不及物动词构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，也可以有被动语态。注意：短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。

e.g.We should speak to old men politely. （变为被动语态）→ Old men should be spoken to politely. （to不可省略） 4．带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态

宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动句主语，宾语补足语保留在原处，成为主语补足语。

e.g.I heard Jane playing the piano in her room.（变为被动语态）→ Jane was heard playing the piano in her room. 5．被动语态后动词形式的选择

主动句中存在感官动词see、hear、watch、feel、notice等使役动词，也称为感官动词let、make、here等动词后跟省略to的不定式，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号to。

e.g.He makes the girl stay at home.（改为被动结构）→ The girl is made to stay at home.

Last Sunday we heard them sing Peking Opera in the theatre.（改为被动句）→

They were heard to sing Peking Opera in that theatre last Sunday. 四句话：

①主语变成宾语； ②宾语变成主语； ③动词一分为二； ④时态体现在be动词上。

（四）被动语态的一些特殊的运用形式 1．主动结构表被动意义

（1）open、lock、write、read、sell、clean、wash、cut、burn、drive等词作不及物动词时，它们的主语为物，可用主动语态表被动意义。 e.g.This kind of pen writes very smoothly. 这种笔写起来很流畅。

This kind of shirt sells well here. 这种样式的衬衫在这很好卖。

（2）look、sound、taste、smell等系动词主动结构表被动意义。 e.g.Uniforms look ugly on us. 我们穿的制服很难看。 Mooncakes taste delicious. 月饼吃起来很好。

（3）be worth doing中，doing表被动意义。 e.g.This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。

（4）want/ need/ require＋doing相当于want/ need/ require＋to be done。to be done表不定式的被动结构。 e.g.My bike needs repairing. ＝My bike needs to be repaired. 我的自行车需要修理。 2．不用被动语态的情况

（1）主动句的宾语是each other或反身代词时，不能用于被动语态。 e.g.The man introduced himself as Mr. White. （主动语态） 那个人自我介绍说他是怀特先生。

Himself was introduced as Mr. White.（误）

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