全面英汉翻译笔记

第一部分：数词的译法 一、数字增减的译法：

1.句式特征：by＋名词＋比较级＋than

The wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长3英寸。 2.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋to+n.译为：增加到。。。。或减少到。。。。

Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金属切割机已经减少到50台。 二、百分数增减的表示法与译法 1.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋％

The output value has increased 35%.产值增加了35％ 2.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋by＋％

Retail salses should rise by 8%商品零售额应增加3％ The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少60％ 3.句式特征：表示减少意义的动词＋to+%表示减少后剩余的数量

By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺，铁的损失量减少到20％

4.句式特征：％＋ 比较级 ＋than表示净增减的数量

Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售额与去年相比，有望增加9％。

5.句式特征：％ ＋ 比较级 ＋ 名词表示净减数

The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied. 新型机械能耗量净减10％ 6.句式特征：a + % + increase表示净增数

There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.与去年相比，今年钢产量净增20％ 7.句式特征：％+ (of) 名词（代词）表示净减数，数字n照译

The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年产值仅为去年的60％ 8.句式特征：%＋up on 或over表示净增数

The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年粮食产量比1978年净增20％。 第二部分 倍数增加的表示法及译法

汉语表示“增加了几倍”时，英语的倍数表示倍数需减一，译成“增加了n-1倍”以表示净增加数。如果译成“增加到n倍”或“为原来的n倍”，则照译不误。

1.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋n times“表示成倍地增长，译成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“ 注：1倍 once; 2倍twice（或double）；3倍thrice（或three times） 2.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋ｂｙ＋ n times，该句式与上述相同

3.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋to＋ n times表示增加到N倍，译成”增加了n-1倍“ 4.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋by a factor of ＋ n times

5.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋比较级＋by a factor of ＋ n times表示增加以后达到的倍数，译成”比。。。。。。大（长、宽。。。）N-1倍“

6.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋ n times＋比较级＋than。。。。。 7.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋ n times +adj./adv. +as....

8.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋a ＋ n times(或n-fold) ＋increase.......表示增加到N倍，译成”增加了N－1倍“

9.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋as + adj./adv.+ again as.....译成”比。。。。大（长、宽。。。。倍）“例子： Line A is as long again as line B. A线比B线长1倍。

This machine turns half as fast again as that one.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。

10.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋half as + adj./adv.+ again as.....译成”比。。。。大（长、宽。。。。半倍）“11. 句式特点：用double表示倍数，译成”等于.....的2倍“或”增加了1倍“ 12.句式特点：用treble表示倍数增加，译成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“ 13.句式特点：用quadruple表示倍数增加，译成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“ 第二部分 倍数增加的表示法及译法

汉语表示“增加了几倍”时，英语的倍数表示倍数需减一，译成“增加了n-1倍”以表示净增加数。如果译成“增加到n倍”或“为原来的n倍”，则照译不误。

1.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋n times“表示成倍地增长，译成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“ 注：1倍 once; 2倍twice（或double）；3倍thrice（或three times） 2.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋ｂｙ＋ n times，该句式与上述相同

3.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋to＋ n times表示增加到N倍，译成”增加了n-1倍“ 4.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋by a factor of ＋ n times

5.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋比较级＋by a factor of ＋ n times表示增加以后达到的倍数，译成”比。。。。。。大（长、宽。。。）N-1倍“

6.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋ n times＋比较级＋than。。。。。 7.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋ n times +adj./adv. +as....

8.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋a ＋ n times(或n-fold) ＋increase.......表示增加到N倍，译成”增加了N－1倍“

9.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋as + adj./adv.+ again as.....译成”比。。。。大（长、宽。。。。倍）“例子： Line A is as long again as line B. A线比B线长1倍。

This machine turns half as fast again as that one.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。

10.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋half as + adj./adv.+ again as.....译成”比。。。。大（长、宽。。。。半倍）“11. 句式特点：用double表示倍数，译成”等于.....的2倍“或”增加了1倍“ 12.句式特点：用treble表示倍数增加，译成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“ 13.句式特点：用quadruple表示倍数增加，译成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“

英语倍数句型及其译法英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有 一些（如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、（12） 等， 见圈码）很容易译错——其主要原因在于：英汉两语在

表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下： 倍数增加

(一) A is n times as great（long，much，?）as B.（①） A is n times greater （longer， more，?）than B.（②） A is n times the size （length， amount，?）of B.(③)

以上三句都应译为；A的大小（长度，数量，??）是B的n倍[或A比B大（长，多，??）n-1倍]. Eg. This book is three times as long as （three times longer than，three times the length of ）that one.

这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍（即长两倍）。

注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than（as，of）B常被省去。 （二）increase to n times（④） increase n times／n-fold（⑤）

increase by n times（⑥） increase by a factor of n（⑦） 以上四式均应译为：增加到n倍（或

N-1倍） Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. 集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。

Eg. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986． 化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。

Eg. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. 那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。 Eg. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four. 漏电压增加了3借（即增加到原来的4倍）。

注：在这类句型中increase常被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等词所替代。 （三）There is a n-fold increase/growth?（⑧）

应译为：增加n-倍（或增至n倍）。这个句型还有其它一些形式： Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. 据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。

（四）double (增加1倍），treble（增加2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。(⑨)

Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled． 这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。

（五）此外，英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如：

A is as much （large，long，?）again as B.（= A is twice as much （large，long，?）as B.（⑩）

应译为：A比B多（大，长，??）1倍。

A is half as much （large， 1ong，?)again as B.

【= A is one and a half times as much （large， 1ong，?）as B.】（11） 应译为:A比B多（大，长??）一半（即A是B的一倍半）。 倍数减少

（一）A is n times as small （light，slow，?）as B.（12） A is n times smaller （lighter， slower，?) than B.（13）

以上两句均应译为：A的大小（重量，速度，??）是B的1/n[或A比B小（轻，慢，??）（n-1）/n]。

Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. 氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16（即比氧原子约轻15/16）。

Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. 这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半（即是普通纸厚度的1/2）。 注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than/as B常被省去。 （二）decrease n times/n--fold （14） decrease by n times（15） decrease by a factor of n（16）

以上三式均译为：减少到1/n[或：减少(n-1)/n]。

decrease常被reduce， shorten， go／slow down等词替代。 Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. 新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3（即缩短到2/3）。

Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times， the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times.

电压升高9倍，电流强度便降低9/10（即90％）。

Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. 该设备误差概率降低了4/5。

（三）There is a n-fold decrease/reduction… 应译为：减至1/n [或：减少（n一1）/n]。（17） 这个句型还有其它一些形式，

Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed． 发现迅速减少到1/7。

Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.

这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。

从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出：与汉语不 同的是，英语在表述或比较倍数时，无论使用什么句 型（除了不含倍数词的again句型外）都包括基础倍

数在内，因此都不是净增或净减n倍，而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句

④； 句型(13)表示的倍数比差＝句型12，且decrease（by） 3 times应译为“减少2/3”，而不是“减少3/4”。

英语倍数句型及其译法,英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有 一些（如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、（12） 等， 见圈码）很容易译错——其主要原因在于：英汉两语在

表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下： 倍数增加 ,(一) A is n times as great（long，much，?）as B.（①） A is n times greater （longer， more，?）than B.（②） A is n times the size （length， amount，?）of B.(③)

以上三句都应译为；A的大小（长度，数量，??）是B的n倍[或A比B大（长，多，??）n-1倍]. Eg. This book is three times as long as （three times longer than，three times the length of ）that one.

这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍（即长两倍）。

注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than（as，of）B常被省去。 二）increase to n times（④） increase n times／n-fold（⑤） increase by n times（⑥） increase by a factor of n（⑦）

以上四式均应译为：增加到n倍（或：增加n-1倍）。

Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. 集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。

Eg. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986．

化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 Eg. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. 那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。 Eg. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.

漏电压增加了3借（即增加到原来的4倍）。 注：在这类句型中increase常被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等词所替代。

（三）There is a n-fold increase/growth?（⑧）

应译为：增加n-倍（或增至n倍）。这个句型还有其它一些形式： Eg. A record high increase in valueof

four times was reported. 据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。

（四）double (增加1倍），treble（增加2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。(⑨)

Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled． 这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。

（五）此外，英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如：

A is as much （large，long，?）again as B.（= A is twice as much （large，long，?）as （⑩） 应译为：A比B多（大，长，??）1倍。

A is half as much （large， 1ong，?)again as B.

【= A is one and a half times as much （large， 1ong，?）as B.】（11） 应译为:A比B多（大，长??）一半（即A是B的一倍半）。 倍数减少

（一）A is n times as small （light，slow，?）as B.（12） A is n times smaller （lighter， slower，?) than B.（13）

以上两句均应译为：A的大小（重量，速度，??）是B的1/n[或A比B小（轻，慢，??）（n-1）/n]。 Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. 氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16（即比氧原子约轻15/16）。

Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. 这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半（即是普通纸厚度的1/2）。 注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than/as B常被省去。

（二）decrease n times/n--fold （14） decrease by n times（15） decrease by a factor of （16） 以上三式均译为：减少到1/n[或：减少(n-1)/n]。

decrease常被reduce， shorten， go／slow down等词替代。 Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. 新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3（即缩短到2/3）。

Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times， the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times.

电压升高9倍，电流强度便降低9/10（即90％）。

Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. 该设备误差概率降低了4/5。

（三）There is a n-fold decrease/reduction…

应译为：减至1/n [或：减少（n一1）/n]。（17） 这个句型还有其它一些形式， Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed． 发现迅速减少到1/7。

Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.这些产品的主优。点是重量减轻了1/2

从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出：与汉语不 同的是，英语在表述或比较倍数时，无论使用什么句 型（除了不含倍数词的again句型外）都包括基础倍

数在内，因此都不是净增或净减n倍，而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④； 句型(13)表示的倍数比差＝句型12，且decrease（by） 3 times应译为“减少2/3”，而不是“减少3/4”。 第四部分 动词的使动用法

动词是英语中词类中最为活跃的成分，至今对于动词的使用我一直是胆战心惊的，现介绍一些使动用法共勉。1.I slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地带马上山。 2.The ran the ship aground.他们把船开到滩上去了。 3.The swam their horses in the river.他们使马泅水渡河。

4.I laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下来好让疲惫的腿休息一下。 5.They rode out the storm.他们安然渡过风暴

其实，研究动词个人认为，要把握后面有无宾语；宾语是人还是物；是什么样的宾语。欢迎网友探讨，动词的学习研讨方法。 第五部分 同系宾语

1. I dreamed a strange dream.

2.He slept the sleep that knows no waking. 3.I have fought a good fight.

一、在同系宾语上附有修饰形容词时，通常可换成态度副词。

live a long life = live long;live a happy life = live happily;die a national death = die nationally; die a violent death = die by violence

二、有的宾语与动词不同语源，但意义相通，也可以视为同类。

run a race; run a course; run one's career; fight a battle; blow a gale; strike a blow;

ring a peal; wreak one's vengeance

三、以it构成的类型：I am determined to fight it out。我决心奋斗到底。 He is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡回演出。 We had to walk it in the rain.我们不得不冒雨而行。 Can't you swim it?你游不过去吗？

四、在某些熟语中可将同系宾语省略，如look thanks = look a look of thanks He looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中现出言语无法表达的感谢。 She left the room, looking daggers at me.她以短剑相刺的目光望着我，走出了房间。 五、最高级形容词后，可以省略同系宾语。The lady was looking her best(look). She sang her sweest(song) to please him. 第六部分 一组词组

1.all＋抽象名词/抽象名词＋itself ＝ very + adj. He was all gentleness to her.他对她非常温存。

To his superiors, he is humility itself。对于长辈，他极为谦逊。

分析：该结构原来是表示某种性质达到极点的一种说法，有“非常”、“尽管”、“一味”、“尽”的含义，有时甚至可以译为“。。。。的化身”、“。。。。的具体化”。普通复数名词用于“all”之后，也是表达这种概念。 He is all smiles.他一味地笑。She is all eyes.她盯着看。I am all anxiety.我真担心。 He is all attention.他全神贯注地听着。2.Something (much) of / nothing (little) of Mr.Li is something of a philospher.李先生略具哲学家风范。 Mr. Wu is nothing of a musician.吴先生全无音乐家的风味。 Mr. Lu is very much of a poet.陆先生大有诗人气派。 Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.刘先生几无学者风度。

分析：此为表示“程度”的形容词短语，有时可以当作副词翻译。

Something of ＝to some extent（某程度），在问句和条件句中则用anyting of（略有、多少）。nothing of译作“全无、毫无”。相类似的情况：

to be something of = to have something of + 名词＋in ＋代名词

He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫无演说家的才能。

这类名词的用法，可以处理为副词。

He has seen something of life.他略具阅历。他稍阅世。 Something of 与something like区别：程度上有差异。

something like ＝ something approximateing in character or amount指数量或性质略同的事物，又作somewhat(似乎、略微)解释。This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。 It shaped something like a cigar.其形状略似雪茄。

3.as...as 的三种用法;（1）He is as kind as his sister.他象他妹妹一样和蔼。 （2）He is as kind as honest.他既诚实又和蔼。

（3）He ia as kind as his sister is honest.他妹妹诚实，而他和蔼。 句式1表示两个不同的人相同的性质； 句式2表示同一个人不同的性质；

句式3表示两个人的不同性质。该句式中第一个as为之时副词，第二个as为连词。所以，第一个as后面为adj./adv.，而第二个as后面为从句。 4.as......as any / as .....as ever

He is as great a statesman as any = He is as great a statesman as ever lived.他是一位稀有的政治家。5.as.....as.....can be

It is as plain as plain can be （may be）.那是再明白不过了。

A lot of these boys were green as green can be.这些男孩许多都是精力充沛无以复加的。 .as......., so............

As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.忧能伤人，犹如锈之蚀铁。

SO相当于in the same proportion; in like manner; in the same way(亦复如此)。为加强语气，也可以在as前面加上just一词。

As fire tries gold, so does adversity try courage.正如火能试金，逆境可以试人的勇气。

As the human body is nourished by the food, so is a nation nourished by its industries.正像身体要靠食物营养一样，国家要靠工业营养。

7.It is in (or with)........as in (or with)......It is in life as in a journey.人生好比旅途。

It is in studying as in eating; he who does it gets the benefits, and not he who sees it done.

读书和吃饭一样，得到利益的是那些实际在吃的人，而不是旁观的人。

It is in mind as in body which must be nourished by good food.精神和身体都必须有好的食物来营养。8.as good as / as well as It is as goos as done.这就和做好了一样。 It is broad as well as long.那既长且宽。as good as 有两个含义： （1）amounting to ; not falling short of;等于；同样； 几如；； 不欠缺 He was as good as his word.他不爽约。

（2）virtually; essentially; in every essential respect实际上；其实；实在；在各要点上 He is as good as dead already.宛如死人；行尸走肉；名存实亡

as well as 有四个含义：（1）no less than; equally with等于；不下于；亦；一样好 I have understanding as well as you.

（2）both....and..;one equally with the other“与”、“两者皆”

Work in moderation is healthy as well as agreeable to the human constitution.适度劳动对身体给予快感，又有益卫生。（3）与not only....but also有连带关系

He has experience as well as knowledge.= He has not only knowledge but also experience. （4）可以代替better than

As well (= better) be hanged for a sheep as ( = than) for a lamb.窃钩如窃国，与其盗小羊。9.As it is

其含义为：as it stands; to state the matter as it really stands; as a matter of fact; in reality.相当于：实际上；就实际情况而言；根据（现在）情况看；就现在这个样子等等。它用来指事物的单数；即指前面的单数名词。如果指事物的复数，则用“As they are”。如果用来指人时，则为as I am / you are / she/ he is/ we are / they are.as it is 的过去式为as it was。其位置可以放在句首，句末或句子中间。（1）用于句首，注意前后时态与该结构保持一致

As it is, we can not help him.As it was, we could not help him.（2）用于句末 Let's keep it as it is. You mustn't go to the ball as you are.你不能这样去参加舞会。

有时it可以省略为“as is ”，意即：照现在的样子，常指“不再修理或改进”等情况。He has an old radio as is.他有一台没有修理过的旧收音机。 I?ll sell it to you as is, but don't complain if it doesn't work. （3）句中时，用逗号把它从前后隔开 A.虚拟语气句式＋but ＋as it is / was，该结构意为：其实；事实上

I thought things would get better, but as it is, they are getting worse and worse.

The rice could have been got in yesterdy if the weather had been fine, but as it was, it had to be left in the fields. B.过去分词＋as it is，表示强调前面的过去分词

Written as it is in an interesting way, this book is enjoyable to young and old alike. Published as it was at such a time, his work attrached much attention. C.现在分词＋ as it does(did)。意为：因为这样，（实际）所以......... Living as he does in Shanghai, he knows the place extremely well. Reading as he did many times, he could recite it fluently. 几个类似的结构：A. as it stands 根据目前情况来看

As it stands, it is certain that our country can realize the four modernization ahead of schedule. B. such as it is不怎么样，质量不过如此 The room, such as it is, is very bright. C. as it were ＝as if it were so.属虚拟语气，用于插入语。不可以与as it is 混淆 He is , as it were, a living dictionary.

Comrade Lei Feng still lives, as it were , in our heart. 10.have + the + 抽象名词 ＋不定式 I had the fortune to succeed.我很幸运获得了成功。 have = possess原来指肉体和精神上的特征，现作为一种天赋而具有的。

She had the cheek ( = impudence) to say such a thing. = She was so impudent as to say such a thing.她厚颜无耻地说出这样的话。

How can you have the heart ( = hard-heartness) to drown such darling little kittens? 你何忍心把如此可爱的小猫淹死？ 11.名词＋of +a +名词

It was a great moutain of a wave.波浪如山高。 That fool of a Tom did it. 这是汤姆那个笨蛋做的。That old cripple of a Henn.那个年老的残废者亨。 It would make the deuce of a scandal.这会弄得声名狼藉的。 of前后的名词指同一人或物体。其中的“名词＋of”后出现的名词前面，必须有一个不定词，即使是固有名词，该冠词也不可省略。

a devil of a man = a devish man a rascal of a fellow = a rascally fellow 12. in +人 They have an enemy in him.他才是他们的敌人。分析：in = in the person of （在那人身上），表示一个人身上具有的性质、资格、能力等。原来是由于形状（与形状有关的in，如：in a circle; in print;

in a heap; in couples; in human shape; in ruins等）所转来的，而有“即....是也”、“就是”的含义。这种in多出现在find, see, behold, lose等动词后面。

He had something of the hero in him. China lost a great artist in (the death of ) Chi Paishi. 13.short of / be short of / nothing short of

short=except，是副词的用法。在前面可以使用的动词有：come, fall, run等，表示“不足”、“缺乏”的意思，其中“of”做“from”解释。至于be short of 与nothing short of 中的“short of”则为形容词。be short of 表示“不足”或“离开”；nothing short of表示“完全”。

1）Short of theft, I will do anything I can for you. 2)We are short of hands at present. 3)His conduct was nothing short of madness.他的行为简直发了狂。 14.anything but / nothing but / all but

在英文中anything but＝never;意即“除此之外，别的都是”，是表示强调的否定； nothing but=only; 意即“除此之外，别的都不是”； all but=almost; nearly 三种用法中，but都有“except”含义

15.much more / much less He likes a child, much more a baby.他喜欢小孩，更加喜欢婴孩。 He doesn't like a child, much less a baby.他步喜欢小孩，更加不喜欢婴孩。 解释：much more 用于肯定句之后，表示程度增加；表示更多，much可以改为still much less用于否定句之后，表示程度减少；表示更少，可译为“何况”、“还论”

16.more........than.......can“达到不可能的程度”morethan................can\简直不可能\He earns more money than he can spend.

17.more than + 动词，译为“深为， 十二分的” This more than satisfied me.这使我十二分的满意。 More is meant than meets the ear.有言外之意。

What we lose in flowers we more than gain in fruits. 18.less.......than

During the week he saw less of her than usual.在那一个星期内，他比平常要少见到她。 less.......than“较少”、“较差”、“不及”、“不如”。该less做形容词时好翻译，做副词解释时难译。 Proof-reading is not interesting, still less so when it is one's own work. Proof-reading is uninteresting, still more so when it is one's own work. His lecture left me less than satisfactory.他的演讲怎么也不能使我满意。

He observed with interest the errors of her face and figure, the thin underlip, too

heavilypenciled eyebrows, and her legs less than slim although not actually skinny. 他感兴趣地望着她面孔和身体上的一些缺点，那太薄的下唇，画的太浓的眉毛和她那瘦弱的双腿，虽然还没有达到皮包骨头的程度。19.the + 比较级＋理由

I like him all the better for his faults.因为他有缺点，所以我更加喜欢他。

连接“理由”部分的可以为：for, because, on account of , owing to 等，前面部分常常出现的结构为：all(much)the + 比较级。该结构中的the = to that degree. 20.what he is / what he has We honour him for what he is , not for what he has. 我们尊敬的是他的人品，而不是他的财富。 what he is ＝his character what he has = his property

It is not a question how much a man knows, but use what he can make of what he knows; not a question of what he has acquired, and how he has been trained, but of what he is, and what he can do.

问题不在于一个人知道多少，而在于他能否运用他的知识；问题不在于他所学为何，受过怎样的教育，而在于他的人品，以及他的能力。 21.what + 名词 / what + little + 名词 He gave me what money he had about him.他把他身上所有的钱都给了我。 I gave him what little mony I had.我竭尽绵薄之力将仅有的钱都给了他。

what + 名词 含有“all the ....that”或“that....which”含义。译为“所有的。。。。”，what做关系代名词。 what + little（few等一类词） + 名词 含有“虽少但全部”或“所仅有的”

She saved what little money she could out of her slim salary to help her brother go to school. 22.what with........and what with / what by ...... and what by

What with illness and what with losses, he is almost ruined.半因为生病，半因为亏损，他几乎整个儿毁了。

What by brikes and what by extortions, he made money. 或由受贿，或由勒索，他发财了。 此为what的副词用法，可译为“多少（＝somewhat）”、“半（＝patrly）”

what with........and what with表示“原因” what by ...... and what by表示“手段”

What with overwork and under-nourishment he fell ill.由于过劳，加上营养不足，他终于病倒了。 23.if any

1)He despises honour, if any one does.世界上真有人轻视荣誉的话，他便是一个。

2）He has little, if any, money.他即令有钱，也是极少的。if any , if ever 意思是“果真有，即令有

的话”，相当于if there is (are) any at all.。它通常是伴随有little, few, seldom等准否定词。与此相近的用法还有if anything，意思是“if at all”或“if there is any difference”,可以译为“倘若有异同，如果稍有区别的话”。还有“if a day”意思是“at least”。

There is little , if any , hope.希望甚微。 It occurs seldom, if ever( = seldom or never).真有其事，也不常发生。 If anything, he is a little better today.如有什么不同，他比昨天好了一点。 The greatness has little, if anything, to do with rank or power.真正的伟大是和权力与地位毫无关系的。下面的内容虽然与帖子的名称不太相符，但是作为构成句式的基本单元------词汇，也是不容忽视的啊。学习过程中收集、整理了不少令我疑惑的词汇（词组），曾经在OE网站张贴，现把精华部分粘贴于此，希望大家对我的理解提出批评和指正。 “闪光”之说：

1、shine: 照耀，指光稳定发射；2、glitter: 闪光，指光不稳定发射；3、glare: 耀眼，表示光的强度最大；4、sparkle:闪烁，指发射微细的光度。 打破”之说：

1、break: 一般用语，经打击或施加压力而破碎；2、crack:出现了裂缝，但还没有变成碎片；

3、crush: 指从外面用力向内或从上向下压而致碎；4、demolish: 破坏，铲平或削平（如土壤，建筑物，城堡等）； 5、destroy: 在肉体上、精神上或道义上彻底摧毁，使之无法复原；6、shatter:突然使一个物体粉碎；7、smash: 指由于突如其来的一阵暴力带一声响而彻底粉碎。有关“死”之说： 1、去世，与世长辞：to pass away;2、寿终： to close (end) one's day;

3、咽气，断气： to breathe one's last;4、归西： to go west;5、了解尘缘： to pay the debt of nature; 6、命归黄泉： to depart to the world of shadows;7、见阎王： to give up the gost;

8、翘辫子： to kick the bucket;9、蹬腿： to kick up one's heels;10、不吃饭： to lay down one's knife and fork. 有关\怀孕\（pregnant）之说：

1、she is having baby; 2、she is expecting; 3、she is in a family way;4、she is in a deliacate condition;5、she is in an interesting condition; 6、she is knitting little booties. \涵义种种：

1、a broken man: 一个绝望的人；2、a broken soldier: 一个残废的军人； 3、broken money: 零花钱；4、a broken promise: 背弃的诺言； 5、broken English: 蹩脚的英语；6、a broken spirit: 消沉的意志；

7、a broken heart: 破碎的心。准确理解“kill”（后面附词义）:1、he killed the man.杀；2、he killed

the dog,宰；3、he killed time down at the park,消磨； 4、he killed his chance of success,断送；

5、he killed the motion when it came from the committee,否决；

6、he killed himself by overwork,致死；7、he killed the spirit of the group,抹杀； 8、he killed three bottles of whiskey in a week,喝光；9、kill the peace,扼杀； 10、kill the friendship,终止；11、kill a marriage,解除。

“声誉”种种：1、fame:褒义，指关于一个人的人格、行为、才能等方面的优点； 2、reputation和repute差不多，可褒义可贬义，指对人或物的评价、看法，词义较窄； 3、distinction，褒义，指因职衔、地位或人格所造成的，通常包含“优越于人，与众不同”； 4、renown，褒义，指显赫的声誉或应该得到的荣誉；5、notoriety，贬义，与fame相对应。 “空空如也”：1、hollow，表示“空洞的，虚的，不实的，下陷的‘，可以和tree, voice, sound, cheeks等连用；2、vacant，表示”没人占用的，出缺的“，常和position, room, house, seat等连用； 3、empty，表示”空的，一无所有的“，可以和house, room, cup, box, stomatch, head, words等连用. 你能理解”or“吗？

1、连接两个对等的事物或人，可译为”或“，”或者“；2、前后为同一个事物时，应译为”即“，”或称“，”或作“The exact mechanism of Yutin, or vitamin P as is sometimes called, on the capillary wall is not understood.附译文：路丁，即有时所称的维生素P，其对毛细血管壁的确切作用（机理）还不了解。 3、连接两组数字，代表不同单位的同一数量时，一般译为”合“，”等于“； Normal temperature in man is 98.6F or 37C(遗憾的时表温度上标我不会)。 4、从or中导致方面结果时，应译为”否则“；Hurry up, or you will be late. 5、”or so “左右；\以上；\甚至

general\涵义种种：1、全身麻醉 general anesthesia 2、普查，集体检查 general check-up 3、一般健康情况 general health condition 4、综合性医院 general hospital

5、总路线 genegral line 6、大纲 general outline 7、弥漫性腹膜炎 general peritonitis 8、普通医师 general practitioner9、总查（病）房 general purpose10、秘书长 general secretary 你能“定”下来吗？1、set a date: 决定日期 2、set an example：树立榜样 3、set fruit：结果子 4、set a fire： 点火 5、set a severed limb：断肢再接 6、set sail：开航，起航

7、set the camera lens：调整（相机）镜头 8、set a pen to paper:：动笔，下笔 9、set a new task：

提出新任务10、set down all items：记下所有项目 11、set oneself to learn from：决心向。。。学习 你知道这有多”重“？

1、heavy applause：热烈的鼓掌 2、heavy gait：沉重的步态 3、heavy chemicals大量生产的化学药品 4、heavy sea 波涛汹涌的海面 5、heavy sleep：熟睡 6、heavy smoker：烟瘾大的人 7、heavy current：强电流 8、heavy eater：食量大的人 9、heavy task：繁重的任务

10、heavy food：油腻而难消化的食物 11、heavy traffic:拥挤的交通 12、heavy weather：恶劣的天气 13、heavy road：泥泞的路 14、heavy rain：大雨 15、heavy clouds：厚云 16、heavy crops：丰收 17、heavy frost：浓霜 18、heavy wine：烈酒

19、heavy news：悲痛的消息 20、heavy heart：忧愁的心\\ 21、heavy fire：猛烈的炮火 22、heavy bread：没有发酵好的面包 23、heavy wire：粗线 24、heavy load：重载 25、heavy storm：暴风雨 26、heavy reader:沉闷冗长的读物 “强度”怎么说？

1、intensity:指强烈的程度，多用于磁、电、热、光、声、火、劳动等抽象或非（易于触摸到的）实体。 例：colour intensity intensity of light 2、strength:指坚强的程度，用于可触摸到的具体实物抗拒能力的大小。 strength of cement(水泥标号) engine strength working strength 你打牢“基础”了吗？ 1、base：指有形、具体的基础、基地。

base line 基线 base plate 底座 cotton base 产棉区 data base 数据库 paint base 底漆 raw material base 原料基地 2、basic：基本的，碱性的

basic Bessemer steel 底吹碱性转炉钢 basic hole 基孔 basic industry 基础工业 basic material 碱性材料 3、basis：无形、抽象的基础、根据

econimic basis 经济基础 hole basis 基孔制 scientific basis 科学根据 4、foundation：指大厦建筑物的地基，引申为“根据” foundation bolt 地脚螺栓

material foundation of society社会物质基础 reinforced concrete foundation钢筋混凝土基础 The rumour has no foundation这传闻毫无根据 你了解这些“组织”吗？

1、construction：指“构造”（将零部件装配，组合在一起成为整体的方式）；“结构”（各组成部分的搭配和排列，建筑物上承担重力部分的构造） aircraft construction飞机构造

welded construction焊接结构 This machine is simple in construction这种机器构造简单 body construction车身（机身、弹体）构造 capital construction基本建设 physical construction

机械构造 prefabricated construction预制构造 ships of similiar construction结构类似的船 2、structure：“结构、组织” age structure年龄构成 atomic structure原子结构 steel stucture钢结构 shell stucture薄层结构 brick stucture砖建筑物 geological stucture地质构造 market stucture市场结构

microscopic stucture显微组织 The human body is a wonderful stucture人体是个奇妙的构造物 the stucture of a plant一种植物的构造

\涵义知多少？ 1、费用：service charge服务费；

2、责任：in charge of 负责； 3、装料：furnace charge炉料； 4、电荷：induced charge感应电荷；5、装药：shaped charge锥孔炸药 再解“develop” 1、发展：

agriculture development social development industrial development development in foreign affairs 2、开发

water-power development oil-field development development of natural resouerces interllectual development 3、研制

advanced development远景产品研制，样机试制 under development engineering development operatinal development产品改进性研制 exploratory development探索性研制 4、开拓

ore development lateral development水平开拓 5、展开（用于数学） series development级数展开 development of function函数的展开 6、显影

chemical development化学显影 over development显影过度 time development定时显影 The shade meaning of \ 【数学】乘方、幂 The sixth power of two is sixty-four. 【力学 力：horse power 功率：rated power额定功率

【电学】电力：power network 电源：power switch 功率：power export

【化学】能：chemical power 本领：catalytic power催化本领 化合价：Aluminium has a conmbining power of three. 【机械】 动力：power shaft传动轴 力：brake power

【社会】 力量：knowlege is power 权力：politica power 强国：superpower The shade meaning of \ 【机电】 系统：electric light system电照明系统

lubricating system润滑系统 电力网：system fault电力网故障 装置：tierod-crank system连杆

曲柄装置 top charging system炉顶装料装置

设备：loading system转载设备 制：basic hole(shaft) system基孔（轴）制 【数学】组：system of equations 【力学】系：system of forces 【化学】法：acid system酸法 【社会】 体系：industrial system 制度：social system

方法：a new system of teaching foreign language The shade meaning of \工作：work experience 工件：stamp work模锻工件 工厂： NO.1 Motor Vehical Works 工事：defence works 著作：new works on acupuncture针刺疗法新书

功：mechanical work 运转：The machine works well. 加工：The wood works easily. 起作用：The medicine works.m 造成：work wonders(miracles)创造奇迹 The shade meaning of \ 【声音】sound wave

【听起来】The plan sounds reasonable. 【发音】sound every syllable!每个音节都要发音。 The ship moved slowly forward sounding as she went.航船慢速前进，一路锤测水深。 【完好的】sound metal优质金属 【牢固的】sound casting 坚实的铸件 The sahde meaning of \【圆的】round plate

【整的】a round ton 【环形】a round trip往还一次 【圆角】fillet and round内圆角和外圆角 【弹】guided round (missile)导弹【围绕】The moon moves round the earth.

【到处】show sb round【使圆】round the corners 【舍入】3.14159 rounded to four decimals becomes 3.1416 废物\之说：

1、litter：并不是真正意义上的废物，而是用后散置的“杂物”，相当于odds and ends，或索性说是残余物（leavings） Always pick up your litter after a picnic.

2、waste：真正的废物，美国人常用trash,此字还有“残屑”、或“垃圾”之意。

垃圾篓美国人用trash can；英国用dustbin.美国人把南方的穷苦白人叫the (poor) white trash;可见，此词又可作“无价值的人或物”解释。 That book is mere trash.

3、rubbish：范围广，真正的废物。也可表惊叹“Rubbish(胡说！)” 英国人常说：That book is all rubbish. 4、厨房残屑:kitchen refuse或refuse：此词做废物或无用之物讲，但一般指固体废物，不指可排泄的垃圾。5、到垃圾的地方：a dumping ground; a dumping-place for rubbish; a rubbish dump. 6、junk:垃圾、废物。原意是“破烂货”。 His writing is all junk.

7、废人、社会渣滓：human waste; debris; dregs of population; off-scourings of humanity; dross of mankind; hobo He is now a \他现成了废物)＝He outlived his usefulness. Commitment译法: 动词commit在字典中涵义：

1、 犯、行、作：commit a crime; commit a blunder; commit murder; commit suicide 2、 委托、付诸：commit some funds to the care of trustees(委托资金与保管委员会)；commit a bill(议会将议案交付委员审查)；commit thoughts to writing(将想法写出来)；commit something to memory(暗记某事)； 3、 承担：If you agreed to give a number of lectures, help to pay your brother?s school expenses, and give $ 500 a year for clothes, you have quite a lot of commitments. 4、 (束缚身体之意转为)牵累，陷入，献身：Do not commit yourself(勿自限累)；commit oneself to a promise;

例析：1、 In the last decade, however, we have sought to fulfill the goal with greater zeal, greater commitment, and greater success than at any period in our history.

在过去十年中，我们比历史上任何时期都力求更加热心地、更加献身地、更加成功地来达到这个目标(献身)。 2、（李光耀对新加坡人的定义）A Singaporean is a person who feels committed to upholding society as it is—multi-racial, tolerant, accommodating, forward-looking---and who is prepared to stake his life for the community.

一个新加坡人就是一个对现存的多元种族、容忍互助而又高瞻远瞩的社会，以献身精神来支持它，并装备为它付出生命的人（献身的）。 3、I believe that both candidates should make it absolutely clear that they share a basic commitment to the success of the negotiations now taking place in Paris.我相信两党的总统候选人，都应绝对明确地表示，他们对于促成现在巴黎举行的商谈成功，具有基本的言语约束（言约）。 4、 he second imperative of our policy for peace is that we must meet our commitment and keep our promises to use our strength to oppose aggression.

我们和平政策的第二条诫命，就是我们必须尽我们的义务，守住我们的诺言，竭尽所能，反抗侵略(诺言)。 5、 Vietnam may be a bitter hoax or it may be a major commitment in the defense of freedom, but it will go away because we yell “foul”; it will not fade because we blow retreat.

越南可能是一种痛苦的玩笑，也可能是在保卫自由中的一个大的牵累，它不会因为我们大叫讨厌而走开，也不会因为我们鸣金收兵而消失（牵累）

6、 The report said that new commitments of US$50.7 million during fiscal year 1968 raised

total investments of the International Finance Corporation in private enterprises in its member countries to US$271.8 million in 39 countries.

1968年会计年度新的投资计有5070万美元，使得国际金融公司在其他会员国的私人企业总投资，39个国家共达27180万美元（投资）。

7、 The Japanese have faithfully observed their commitments.日本人忠实地遵守了投降条件（件）。 其他：an all-around commitment（全面的约束）

to give a precipitate commitment(给以轻率的 保险种种：

accident insurance意外保险 accident death insurance意外死亡保险 accounts receivable insurance应收帐款保险 additional insurance加保 agricultural insurance农业保险 air transport insurance空运保险

air transportation cargo insurance空运货物保险 aircraft hull insurance飞机机身保险 aircraft passenger insurance飞机乘客保险 all risks insurance综合保险 annuity insurance年金保险 automobile insurance汽车保险

aviation insurance航空保险 aviation liability insurance航空责任保险

aviation personal accident insurance航空人身意外保险 bad debt insurance坏帐保险 baggage insurance行李保险 bailee's customers insurance受托人代客保险 basic insurance基本保险 blanket insurance总括保险 block insurance船舶保险 boiler explosion insurance锅炉爆炸保险 bond insurance债券保险

bonding insurance保证保险 broker insurance保险掮客 building insurance建筑物保险 burglary insurance盗窃保险 business interruption insurance业务中断保险 business liability insurance营业责任保险 capital insurance资本保险 cargo insurance货物保险 cargo marine insurance海洋货运保险

cargo transportation insurance货物运输保险 carrier's liability insurance承运人责任保险 cash messenger insurance现金运送保险 casualty insurance不幸事故保险, 灾害保险 cattle insurance家畜保险 cede insurance分保 child's insurance儿童保险 civilliability insurance民事责任保险 civil responsibility insurance责任保险 collective insurance集体保险 collective accident insurance集体灾害保险 collision insurance碰撞保险 commercial credit insurance商业信用保险

commission insurance佣金保险 compensation insurance职工赔偿保险 comprehensive insurance综合保险, 全程保险 compulsory insurance强制保险 concurrent insurance同时保险 consequential damage insurance间接损害保险

consequential loss insurance间接损失保险 consignment export insurance寄售输出保险 consignment sale export insurance寄销出口保险 consignment stock insurance寄销货物保险 continued insurance继续保险 convertible insurance转换保险 cost and insurance成本加 保险价 credit insurance信用保险 credit life insurance信用人寿保险(借款人死亡时, 应将赔偿金付给放款人) crop insurance作物保险

damage insurance损失保险 death insurance死亡保险 deferred insurance 搁置保险 deposit insurance 存款保险 disability insurance

残废保险 disbursements insurance 船舶费用保险 domestic insurance 家计保险domestic animal transportation insurance 家畜运输保险double insurancen 双重保险duty insurance

关税保险 earthquake insurance 地震保险economic policy insurance 经济政策保险 education insurance 教育保险elevator liability insurance

电梯责任保险 employee's pension insurance 职工退休养老保险employer's liability insurance 雇主责任保险; 职工伤害保险 employment insurance

就业保险 endowment insurance人寿定期保险, 养老保险, 储蓄保险 endowment life insurance人寿定期保险 engineering insurance工程保险 erection insurance机器安装保险 excess insurance超额保险 exchange risk insurance外汇风险保险 exhibition insurance展览保险 expected profit insurance预期利润保险 explosion insurance爆炸保险 export insurance出口保险, 输出保险

extended terms insurance延期保险 external investment principal insurance国外投资本金保险 facultative insurance临时保险 family income insurance家庭收入保险

farm insurance农业保险 fermentation insurance发酵保险 fidelity insurance职工忠诚保险 fire insurance火灾保险, 火险 fiscal insurance租税保险 fixed term insurance定期保险 flood insurance洪水保险forced insurance强制保险 foreign exchange fluctuation insurance外汇波动保险 fraternal insurance互助救济保险 freight insurance运费保险

frost insurance霜害保险 full value insurance全值保险

general average disbursement insurance共同海损费用保险 general export insurance普通输出保险 government employee insurance公务人员保险

group insurance团体保险 group life insurance团体人身保险 guarantee insurance保证保险, 盗窃意外保险 hail insurance雹害保险 harvest insurance收获保险 hazardous insurance危险物品保险 health insurance健康保险

hire purchase credit insurance租赁信用保险 homeowner's insurance房主保险 hospitalization insurance医疗保险 hull insurance船舶保险, 运输工具保险 hypothecation insurance抵押保险 imaginary profit insurance预期利益保险

immovable insurance不动产保险 inconvertibility insurance国外投资本利不能兑换汇回保险 increased value insurance增值保险 individual accident insurance个人伤害保险 industrial insurance工业保险 inland marine insurance内陆水运保险

invalid insurance伤残保险 jewellery insurance珠宝保险 jobless insurance失业保险 joint insurance合伙保险, 联合保险 joint stock insurance合股保险业 label insurance标签保险 labour insurance劳动保险 land transit insurance 陆运保险

leasehold interest insurance 租赁权益保险 liability insurance 责任保险

long life insurance 长寿保险

luggage insurance 行李保险

machinery insurance

life insurance 人寿保险

lighter insurance 驳运保险

livestock transit insurance 活牲畜运输保险 机器保险

machinery breakdown insurance 机器损坏保险 marine insurance

海洋运输保险, 海上保险, 水险

marine cargo insurance 海运货物保险

marine hull insurance 船舶保险

maritime insurance 海洋运输保险

more specific insurance最特定保险 mortality insurance死亡保险

mortgage insurance不动产抵押借款保险 motor car insurance汽车保险 motor cycle insurance摩托车保险

motor vehicle passenger insurance汽车乘客保险 movable insurance动产保险

multiple-line insurance多种类保险业务 mutual insurance相互保险

national insurance国民保险, 国家保险 national health insurance 国民健康保险 no-fault insurance 无过失保险

non-concurrent insurance 不同时保险 non-life insurance 损害保险

obligatory insurance 强制保险

ocean marine cargo insurance 海洋运输货物保险

maternity insurance 生育保险

medical expense insurance 医疗费保险 mixed insurance 混合保险

old age insurance 老年保险

open cover cargo insurance 预约货物保险单 open policy insurance 预约保险

ordinary life insurance 普通终身寿险

overlapping insurance 重复保险

overseas insurance 海外保险

overseas travel sickness insurance 海外旅行疾病保险 own insurance 自己保险, 本身保险 paid-up insurance 保费已付足的人寿保险单 parcel post insurance 邮包保险

partial insurance 部份保险

participating insurance

由相互保险公司所出的分单保险, 其利润将来仍退给投保人 passenger insurance 旅客保险

pensions insurance 抚恤金保险

perpetual insurance 终身保险

personal insurance 人身保险 petty insurance 小额保险

plate glass insurance 玻璃保险

pluvious insurance 雨水保险, 雨淋保险 postal insurance 简易保险

power interruption insurance 电流中断保险

preliminary term insurance 初期保险, 持续保险 premium insurance 保险费

prepaid insurance 预付保险费保险 primary insurance 优先保险

product liability insurance 产品责任保险

professional liability insurance 职业责任保险 profit insurance 利润保险

property insurance 财产保险

proprietary insurance 营业保险

provisional insurance 暂时保险

public liability insurance 公众损害保险, 公共责任保险 pure endowment insurance 生存保险, 养老保险 rain insurance 雨害保险

reduced paid-up insurance 减额支付保险

registered mail insurance 挂号邮件保险 rent insurance 房租保险

replacement insurance 重置或修复保险 residence insurance 住家保险

retirement income insurance 退休收入保险 river hull insurance 内河船舶保险

river transportation insurance 内河运输保险

robbery insurance 盗劫保险

shipping insurance 船运保险

sickness insurance 疾病保险 social insurance 社会保险

specific insurance 特定保险 state insurance 国家保险

storm and tempest insurance 暴风雨保险

straight life insurance 终身保险

strike expenses insurance 罢工追加费用保险 subsidiary insurance 附属保险

supplementary insurance 追加保险

survivorship insurance

共有财产中归后死者所得的联合保险 term insurance 定期保险 theft insurance 盗窃保险

time insurance 定期保险

time hull insurance 船舶定期保险 title insurance 产权保证保险

tourist luggage insurance 旅客行李保险 transit insurance 内陆运输保险

traveller's accident insurance 旅客意外保险 trust insurance 信托保险

unemployment insurance 失业保险

unexpired insurance 未到期保险

use and occupancy insurance 固定开支保险 voluntary insurance 自愿保险

voyage insurance 航次保险

waiting insurance 停止保险

war risk insurance 战争险, 兵险

water pipe insurance 水管保险

whole life insurance 终身保险

windstorm insurance 风暴险

workmen's insurance 工人保险

workmen's compensation insurance 劳工保险 yacht insurance 游艇保险

insurance for adult 成人保险

insurance for medical care 医疗保险

insurance of export-import goods 进出口货物保险

insurance of valuables 贵重物品保险

insurance or guarantee of private loans 私人贷款保险或担保

替代词one, ones, that, those在比较结构中的用法辨析

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在比较结构中，为了避免重复，常用替代词替代名词词组或它的中心词。可以这样用的替代词常用的且较难掌握的有one， ones，that和those。 I．替代词one和ones的用法：

1．one只能替代单数名词，one的复数形式ones只能替代复数名词。例如：

My child doesn't like this book．Show her a more interesting one．

2．替代词one或ones必须带有一个限定或修饰词，它们和所替代的名词中心词所指不一定是同一对象，这是替代词one或 ones在用法上的一个重要特征。例如： I don't like this book．I'd like a more interesting one．

3．当替代词one或ones带有后置修饰语时，它们前面总有定冠词。例如： Our new cassette is more expensive than the one we had before．

4．当替代词one或ones在形容词比较级、最高级以及某些限定词如this，that， which和序数词等之后，可以省略。例如：

This book is much better than that（one）．

5．替代词one或ones通常不用在物主代词和名词所有格之后。如不可说my one（s），your one（s），Peter's one（s）等等。one或 ones也不能用在own之后。

但是，如果有了形容词，one（s）可以和物主代词及名词所有格连用。如： My cheap camera seems to be just as good as John's expensive one．

6．one作替代词时，在of前面不能用 the one来表示所属关系和类似概念。如不可说： ＊He put down his gun and picked up the one of Henry． 该用一个所有格来表示 He picked up Henry's．

7．当两个形容词表示对照的意思时，不能使用替代词 one。仅在其中一个形容词后加上名词即可。例如： Don't praise the younger child in the presence of the elder．

8．替代词 one如果不带任何前置修饰语，即它的前面既没有限定词，又没有形容词时，便不是替代名词词组的中心词，而是替代整个名词词组。这时，one＝a＋单数名词。例如： A cake made of wheat costs less than one made of rice．（one ＝a cake）

one的这种用法是泛指同类事物中的任何一个，相当一个不定冠词，因此它没有复数形式。要泛指复数事物，只能用some。例如：

Here are a few apples．Would you like some（＝some of them）？ II．替代词that和those的用法：

1．that和those通常用作指使代词，也可用作替代词。它们总是伴随着限定性的后置修饰语，分别等于the one和 the ones。例如：

The houses of the rich are generally larger than those of the poor． 2．that也可替代不可数名词，但是 the one则不能。例如：

The resistance of a thicker wire is less than that of a thin one． 以上两例中的that都不能换成the one。

3．that作替代词，只能指物，不能指人。those作替代词，既可指物，也可指人。例如： The blonde girl I saw was older than the one you were dancing with． 该句中的the one不能换成that。

4．that用作替代词和它所替代的名词词组的中心词的“数”可以不一致。替代单数名词时，只替代“the ＋单数名词”，不可替代“a＋单数名词”。例如：

The song by Schubert is more tuneful than that by Britain．（that＝the song。song为可数名词。）

请注意，这里说的that只替代“the ＋单数名词”，不可替代“a＋单数名词，系指that在句子中实际的作用，并非要求它在句子中所代表的前面出现的词组必须是“the ＋单数名词。例如： In those days they lived a life worse than that of a beast of burden． 在该句中，前面出现的词组为a life，但that替代的却是the life。

that作为替代词，它不能用于零关系分句（即没有关系代词的定语从句）之前。例如：

The problem confronting us today is not dissimilar from that which the nation confronted in the 1930s． 流落到美语里的汉语

现代社会各国语言相互渗透，美语中外来语也很多。长期以来，笔者的兴趣之一就是注意日常美语里的中文。本篇搜集了其他方面的一些词汇，按字母排序如下：

Cheong-sam——长衫。原特指女性节庆时穿的红色旗袍，后泛指袍装。 Confucius——孔子。显然是从“孔夫子”音译而来。

Dingho——顶好，最佳。一家著名的东方杂货连锁店就以此命名。不过虽然此词被收入部分辞书，但一般美国人似乎不懂这个词的意思。

Fengshui——风水。现在看风水在美国已是很时髦的事了，各种相关书籍充斥市场。 Ginseng——人参。主要指北美一带出产的“花旗参”，又称“西洋参”。

Gung-ho——热情高涨，极感兴趣。这个词在美语里用的频率特高，人们常挂在嘴边，比如：At first everyone is gung-ho about this idea.But now no-body even talks about it.（刚开始大家对这个想法都抱有极大的兴趣和热情。而现在谁也不提它了）。但对于这个词的原意却说法不一。有人认为是从“干活”这个词派生而来，也有人认为是从公共合作社的缩写“公合”而来，还有人认为是从“更好”这个词转化来的。笔者倾向于此词派生于“干活”的说法。 IChing——《易经》。

Kowtow——极其卑顺的态度。来自中文的“磕头”。 Kungfu——中国武术。中文原词为“功夫”。 Lao-tzu——老子。 Mah-jong——麻将。

Sampan——指单帆或需用桨划的小船。来自“舢板”。 Silk——丝绸。源于中文的“丝”。 Tai-chi（chuan）——太极或太极拳。 Tao——道。道教。

TaoTeChing——《道德经》。 Tofu——豆腐。

Tong——秘密组织，帮会。从汉语“堂”派生而来。 Typhoon——台风。

YinandYang——阴阳。这些词的拼法大多延用韦氏（Wade Giles）音标。

另外，有一句常用话，虽然里面没有一个中文字，但公认是从中国话里搬来的，这句话就是“Long time no see”———很久不见。 “群”的表达

观众a crowd of spectators 一群人a crowd of people 一群人a throng of people 一群影迷a throng of film fans 一群女学生a group of girl students 一群旁观者a group of onlookers

一群欢迎者a troop of welcomers 一群示威者a troop of demonstrators 注：

CROWD：无组织或者无秩序的人群；

THRONG： 为数众多的挤在一处或向前涌去的群； GROUP：有一定组织的； TROOP：正常行进中的群 一群才子a galaxy of talents 一群美女a galaxy of beauties 一群匪徒a band of gangsters 一群劫匪a gang of robbers 一群建筑物a cluster of buildings 一群海岛a cluster of islands 注：

GALAXY：出色或著名的人物群；

BAND/GANG：有明显在轻蔑色彩，强盗、匪徒等的群（帮、伙）； CLUSTER：集结物体的群（簇、堆）。

一群羊a flock of sheep 一群鸭a flock of ducks 一群牛a herd of cattle 一群马a herd of horses 一群豺狼a pack of wolves 一群猎犬a pack of hounds 一群猴子a host of monkeys 一群蜜蜂a swarm of bees 注：

FLOCK： 飞鸟家禽、牲畜等的群，尤指羊群； HERD：大动物的群； PACK：野兽、猎犬等的群

自己收录一些句子（英汉翻译），大家看看吧：

1．As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.

分析：该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列结构，作two other reasons的同位语。但是被非限定性定语从句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。

译文：人们随着日趋年迈，积存物品还有其它两个原因：一是缺乏体力和精神，两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺，二是感情上的原因。

2．Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.

分析：连词as 引导的比较状语从句中，it 代替for two old people to be。to be 后省略了fond of each other。to be 做分割成分。

译文：象两位老人一生中没有其它什幺东西可爱而彼此相爱一样，老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相爱慕。 3．It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States—a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.

分析：insistence 后接upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中间被插入语as a first consideration 分割，做进一步说明。该句选自美国前总统罗斯福在1933年的就职演说。汉语中动词用得较多，翻译时可把名词转译为动词。

译文：我们首先应考虑的是，坚持美国国内各种因素之间、各个部分之间的相互依赖关系——即承认体现传统的和永远重要的美国开拓精神。

4．A better knowledge of China?s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.

分析：lay open 和 an empire of learning 被介词短语 to us 分割。本句选自英国前首相撒切尔夫人1982年在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话。翻译时要注意转译的应用。如把“better”译为副词“更好地”。 译文：更好地了解中国的文明，将为我们打开一个知识的王国，对这个王国迄今只有神话般的描述。 5．In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—to succeed. 分析：本句的主干结构是：?there were negotiations and?threats of failure。“overcome by?”是过去分词短语，修饰 threats of failure。stubborn determination 和其定语动词不定式“to succeed”被“indeed, some call it unprecedented determination”分割。

译文：在最后的八年里，进行了艰苦卓绝的、几乎是不间断的谈判，其间屡经失败之虞，但最终通过创造性的协调和要取得成功的顽强决心——确实有人称之为前所未有的决心——而渡过难关，取得了胜利。 6．Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.

分析：the claim 和其同位语 that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定语从句that Americans often made 分割。同位语从句在翻译时可按照顺序翻译，将其翻译为分句。

译文：美国人常认为，在他们国家，一个人的地位可以从社会最底层上升到社会最上层，亚伯拉罕·林肯就是极好的例子。

7．To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.

分析：such?that 结构可将such或含有such 的词组放在句首，使全句采用部分倒装。与此用法类似的还有so?that结构。

译文：她在排演中搞得太过分，以致两名男演员退出不干了。

8．Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.

译文：1980年那里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。

9．Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday?s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.

译文：不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“生育高峰期”出生的一代人达到生育年龄，婴儿的出生数量增加了，这同样起了作用。

10．Tapping the new spirit, there can be no nobler nor more ambitious task for America to undertake on this day of a new beginning than to help shape a just and peaceful world that is truly humane.

分析：no nobler nor more ambitious 中的 nor 是连词，常与 neither 或 nor 连用，有时也与 no, never 等表示否定的词连用。主句是含有 no more?than 的普通比较句型。分词短语tapping the new spirit 是表示目的的状语。本句选自美国前总统卡特在1977年的就职演说。

译文：为了发扬这种新的精神，在这一新的开端开始之际，对美国来说，最崇高和最有雄心勃勃的任务是帮助建立一个真正人道、正义、和平的世界。

11．Marriage has never been more popular and desirable than it is now——so appealing in fact, that even those who are in the process of divorce can scarcely wait for the law to allow them to marry again.

译文：婚姻从未像现在这样受大众欢迎，为大众所渴望。事实上，婚姻是如此地吸引人，以至那些正在办理离婚手续的人，几乎等不到法律的判决，就想再度结婚了。

12．There was something original，independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them ．这个方案有创造性，而且别出心裁，又有魅力，所以深得他们的喜欢。

13．Temperature plays the same part in the flow of heat that pres- sure does in the flow of fluids．温度在热的传导中所起的作用和压力在液体的流动中所起的作用相同。(注意使用该句式) 14．When the lights came on again, hardly a person in the city can have turned on a switch without reflecting how great a servant he had at his fingertips.

分析：在这句话中，“hardly?without”构成了“双重否定”（double negation）。虽然只有without在词形上具有明显的否定特征，但是hardly（以及scarcely, barely, few, little等）虽然没有明显的否定特征，却有否定的词义。实际上，双重否定表达的是肯定的意思，因此在翻译成汉语时，既可以将原句按照两个否定的形式表述出来，也可按照否定的语气译出。

译文：电灯又亮了，该城的人们打开开关的时候，想必几乎人人都会想到，电灯是随时可供他们使用

的多幺有用的东西呀

15．There was the growing realization that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible. One could not hunt whales at will without risking their extermination or catch herring limitlessly without threatening survival of the stock. There was the growing realization that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible. One could not hunt whales at will without risking their extermination or catch herring limitlessly without threatening survival of the stock. 译文：人们越来越认识到，尽管海洋无边无垠，但其资源并不是取之不尽用之不竭的。人们不可能随心所欲地捕鲸而不使其遭致灭绝的危险，或无限制地捕捞鲱鱼而不威胁到该物种的繁衍生息。

16. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.

译文：任何东西，从宇宙射线到辐射，以至日常饮食，都可能激活潜伏的致癌基因，但如何激活的，仍然不得而知。

17. So, tips will no doubt net much less during the summer and the company will be less interesting.

分析：这是并列句。由and连接。第一句中的谓语动词是will net, net在这里做动词，意为“挣得、赢得”。第二句的谓语动词是will be,因为两个句子在结构上是平行的，所以省略了will,又因为省略的是助动词，因此汉语中不必译出。

译文：整个夏天挣的小费必将很少很少，而且还得和乏味的人在一起干活。 18. By taking thought, men can move mountains——and have. 译文：凭借智能，人能移山，实际上人类已经做到了。

19. When the media add interpretation and analysis, as they must to do their job fully, strong dislike of the messengers may become intense.

分析：as 引导的从句说明when从句的内容，可以说是从句的从句，翻译时最好放在主句之后，起补充说明作用。句中must 后省略了谓语add interpretation and analysis。

译文：媒体一旦增添了解释和分析，就会引起人们的强烈反感，然而，媒体又必须这样做才能充分发挥其作用。

20. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of

physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly

patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. 分析：句中由by引导的三个并列平行结构表示原因。treated as?结构使用了倒装结构，因为the family roles后面有修饰成分，故将其置后。

译文：而个人主义的方法由于攻击性别角色，否定生理差别的重要性，攻击现存的家庭体制是不可救药的父权制，结果把对许多妇女来说非常重要的家庭角色完全视为无关紧要了。

21. There is no complete inventory of positions or people in federal service at this level. The lack may be explained by separate agency statutes and personnel systems, diffusion among so many special services, and the absence of any central point (short of President himself) with jurisdiction over all upper-level personnel of the government.

译文：这个级别的联邦政府官员和职位没有完整的记载。对此（缺少详细记载）所做的解释可能是，各部门的条例和人事制度各不相同，分布的特殊服务部门太多并缺少一个中心机构（总统本人除外）来管理所有的政府高级官员。

22. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.

译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。

23. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen synthesis.

解释：本句中修饰成分极多，以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主，作各种类型的状语。前面的状语和主句还好理解，从leaving开始句子变难；leaving引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语；分词中又包含了三个状语，其中的两个via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入语的作用，把be converted into拆成两段。

本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的body fluids, oxidative和synthesis通过字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的，lactic acid, metabolism和muscle这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用，大家应该背下来；而glycogen这种东西则没办法，只能作一个首字母提炼。但是

请记住，GRE和GMAT文章中只要出现了这种专有名词，出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的，所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词，应该力求把解释看懂。

译文：随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会（部分）传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。

24. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves? preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.

译文：虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显着地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。

25. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests， may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

译文：古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。 26.Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

译文：古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。

27. Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.

虽然某些实验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于

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